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Dietary supplement

Brain Vitality-GPC Super Formula Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Purity Products

Brain Vitality-GPC Super Formula label
See full label image
Capsule Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 9, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Brain Vitality-GPC Super Formula against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Brain Vitality-GPC Super Formula is a dietary supplement by Purity Products with 3 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for memory and cognitive support, nerve pain (neuropathy), energy and fatigue.Based on those ingredients, 358 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Phosphatidylserine, Acetyl-L-Carnitine HCl, Alpha-Glycerophosphatidylcholine. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

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Check Your Meds Against Brain Vitality-GPC Super Formula by Purity Products

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Brain Vitality-GPC Super Formula by Purity Products — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Brain Vitality-GPC Super Formula by Purity Products

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 16, 2026

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 3 of its 3 active ingredients.
  • No proprietary blends here — you can verify the dose of every single component.

Brain Vitality-GPC Super Formula contains three active ingredients working together for cognitive support. Acetyl-L-carnitine is an amino acid that may help with age-related mental decline, Alzheimer's disease, diabetic nerve damage, depression, and alcohol use disorder.

Alpha-glycerophosphatidylcholine (alpha-GPC) is a phospholipid — a type of fat that's part of cell membranes — and may help with Alzheimer's disease. Phosphatidylserine is another phospholipid studied for age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease.

The formula also contains inactive ingredients (excipients): glycerin, vegetable cellulose, purified water, D-alpha-tocopheryl acetate, titanium dioxide, and silicon dioxide.

Does it work?

Moderate evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Moderate

Some clinical evidence supports this product's ingredients for its stated purpose, but it isn't conclusive.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: supports healthy focus, concentration, memory and mood.
  • We looked for evidence on: Age-related cognitive decline, Alzheimer disease, Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Cognitive function, Dementia, Depression — and 4 related terms.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Acetyl-l-carnitine is rated "Possibly Effective" for Age-related cognitive decline (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Acetyl-l-carnitine is rated "Possibly Effective" for Alzheimer disease, Depression.
  • Also on file: Phosphatidylserine is rated "Possibly Effective" for Age-related cognitive decline, Alzheimer disease.

The evidence for these ingredients is mixed. Acetyl-L-carnitine is rated possibly effective for age-related cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease, alcohol use disorder, diabetic neuropathy (nerve damage), and depression.

Phosphatidylserine is possibly effective for age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease. Alpha-glycerophosphatidylcholine shows possibly effective evidence for Alzheimer's disease, but we don't have enough reliable data for other brain conditions like stroke or vascular dementia.

Long-term effectiveness data is limited across all three ingredients.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Acetyl-l-carnitine Alpha-gpc Phosphatidylserine

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 3 of the 3 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 3 of 3.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 3 of 3.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

All three ingredients are generally well tolerated in short-term studies, though long-term safety hasn't been fully established. Common side effects from acetyl-L-carnitine include agitation, dry mouth, headache, insomnia, and reduced appetite; it may also cause gastrointestinal upset, nausea, or vomiting.

A metabolite can cause a fishy odor of urine, breath, and sweat. Phosphatidylserine may cause flatulence, nausea, headache, or insomnia — insomnia is more likely at higher doses.

Alpha-glycerophosphatidylcholine is rarely associated with dizziness, headache, nausea, or stroke, though stroke risk appears elevated with use for 2 months or longer. During pregnancy, there isn't enough safety data for phosphatidylserine and alpha-glycerophosphatidylcholine — the data advises against use.

For acetyl-L-carnitine, pregnancy safety data isn't on file. Breastfeeding safety is unknown for all three ingredients; the data advises against use while nursing.

Talk with your doctor or pharmacist about your individual situation.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Acetyl-l-carnitine Alpha-gpc Phosphatidylserine

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 3 of the 3 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Acetyl-l-carnitine, Phosphatidylserine, Alpha-gpc.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs.
  • For scale: 358 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before starting Brain Vitality-GPC Super Formula, double-check any serotonergic antidepressants (SSRIs, SNRIs, MAOIs) for a Moderate interaction risk with acetyl-L-carnitine. Also check blood thinners like warfarin or acenocoumarol, thyroid replacement hormones, anticholinergic drugs, and cholinergic medications — all Moderate severity except scopolamine (Transderm Scop), which is Minor.

