Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Based on 6 of 7 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Essiac 20 Tincture Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Barlow Herbal

Essiac 20 Tincture label
See full label image
Liquid Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 30, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Essiac 20 Tincture against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Essiac 20 Tincture is a dietary supplement by Barlow Herbal with 7 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for sore throat and cough, heartburn and acid reflux, digestive upset and ibs.Based on those ingredients, 2,131 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Slippery Elm, Turkey Rhubarb, Sheep Sorrel. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Essiac 20 Tincture by Barlow Herbal

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Essiac 20 Tincture by Barlow Herbal — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Essiac 20 Tincture by Barlow Herbal

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Oct 6, 2026

What’s inside

Low disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Low

Most active ingredients don't disclose an individual amount — you can't tell how much of each you're getting.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 0 of its 7 active ingredients.
  • “Proprietary Blend” is a proprietary blend — the label doesn't break down how much of each component you get.

Essiac 20 Tincture contains 7 ingredients, of which the labeled actives are slippery elm inner bark, turkey rhubarb root, watercress, sheep sorrel, bloodroot, burdock root, and hydrogen peroxide. The product also contains cane alcohol as an inactive ingredient (used as a preservative in the liquid formulation).

Slippery elm contributes soothing mucilage; rhubarb provides stimulant laxative compounds called anthraquinones; watercress and sorrel are herb extracts; bloodroot contains sanguinarine, a potentially toxic alkaloid; and burdock root supplies various phytochemicals. The exact proportions of the proprietary blend are not itemized on the label.

Does it work?

Moderate evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed

This product doesn't appear to be marketed for a specific use, so we graded its ingredients' overall clinical evidence instead.

Moderate

Some clinical evidence supports its ingredients for:

Why this rating?
  • We looked at the product name, claims, and label statements and couldn't find a stated purpose to grade.
  • Since the label doesn't commit to one use, we graded the ingredients' overall clinical evidence instead.
  • On file: Menopausal symptoms — rated "Possibly Effective" (Rhubarb) (Natural Medicines).
  • On file: Pancreatitis — rated "Possibly Effective" (Rhubarb) (Natural Medicines).
  • On file: Dental plaque — rated "Possibly Effective" (Bloodroot) (Natural Medicines).
  • On file: Gingivitis — rated "Possibly Effective" (Bloodroot) (Natural Medicines).

The evidence for Essiac 20's ingredients is mixed and mostly insufficient. Turkey rhubarb is rated possibly effective for menopausal symptoms and pancreatitis, and bloodroot is possibly effective for dental plaque and gingivitis.

Slippery elm, watercress, sheep sorrel, and burdock lack reliable evidence to support their use for the conditions tested — meaning we don't have data showing they work or don't work. If you're considering this product for a specific health concern, check whether any ingredient has evidence for that particular use.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Slippery Elm Rhubarb Watercress Sorrel Bloodroot Burdock

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 6 of the 6 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 6 of 6.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 6 of 6.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Most of these ingredients are generally well tolerated in food amounts or short-term use, but there are important caveats. Turkey rhubarb root (the medicinal form, not food stalks) should not be used long-term because it can cause cramping, electrolyte loss, and kidney or liver damage with chronic use or high doses.

Watercress in medicinal amounts may cause gastrointestinal upset, and raw wild watercress carries a rare parasitic contamination risk. Sheep sorrel has high oxalate content, which in large or concentrated doses could affect the kidneys — a case of kidney inflammation has been reported.

Bloodroot is potentially toxic and corrosive; we don't recommend it for self-treatment. Slippery elm, while generally well tolerated short-term, has limited long-term safety data, and its pollen is an allergen.

Burdock has limited human safety data, though it's been used historically with few reported problems; rare allergic reactions including anaphylaxis are possible. If you have kidney disease, liver disease, electrolyte imbalances, or a history of allergic reactions to weeds or related plants, talk with your doctor or pharmacist before taking this product.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Slippery Elm Rhubarb Watercress Sorrel Bloodroot Burdock

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 5 of the 6 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Burdock, Rhubarb, Watercress, Sorrel, Slippery Elm.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; immunosuppressants / transplant drugs; heart-rhythm medications; lithium.
  • For scale: 2,132 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before taking Essiac 20, double-check with your doctor or pharmacist if you take: any blood thinners or antiplatelet drugs (warfarin, aspirin, clopidogrel, and others); kidney-damaging drugs or any medication that stresses the kidneys; liver-damaging drugs; diuretics (water pills); corticosteroids; digoxin or other heart medications; cyclosporine; stimulant laxatives; muscle relaxants like chlorzoxazone; lithium; or the antihistamine fexofenadine. We could not check hydrogen peroxide for interactions.

