Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Based on 3 of 4 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Fireball L-Carnitine Igniter Apple Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Top Secret Nutrition

Fireball L-Carnitine Igniter Apple label
See full label image
Liquid Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Fireball L-Carnitine Igniter Apple against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Fireball L-Carnitine Igniter Apple is a dietary supplement by Top Secret Nutrition with 4 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for memory and cognitive support, nerve pain (neuropathy), energy and fatigue.Based on those ingredients, 203 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Acetyl-L-Carnitine, L-Carnitine L-Tartrate. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Fireball L-Carnitine Igniter Apple by Top Secret Nutrition

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Fireball L-Carnitine Igniter Apple by Top Secret Nutrition — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
Prefer a human? Send your question to our licensed pharmacists — free, answered by email within 24 hours.

HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Fireball L-Carnitine Igniter Apple by Top Secret Nutrition

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 11, 2026

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 4 of its 4 active ingredients.
  • No proprietary blends here — you can verify the dose of every single component.

Fireball L-Carnitine Igniter Apple contains four active ingredients. Acetyl-L-carnitine and L-carnitine L-tartrate are both forms of carnitine, a compound your body uses to turn fat into energy.

Gamma Butyrobetaine Ethyl Ester HCl is a carnitine precursor—your body converts it to L-carnitine. Paradoxine is an extract from grains of paradise, a spice.

The product also includes inactive ingredients: purified water, sucralose, natural flavor, acesulfame potassium, potassium sorbate, and sodium benzoate.

Does it work?

Not established
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Not established

The graded evidence we hold for these ingredients covers different conditions than the ones this product is marketed for, so there's no established rating for its stated use.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: enhances fat burning and boosts metabolism.
  • We looked for evidence on: Athletic performance, Exercise-induced muscle damage, Exercise-induced muscle soreness, Obesity, Metabolic syndrome, Thermogenesis — and 3 related terms.
  • The closest evidence on file: Acetyl-l-carnitine is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Athletic performance (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Acetyl-l-carnitine is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Obesity.
  • Also on file: L-carnitine is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Athletic performance, Exercise-induced muscle soreness, Obesity, Metabolic syndrome, and more.

Acetyl-L-carnitine is rated possibly effective for age-related cognitive decline, Alzheimer disease, alcohol use disorder, diabetic nerve pain, and depression. L-carnitine L-tartrate is rated effective for L-carnitine deficiency itself, and possibly effective for high cholesterol, congestive heart failure, and angina.

We hold no effectiveness data for Gamma Butyrobetaine Ethyl Ester HCl or Paradoxine in our records.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Acetyl-l-carnitine L-carnitine Grains Of Paradise

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 2 of the 3 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 3 of 3.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 3 of 3.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Both acetyl-L-carnitine and L-carnitine L-tartrate are generally well tolerated short-term, but long-term safety is not fully established for acetyl-L-carnitine, and high doses of L-carnitine can cause stomach upset and a fishy body odor. Acetyl-L-carnitine may cause agitation, dry mouth, headache, insomnia, reduced appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation; psychiatric disturbances have been reported in people with Alzheimer disease, though it's unclear whether the supplement or the condition caused them.

L-carnitine L-tartrate causes similar gastrointestinal effects, and seizures have been reported rarely. Pregnancy and breastfeeding safety data are not established for acetyl-L-carnitine or L-carnitine L-tartrate—there isn't enough information to know either way.

Paradoxine should be avoided in pregnancy due to insufficient safety data, and there is too little information to consider it safe while breastfeeding. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist before using this product if you're pregnant or breastfeeding.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Acetyl-l-carnitine L-carnitine Grains Of Paradise

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 2 of the 3 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Acetyl-l-carnitine, L-carnitine.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs.
  • For scale: 203 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Double-check this product if you take serotonergic drugs (antidepressants, migraine medications), blood thinners like warfarin or acenocoumarol, or thyroid hormone replacement. Serotonergic drugs and anticoagulants carry Moderate severity interactions; thyroid hormones do as well.

If you're on any of these, run them through the medication checker on this page.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with no established evidence rating for its marketed use. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This product is built around carnitine compounds for energy metabolism support and may help with certain conditions like Alzheimer disease or heart failure—but it carries real interactions with blood thinners and serotonergic medications, and long-term safety is unclear. If you take warfarin, any antidepressant, thyroid hormone, or other prescription medications, you need to check with your pharmacist before starting.