If you take any of these, confirm with your doctor or pharmacist before adding this product.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This formula may help with age-related mental decline or Alzheimer's disease if you're looking for a supplement-based approach, though long-term evidence is still being built. If you take blood thinners, thyroid medication, antidepressants, or anticholinergic drugs, you'll need to check your specific medications first — the interactions here are real.

If you're pregnant or breastfeeding, the safety data advises against it; talk with your doctor or pharmacist about whether it's right for you.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 3 of 3 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Mar 25, 2021.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Brain Vitality-GPC Super Formula, straight from the product label.

Brand Purity Products
Net contents 120 Liquid Vegetarian Capsule(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Mar 25, 2021
DSLD ID 243281
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Capsule
Dietary claims / uses Nutrient, All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Brain Vitality-GPC Super Formula by Purity Products, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
2 Vegetarian Capsule(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
2 Vegetarian Capsule(s)
Servings per container
60
IngredientAmount% DV
Calories5 Calorie(s)--
Acetyl-L-Carnitine HCl600 mg--
Alpha-Glycerophosphatidylcholine200 mg--
Phosphatidylserine20 mg--

Other ingredients: Glycerin, Vegetable Cellulose, purified Water, D-Alpha-Tocopheryl Acetate, Titanium Dioxide, Silicon Dioxide

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
General Statements

Intelligent nutritional solutions

Premium grade supplements Since 1993

Formula

Acetyl-l-carnitine Alpha GPC Phosphatidylserine (PS)

Formulation

Supports healthy focus, concentration and clarity Promotes healthy memory and mood

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested Use: Adults take 2 capsules daily with a meal. Optimally take 2 servings per day for the first 15 days. For daily use.

Brand IP Statement(s)

Sharp-PS is a trademark of Enzymotec Ltd.

Precautions

This product should not be used by those with seizure disorders.

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Brain Vitality-GPC Super Formula by Purity Products label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Brain Vitality-GPC Super Formula label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Brain Vitality-GPC Super Formula by Purity Products

These are the 3 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size2 Vegetarian Capsule(s) Dosage formCapsule Servings per container60 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Acetyl-L-Carnitine HCl

Interacts with
203 drugs
600 mg per serving

Acetyl-L-carnitine is a form of the amino acid carnitine that the body uses to help produce energy in cells. It is most studied for nerve pain and mem...

Acetyl-L-Carnitine HCl monograph & interactions

Alpha-Glycerophosphatidylcholine

Interacts with
16 drugs
200 mg per serving

Alpha-GPC is a choline-containing compound used mainly for memory, brain health, and as a choline source. There is some evidence it may help cognition...

Alpha-Glycerophosphatidylcholine monograph & interactions

Phosphatidylserine

Interacts with
219 drugs
20 mg per serving Form: Sunflower

Phosphatidylserine is a natural fat-like compound found in cell membranes, especially in the brain, and it is sold mainly to support memory and thinki...

Phosphatidylserine monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: Glycerin, Vegetable Cellulose, Purified Water, D-Alpha-Tocopheryl Acetate, Titanium Dioxide, Silicon Dioxide. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Brain Vitality-GPC Super Formula by Purity Products Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Brain Vitality-GPC Super Formula?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
358Drugs
358 Moderate

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Phosphatidylserine 219
Acetyl-L-Carnitine HCl 203
Alpha-Glycerophosphatidylcholine 16

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Brain Vitality-GPC Super Formula interact with 358 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

3 of the 3 ingredients in Brain Vitality-GPC Super Formula interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Phosphatidylserine Acetyl-L-Carnitine HCl Alpha-Glycerophosphatidylcholine

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Brain Vitality-GPC Super Formula with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Phosphatidylserine2 drug types · 219 drugs

Anticholinergic Drugs

Theoretically, phosphatidylserine might decrease the effectiveness anticholinergic drugs.
Phosphatidylserine is thought to increase acetylcholine levels, which could theoretically interfere with the activity of anticholinergic agents.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Cholinergic Drugs

Theoretically, phosphatidylserine might have additive effects with cholinergic drugs.
Phosphatidylserine is thought to increase acetylcholine levels, which could theoretically lead to additive cholinergic effects when used with cholinergic drugs.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Phosphatidylserine full monograph & interactions