No interactions are documented for bloodroot in our data, but we still advise caution because of its known toxicity.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFormula with limited ingredient disclosure with some supporting evidence behind its ingredients' uses. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

Essiac 20 is a multi-herbal tincture with some ingredients (especially bloodroot and turkey rhubarb) that carry real safety and interaction risks. If you take any blood thinners, medications that affect the kidneys or liver, digoxin, lithium, or muscle relaxants, you'll need to check your exact medications with your doctor or pharmacist before adding this product.

It's not suitable for pregnancy or breastfeeding. The evidence that it works for specific conditions is limited — mostly insufficient to rate.

Talk with your doctor or pharmacist about whether this product fits your health goals and whether it's safe for your particular situation.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 6 of 7 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Feb 23, 2025.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Essiac 20 Tincture, straight from the product label.

Brand Barlow Herbal
Net contents 2 Fluid Ounce(s); 60 mL
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Feb 23, 2025
DSLD ID 320450
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Liquid
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Essiac 20 Tincture by Barlow Herbal, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
0.75 mL
Maximum serving Sizes:
0.75 mL
Servings per container
77
IngredientAmount% DV
Slippery Elm0 NP--
Turkey Rhubarb0 NP--
Proprietary Blend0 NP--
Watercress0 NP--
Sheep Sorrel0 NP--
Blood Root0 NP--
Burdock0 NP--
Hydrogen Peroxide0 NP--

Other ingredients: Cane Alcohol

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested Dosage: 15 drops in water or unsweetened juice three times per day.

Precautions

If pregnant, consult your health professional before using.

Keep out of reach of children.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. This product is not intended to treat, diagnose, prevent, or cure any disease.

General Statements

Special formula

Made with Love

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Essiac 20 Tincture by Barlow Herbal label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Essiac 20 Tincture label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Essiac 20 Tincture by Barlow Herbal

These are the 7 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size0.75 mL Dosage formLiquid Servings per container77 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Proprietary Blend

0 NP per serving

Other (inactive) ingredients: Cane Alcohol. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Essiac 20 Tincture by Barlow Herbal Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Essiac 20 Tincture?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
2,131Drugs
2,131 Moderate

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Slippery Elm 2,022
Turkey Rhubarb 660
Sheep Sorrel 169
Burdock 122
Watercress 6

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Essiac 20 Tincture interact with 2,131 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

5 of the 7 ingredients in Essiac 20 Tincture interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Slippery Elm Turkey Rhubarb Sheep Sorrel Burdock Watercress

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Essiac 20 Tincture with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Slippery Elm1 drug type · 2,022 drugs

Oral Drugs

Theoretically, slippery elm may slow the absorption and reduce serum levels of oral drugs.
Slippery elm inner bark contains mucilage, which may interfere with the absorption of orally administered drugs.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Slippery Elm full monograph & interactions

Turkey Rhubarb8 drug types · 660 drugs

Corticosteroids

Theoretically, frequent and high doses of rhubarb might increase the risk of hypokalemia when taken with corticosteroids.
Rhubarb has stimulant laxative effects. Overuse of rhubarb might compound corticosteroid-induced potassium loss.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune)

Theoretically, taking rhubarb with cyclosporine might reduce cyclosporine levels.
Animal research shows that co-administration of rhubarb decoction 0.25 or 1 gram/kg with cyclosporine 2.5 mg/kg, decreases cyclosporine maximum plasma concentration and overall exposure levels when compared with taking cyclosporine alone. The authors theorize that rhubarb might reduce cyclosporine bioavailability by inducing of P-glycoprotein and/or cytochrome P450 3A4. However, since rhubarb was administered as a single oral dose and enzyme induction usually occurs after multiple doses, it is possible that cyclosporine absorption was actually reduced via rhubarb's stimulant laxative effects. Also, the composition of the rhubarb decoction was not described.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Digoxin (Lanoxin)

Theoretically, overuse of rhubarb might increase the risk of adverse effects when taken with digoxin.
Rhubarb has stimulant laxative effects. Overuse of rhubarb might cause potassium depletion, increasing the risk of digoxin toxicity.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Diuretic Drugs