Acetyl-L-Carnitine HCl4 drug types · 203 drugs

Acenocoumarol (Sintrom)

Theoretically, acetyl-L-carnitine might increase the anticoagulant effects of acenocoumarol.
L-carnitine, the parent compound of acetyl-L-carnitine, might enhance the anticoagulant effects of acenocoumarol, an oral anticoagulant that is similar to warfarin, but shorter-acting. There are at least two case reports of INR elevation when L-carnitine was taken with acenocoumarol. In one case, a 33-year-old male with a previously stable INR had an elevated INR of 4.65 after L-carnitine was started and continued for 10 weeks. INR normalized after discontinuation of the L-carnitine-containing product. It is unclear if such an interaction would also occur with acetyl-L-carnitine.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Serotonergic Drugs

Theoretically, acetyl-L-carnitine might increase the risk of serotonergic side effects, including serotonin syndrome and cerebral vasoconstrictive disorders, when taken with serotonergic drugs.
Animal research shows that acetyl-L-carnitine can increase levels of serotonin in the brain.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Thyroid Hormone

Theoretically, acetyl-L-carnitine might decrease the effectiveness of thyroid hormone replacement.
L-carnitine appears to act as a peripheral thyroid hormone antagonist by inhibiting entry of thyroid hormone into the nucleus of cells. Taking L-carnitine also seems to diminish some of the symptoms of hyperthyroidism. It is unclear if such an interaction would occur with acetyl-L-carnitine.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Theoretically, acetyl-L-carnitine might increase the anticoagulant effects of warfarin.
L-carnitine, the parent compound of acetyl-L-carnitine, might increase the anticoagulant effects of acenocoumarol, a shorter-acting oral anticoagulant similar to warfarin. There is not enough information to know whether this interaction occurs with acetyl-L-carnitine and warfarin.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Acetyl-L-Carnitine HCl full monograph & interactions

Alpha-Glycerophosphatidylcholine1 drug type · 16 drugs

Scopolamine (Transderm Scop)

Theoretically, alpha-GPC might decrease the effects of scopolamine.
A small clinical study shows that alpha-GPC can partially counteract the attention and memory impairment effects caused by scopolamine given intramuscularly. Whether alpha-GPC can decrease the beneficial anti-motion sickness effects of the scopolamine patch (Transderm Scop) is unclear.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Alpha-Glycerophosphatidylcholine full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Brain Vitality-GPC Super Formula, from the product label.

Purity Products

See all Purity Products products
Name
Purity Products
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Brain Vitality-GPC Super Formula by Purity Products: Common Questions

Does Brain Vitality-GPC Super Formula by Purity Products interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Brain Vitality-GPC Super Formula has a known interaction with 358 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Brain Vitality-GPC Super Formula contains 3 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Will this help my memory?
Two of the three ingredients — acetyl-L-carnitine and phosphatidylserine — are rated possibly effective for age-related mental decline and Alzheimer's disease. Alpha-GPC shows possibly effective evidence for Alzheimer's specifically. That said, the evidence is still developing, and long-term effectiveness isn't fully established.
What are the most common side effects?
Acetyl-L-carnitine may cause agitation, dry mouth, headache, insomnia, or reduced appetite. Phosphatidylserine may cause flatulence, nausea, headache, or insomnia — especially at higher doses. Alpha-GPC is generally well tolerated but rarely causes dizziness or insomnia. Most people tolerate the formula well in short-term use.
Can I take this if I'm pregnant?
The safety data advises against phosphatidylserine and alpha-glycerophosphatidylcholine during pregnancy because there isn't enough information. For acetyl-L-carnitine, we don't have pregnancy safety data on file. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist before taking this product if you're pregnant or planning to become pregnant.
Is it safe while breastfeeding?
Safety data for all three ingredients while breastfeeding is unknown, and the available guidance advises against it. Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you're nursing and considering this formula.
What is phosphatidylserine?
Phosphatidylserine is a phospholipid — a type of fat found naturally in cell membranes, including brain cells. It's included in this formula for its possibly effective rating in age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease.
Does this product contain any fillers?
Yes, it includes inactive ingredients: glycerin, vegetable cellulose, purified water, D-alpha-tocopheryl acetate, titanium dioxide, and silicon dioxide — standard excipients that help form and stabilize the capsule.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Brain Vitality-GPC Super Formula label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Brain Vitality-GPC Super Formula’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Acetyl-l-carnitine

Interacts with 203 drugs

Acetyl-L-carnitine is a form of the amino acid carnitine that the body uses to help produce energy in cells. It is most studied for nerve pain and memory-related conditions, though the evide...

Read the full Acetyl-l-carnitine monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Alpha-gpc

Interacts with 16 drugs

Alpha-GPC is a choline-containing compound used mainly for memory, brain health, and as a choline source. There is some evidence it may help cognition in people with dementia, but evidence i...

Read the full Alpha-gpc monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Phosphatidylserine

Interacts with 219 drugs

Phosphatidylserine is a natural fat-like compound found in cell membranes, especially in the brain, and it is sold mainly to support memory and thinking. Some research suggests possible bene...

Read the full Phosphatidylserine monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Brain Vitality-GPC Super Formula's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 35 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Acetyl-l-carnitine 22 references
  1. Thal LJ, Carta A, Clarke WR, et al. A 1-year multicenter placebo-controlled study of acetyl-L-carnitine in patients with Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology 1996;47:705-11. PubMed
  2. Sano M, Bell K, Cote L, et al. Double-blind parallel design pilot study of acetyl levocarnitine in patients with Alzheimer's Disease. Arch Neurol 1992;49:1137-41. PubMed
  3. Spagnoli A, Lucca U, Menasce G, et al. Long-term acetyl-L-carnitine treatment in Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology 1991;41:1726-32. PubMed
  4. Brooks JO 3rd, Yesavage JA, Carta A, Bravi D. Acetyl L-carnitine slows decline in younger patients with Alzheimer's disease: a reanalysis of a double-blind, placebo-controlled study using the trilinear approach. Int Psychoger 1998;10:193-203. PubMed
  5. Pettegrew JW, Klunk WE, Panchalingam K, et al. Clinical and neurochemical effects of acetyl-L-carnitine in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 1995;16:1-4. PubMed
  6. Rai G, Wright G, Scott L, et al. Double-blind, placebo controlled study of acetyl-l-carnitine in patients with Alzheimer's dementia. Curr Med Res Opin 1990;11:638-47. PubMed
  7. Benvenga S, Ruggeri RM, Russo A, et al. Usefulness of L-carnitine, a naturally occurring peripheral antagonist of thyroid hormone action, in iatrogenic hyperthyroidism: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Meta
  8. Montgomery SA, Thal LJ, Amrein R. Meta-analysis of double blind randomized controlled clinical trials of acetyl-L-carnitine versus placebo in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2003;18:61-71.. PubMed
  9. Martinez E, Domingo P, Roca-Cusachs A. Potentiation of acenocoumarol action by L-carnitine. J Intern Med 1993;233:94.
  10. Hudson S, Tabet N. Acetyl-L-carnitine for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;2:CD003158.. PubMed
  11. Bachmann HU, Hoffmann A. Interaction of food supplement L-carnitine with oral anticoagulant acenocoumarol. Swiss Med Wkly 2004;134:385. PubMed
  12. De Grandis D, Minardi C. Acetyl-L-carnitine (levacecarnine) in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy. A long-term, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Drugs R D 2002;3:223-31. PubMed
  13. 12761 Benvenga S, Amato A, Calvani M, Trimarchi F. Effects of carnitine on thyroid hormone action. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004;1033:158-67. PubMed
  14. Sima AAF, Calvani M, Mehra M, et al. Acetyl-L-carnitine improves pain, nerve regeneration, and vibratory perception in patients with chronic diabetic neuropathy: An analysis of two randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Diabetes Care 2005;28:89-94.
  15. Youle, M. and Osio, M. A double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, multicentre study of acetyl L-carnitine in the symptomatic treatment of antiretroviral toxic neuropathy in patients with HIV-1 infection. HIV.Med. 2007;8(4):241-250.
  16. Brennan BP, Jensen JE, Hudson JI, Coit CE, Beaulieu A, Pope HG Jr, Renshaw PF, Cohen BM. A placebo-controlled trial of acetyl-L-carnitine and a-lipoic acid in the treatment of bipolar depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013 Oct;33(5):627-35.
  17. Ledinek AH, Sajko MC, Rot U. Evaluating the effects of amantadin, modafinil and acetyl-L-carnitine on fatigue in multiple sclerosis--result of a pilot randomized, blind study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2013 Dec;115 Suppl 1:S86-9. PubMed
  18. Martinotti G, Andreoli S, Reina D, Di Nicola M, Ortolani I, Tedeschi D, Fanella F, Pozzi G, Iannoni E, D'Iddio S, Prof LJ. Acetyl-l-Carnitine in the treatment of anhedonia, melancholic and negative symptoms in alcohol dependent subjects. Prog Neuropsychop PubMed
  19. Baek SM, Zheng R, Seo EJ, Hwang DY, Kim BH. Pharmacokinetic comparisons of two acetyl-L-carnitine formulations in healthy Korean volunteers. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2015;53(11):980-6. PubMed
  20. Goodison G, Overeem K, de Monte V, Siskind D. Mania associated with self-prescribed acetyl-l-carnitine in a man with bipolar I disorder. Australas Psychiatry. 2017;25(1):13-4.
  21. Bruno A, Pandolfo G, Crucitti M, Lorusso S, Zoccali RA, Muscatello MR. Acetyl-L-Carnitine Augmentation of Clozapine in Partial-Responder Schizophrenia: A 12-Week, Open-Label Uncontrolled Preliminary Study. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2016;39(6):277-80. PubMed
  22. Veronese N, Stubbs B, Solmi M, Ajnakina O, Carvalho AF, Maggi S. Acetyl-L-Carnitine Supplementation and the Treatment of Depressive Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Psychosom Med. 2018;80(2):154-9. PubMed