Theoretically, frequent and high doses of rhubarb might increase the risk of hypokalemia.
Rhubarb has stimulant laxative effects. Overuse of rhubarb might cause potassium depletion and compound diuretic-induced potassium loss.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Hepatotoxic Drugs

Theoretically, concomitant use of rhubarb with potentially hepatotoxic drugs might increase the risk of developing liver damage.
Some animal research suggests that anthraquinones in rhubarb might have hepatotoxic effects. Also, rhubarb use has been linked to at least 24 cases of liver injury, although details on the dose of rhubarb and duration of use in these cases is unclear.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Nephrotoxic Drugs

Theoretically, long-term use of anthraquinones from rhubarb might increase the risk of nephrotoxicity when used with nephrotoxic drugs.
The anthraquinone constituents of rhubarb have been shown to induce nephrotoxicity in animal research. Additionally, in a case report, a 23-year old female presented with kidney failure after taking 6 tablets of a proprietary slimming agent (found to contain the anthraquinones emodin and aloe-emodin from rhubarb) daily for 6 weeks and then adding diclofenac 25 mg 4 times daily for 2 days. The authors postulate that the anthraquinone constituents of rhubarb contributed to the renal dysfunction, and the addition of diclofenac, a nephrotoxic drug, led to renal failure. Until more is known, advise patients to avoid taking rhubarb if they are taking other potentially nephrotoxic drugs.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Stimulant Laxatives

Theoretically, rhubarb might increase the risk for fluid and electrolyte loss when taken with other stimulant laxatives.
Rhubarb has stimulant laxative effects. Concomitant use with stimulant laxatives might compound fluid and electrolyte loss.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Theoretically, excessive use of rhubarb might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with warfarin.
Rhubarb has stimulant laxative effects and can cause diarrhea. Diarrhea can increase the effects of warfarin, increase international normalized ratio (INR), and increase the risk of bleeding. Advise patients who take warfarin not to take excessive amounts of rhubarb.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Turkey Rhubarb full monograph & interactions

Sheep Sorrel3 drug types · 169 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, sorrel might cause additive effects and side effects when used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
In vitro, sorrel has been shown to inhibit platelet aggregation. However, this effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Fexofenadine (Allegra)

Sorrel might reduce the effectiveness of fexofenadine by reducing its absorption from the gut.
In vitro research shows that an ethanol extract of sorrel inhibits organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1A2 (OATP1A2), which transports fexofenadine from the intestine into cells. In rats, concomitant administration of sorrel extract with fexofenadine reduces oral absorption of fexofenadine and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC).

Likelihood Likely Evidence D
Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptide Substrates (Oatp)

Sorrel might reduce the effectiveness of OATP substrates by reducing their absorption from the gut.
In vitro research shows that sorrel inhibits OATP1A2. Theoretically it may inhibit other OATPs. The OATPs are expressed in the small intestine and liver and transport drugs into cells. Inhibition of OATP may reduce the bioavailability of oral drugs that are substrates of OATP.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Sheep Sorrel full monograph & interactions

Burdock1 drug type · 122 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, taking burdock with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs might increase the risk of bleeding.

In vitro research shows that lignans from burdock reduce rabbit platelet aggregation by inhibiting platelet activating factor. This interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Burdock full monograph & interactions

Watercress3 drug types · 6 drugs

Chlorzoxazone (Parafon Forte, Paraflex)

Watercress might reduce the metabolism of chlorzoxazone and increase its effects and side effects. Clinical research in healthy volunteers shows that a single ingestion of watercress 50 grams increases the chlorzoxazone plasma concentration-time curve by about 56% and increases its half-life by about 53%.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Lithium

Watercress is thought to have diuretic properties. Theoretically, due to these potential diuretic effects, watercress might reduce excretion and increase levels of lithium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Watercress contains vitamin K. Consuming large amounts of watercress might antagonize the anticoagulant effects of warfarin.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Watercress full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Essiac 20 Tincture, from the product label.