See these in context on the Acetyl-l-carnitine monograph →

Alpha-gpc 4 references
  1. Di Perri R, Coppola G, Ambrosio LA, et al. A multicentre trial to the evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine versus cytosine diphosphocholine in patients with vascular dementia. J Int Med Res 1991;19:330-41.
  2. Barbagallo Sangiorgi G, Barbagallo M, Giordano M, et al. Alpha-glycerophosphocholine in the mental recovery of cerebral ischemic attacks: An Italian multicenter clinical trial. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994;717:253-69. PubMed
  3. Canal N, Franceschi M, Alberoni M, et al. Effect of L-alpha-glyceryl-phosphorylcholine on amnesia caused by scopolamine. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1991;29:103-7.
  4. Lee G, Choi S, Chang J, et al. Association of L-a glycerylphosphorylcholine with subsequent stroke risk after 10 Years. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4(11):e2136008.

See these in context on the Alpha-gpc monograph →

Phosphatidylserine 9 references
  1. Crook T, Petrie W, Wells C, Massari DC. Effects of phosphatidylserine in Alzheimer's disease. Psychopharmacol Bull 1992;28:61-6.
  2. Pepping J. Phosphatidylserine. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 1999;56:2038,2043-4.
  3. Kidd PM. Phosphatidylserine; Membrane nutrient for memory. A clinical and mechanistic assessment. Altern Med Rev 1996;1:70-84.
  4. Kim HY, Akbar M, Lau A, et al. Inhibition of neuronal apoptosis by docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3). Role of phosphatidylserine in antiapoptotic effect. J Biol Chem 2000;275:35215-23.. PubMed
  5. Zanotti A, Valzelli L, Toffano G. Chronic phosphatidylserine treatment improves spatial memory and passive avoidance in aged rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1989;99:316-21.. PubMed
  6. Schreiber S, Kampf-Sherf O, Gorfine M, et al. An open trial of plant-source derived phosphatydilserine for treatment of age-related cognitive decline. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 2000;37:302-7.
  7. Pepping, J. Phosphatidylserine. Am J Health Syst.Pharm. 10-15-1999;56(20):2038, 2043-2038, 2044.
  8. Monteverde, A., Gnemmi, P., Rossi, F., Monteverde, A., and Finali, G. C. Selegiline in the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer-type dementia. Clin.Ther 1990;12(4):315-322.
  9. Vakhapova V, Cohen T, Richter Y, Herzog Y, Kam Y, Korczyn AD. Phosphatidylserine containing omega-3 Fatty acids may improve memory abilities in nondemented elderly individuals with memory complaints: results from an open-label extension study. Dement Geri PubMed

See these in context on the Phosphatidylserine monograph →

Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.

DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

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