Barlow Herbal

See all Barlow Herbal products
Name
Barlow Herbal Specialties, LLC
City
Sandy
State
Utah
ZipCode
84091
Phone Number
866-688-6757
Web Address
BarlowHerbal.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Essiac 20 Tincture by Barlow Herbal: Common Questions

Does Essiac 20 Tincture by Barlow Herbal interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Essiac 20 Tincture has a known interaction with 2,131 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Essiac 20 Tincture contains 7 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Can I take Essiac 20 if I'm on warfarin or another blood thinner?
Not without checking first. Turkey rhubarb and watercress may interfere with how blood thinners work, and sheep sorrel and burdock may increase bleeding risk — all documented as Moderate severity concerns. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist before adding this product to your medications.
Is this safe to take long-term?
Not recommended. Turkey rhubarb should not be used long-term because the medicinal root can cause cramping, electrolyte loss, kidney problems, and liver damage with chronic use. Slippery elm also has limited long-term safety data. This product is best used for short periods under guidance from your doctor or pharmacist.
What is bloodroot and why is it in this product?
Bloodroot is a plant that contains a potentially toxic alkaloid called sanguinarine. It's possibly effective for dental plaque and gingivitis, but we don't recommend it for self-treatment because it can be corrosive and cause serious side effects. If you're concerned about a bloodroot ingredient in a supplement, discuss it with your pharmacist.
Can I use Essiac 20 while breastfeeding?
No. Turkey rhubarb and bloodroot should be avoided because laxative compounds and potential toxins may pass into breast milk. Watercress, sheep sorrel, and burdock also lack enough safety data while nursing. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist before using any herbal product while breastfeeding.
Does this product actually work for cancer?
We don't have reliable evidence. Slippery elm is rated insufficient evidence for cancer, and we don't hold effectiveness data for the other main ingredients specific to cancer treatment. If you're dealing with cancer, work with your oncologist — don't rely on this product as a replacement for proven treatments.
What's the alcohol content?
This is a liquid tincture containing cane alcohol as the carrier and preservative. The exact percentage isn't listed on the label you've provided. If alcohol content matters for your health or personal reasons, contact the manufacturer or your pharmacist for specifics.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Essiac 20 Tincture label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Essiac 20 Tincture’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Slippery Elm

Interacts with 2,022 drugs

Slippery elm is a traditional herbal remedy made from the inner bark of a North American elm tree, used mainly to soothe sore throats and irritated digestive tracts. Its mucilage can coat an...

Read the full Slippery Elm monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Rhubarb

Interacts with 660 drugs

Rhubarb root has a long history of use as a laxative and in traditional Chinese medicine, and its edible stalks are a common food. Most medicinal claims are backed by limited or low-quality...

Read the full Rhubarb monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Watercress

Interacts with 6 drugs

Watercress is a nutrient-rich leafy green that provides vitamins A, C, and K plus minerals and antioxidant plant compounds. Eaten as a food it is generally safe and healthy for most people,...

Read the full Watercress monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Sorrel

Interacts with 169 drugs

Sorrel is a tangy, leafy herb used in cooking and traditional medicine, often for congestion, digestion, and inflammation. Solid human evidence for any health benefit is limited, and its hig...

Read the full Sorrel monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Bloodroot

Bloodroot is a North American plant whose red root sap contains potent alkaloids that are corrosive to skin and tissue. It has a long folk history, but there is no good evidence it safely tr...

Read the full Bloodroot monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Burdock

Interacts with 122 drugs

Burdock is a traditional herb most often used for skin problems and as a so-called 'blood purifier,' but high-quality human studies are lacking and most claims are not well proven. It is wid...

Read the full Burdock monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Essiac 20 Tincture's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 90 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Slippery Elm 3 references
  1. The Review of Natural Products by Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis, MO: Wolters Kluwer Co., 1999.
  2. Brinker F. Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 2nd ed. Sandy, OR: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1998.
  3. Czarnecki D, Nixon R, Bekhor P, and et al. Delayed prolonged contact urticaria from the elm tree. Contact Dermatitis 1993;28:196-197. PubMed

See these in context on the Slippery Elm monograph →

Rhubarb 20 references
  1. Blumenthal M, ed. The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Trans. S. Klein. Boston, MA: American Botanical Council, 1998.
  2. McGuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R, Goldberg A, eds. American Herbal Products Association's Botanical Safety Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, LLC 1997.
  3. Gruenwald J, Brendler T, Jaenicke C. PDR for Herbal Medicines. 1st ed. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company, Inc., 1998.
  4. Brinker F. Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 2nd ed. Sandy, OR: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1998.
  5. Nusko G, Schneider B, Schneider I, et al. Anthranoid laxative use is not a risk factor for colorectal neoplasia: results of a prospective case control study. Gut 2000;46:651-5. PubMed
  6. Kwan TH, Tong MK, Leung KT, et al. Acute renal failure associated with prolonged intake of slimming pills containing anthraquinones. Hong Kong Med J 2006;12:394-7.
  7. Fairbairn JW. The anthraquinone laxatives. Biological assay and its relation to chemical structure. Pharmacology 1976;14:48-61. PubMed
  8. Siegers, C. P., Hertzberg-Lottin, E., Otte, M., and Schneider, B. Anthranoid laxative abuse--a risk for colorectal cancer? Gut 1993;34(8):1099-1101. PubMed
  9. Fan, J. G. Evaluating the efficacy and safety of Danning Pian in the short-term treatment of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a multicenter clinical trial. Hepatobiliary.Pancreat.Dis.Int 2004;3(3):375-380.
  10. Yan, M., Zhang, L. Y., Sun, L. X., Jiang, Z. Z., and Xiao, X. H. Nephrotoxicity study of total rhubarb anthraquinones on Sprague Dawley rats using DNA microarrays. J Ethnopharmacol. 4-15-2006; PubMed
  11. Zhang, J. H., Li, L. S., and Zhang, M. Clinical effects of rheum and captopril on preventing progression of chronic renal failure. Chin Med J (Engl.) 1990;103(10):788-793.
  12. Mitsuma, T., Yokozawa, T., Oura, H., and Terasawa, K. [Rhubarb therapy in patients with chronic renal failure (Part 2)]. Nippon Jinzo Gakkai Shi 1987;29(2):195-207.
  13. Wu, C. X. [A preliminary study on the effect of a single Rheum officinale in heavy doses in the treatment of acute icteric hepatitis]. Zhong.Xi.Yi.Jie.He.Za Zhi.(Chinese Journal of Modern Developments in Traditional Medicine) 1984;4(2):88-89.
  14. Jiao, D. H. [Clinical research on the hemostatic effect of rhubarb on peptic ulcer with acute bleeding]. Zhong.Xi.Yi.Jie.He.Za Zhi.(Chinese Journal of Modern Developments in Traditional Medicine) 1984;4(10):597-600, 579.
  15. Jiao, D. H., Ma, Y. H., Chen, S. J., Liu, C. T., Shu, H. N., and Chu, C. M. Resume of 400 cases of acute upper digestive tract bleeding treated by rhubarb alone. Pharmacology 1980;20 Suppl 1:128-130.
  16. Zhang, JH, Yao, XD, Song, Y, and et al. [Long-term treating effects of rhubarb and captopril in delaying the progression of renal failure]. Chinese Kidney Disease Journal 1993;9(4):197-201.
  17. Rehman H, Begum W, Anjum F, Tabasum H, Zahid S. Effect of rhubarb (Rheum emodi) in primary dysmenorrhoea: a single-blind randomized controlled trial. J Complement Integr Med. 2015 Mar;12(1):61-9.
  18. Yu CP, Lin HJ, Lin SP, Shia CS, Chang PH, Hou YC, Hsieh YW. Rhubarb decreased the systemic exposure of cyclosporine, a probe substrate of P-glycoprotein and CYP 3A. Xenobiotica. 2016 Aug;46(8):677-82. PubMed
  19. Byeon JH, Kil JH, Ahn YC, Son CG. Systematic review of published data on herb induced liver injury. J Ethnopharmacol 2019;233:190-6. PubMed
  20. Zhao D, Feng SX, Zhang HJ, et al. Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion of five rhubarb anthraquinones in rats after oral administration of effective fraction of anthraquinones from rheum officinale. Xenobiotica. 2021;51(8):916-925. PubMed

See these in context on the Rhubarb monograph →

Watercress 34 references
  1. Gruenwald J, Brendler T, Jaenicke C. PDR for Herbal Medicines. 1st ed. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company, Inc., 1998.
  2. Brinker F. Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 2nd ed. Sandy, OR: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1998.
  3. Leclercq I, Desager JP, Horsmans Y. Inhibition of chlorzoxazone metabolism, a clinical probe for CYP2E1, by a single ingestion of watercress. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998;64:144-9. PubMed
  4. Bolton-Smith C, Price RJ, Fenton ST, et al. Compilation of a provisional UK database for the phylloquinone (vitamin K1) content of foods. Br J Nutr 2000;83:389-99.
  5. Rondelaud, D., Dreyfuss, G., Bouteille, B., and Darde, M. L. Changes in human fasciolosis in a temperate area: about some observations over a 28-year period in central France. Parasitol.Res 2000;86(9):753-757. PubMed
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