Otherwise, it's generally tolerated, though you may notice a fishy odor and some stomach or mood changes.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 3 of 4 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Jan 22, 2022.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Fireball L-Carnitine Igniter Apple, straight from the product label.

Brand Top Secret Nutrition
Barcode (UPC) 811226021836
Net contents 16 Fluid Ounce(s); 459 mL
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Jan 22, 2022
DSLD ID 259097
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Liquid
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Fireball L-Carnitine Igniter Apple by Top Secret Nutrition, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
14.79 mL
Maximum serving Sizes:
14.79 mL
Servings per container
31
UPC/BARCODE
811226021836
IngredientAmount% DV
Acetyl-L-Carnitine200 mg--
L-Carnitine L-Tartrate1400 mg--
Gamma Butyrobetaine Ethyl Ester Hcl25 mg--
Paradoxine15 mg--

Other ingredients: Water, Purified, Sucralose, Natural flavor, Acesulfame Potassium, Potassium Sorbate, Sodium Benzoate

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Formulation

Enhances fat burning Boosts metabolism Heat generating thermogenesis

Top Secret Nutrition's Liquid Fireball L-Carnitine Igniter with Paradoxine is a very unique blend of acetyl-l-carnitine, l-carnitine, LeanGBB and Paradoxine. LeanGBB is gamma-butyrobetaine a precursor to l-carnitine. Research suggests that LeanGMM significantly increases endogenous l-carnitine. Paradoxine is the extract from Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), an herb in the same family as Ginger and shares many bioactivities. Paradoxine is what gives Fireball L-Carnitine Igniter it's distinct flavor. Research suggests that Grains of Paradise stimulates brown adipose tissue and creates thermogenesis (heat). This product will make you sweat. If you do not want to sweat, do not take it. For exercise performance, recovery and fat burning, Fireball L-Carnitine Igniter is the product for you.

Apple Naturally & Artificially Flavored

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Directions: For best results take 1 serving 30 minutes before exercise.

Start with 1/2 serving to assess your tolerance.

Precautions

Warning: Keep out of reach of children.

Do not use if you are pregnant or nursing or if you have a medical condition.

Use this product as a dietary supplement only. Do not seal if seal or package is broken. Consult a physician prior to use if you are taking any medication or are under 18.

Consult a physician prior to use if you are taking any medication or are under 18.

Discontinue use two weeks prior to surgery.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place.

Refrigerate after opening Discard 30 days after opening

Brand IP Statement(s)

LeanGBB and Paradoxine are trademarks of Bestcom Biotech Co., Ltd.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Fireball L-Carnitine Igniter Apple by Top Secret Nutrition label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Fireball L-Carnitine Igniter Apple label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Fireball L-Carnitine Igniter Apple by Top Secret Nutrition

These are the 4 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size14.79 mL Dosage formLiquid Servings per container31 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Acetyl-L-Carnitine

Interacts with
203 drugs
200 mg per serving

Acetyl-L-carnitine is a form of the amino acid carnitine that the body uses to help produce energy in cells. It is most studied for nerve pain and mem...

Acetyl-L-Carnitine monograph & interactions

L-Carnitine L-Tartrate

Interacts with
19 drugs
1400 mg per serving

L-carnitine is a compound your body makes naturally and also gets from foods like meat. It helps cells turn fat into energy, and supplements are most...

L-Carnitine L-Tartrate monograph & interactions

Gamma Butyrobetaine Ethyl Ester Hcl

25 mg per serving

Paradoxine

No known
interactions
15 mg per serving Form: Grains of Paradise extract

Grains of paradise is a West African spice in the ginger family that people use for digestion, as a spice, and more recently in supplements aimed at m...

Paradoxine monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: Water, Purified, Sucralose, Natural flavor, Acesulfame Potassium, Potassium Sorbate, Sodium Benzoate. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Fireball L-Carnitine Igniter Apple by Top Secret Nutrition Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Fireball L-Carnitine Igniter Apple?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
203Drugs
203 Moderate

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Acetyl-L-Carnitine 203
L-Carnitine L-Tartrate 19

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Fireball L-Carnitine Igniter Apple interact with 203 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

2 of the 4 ingredients in Fireball L-Carnitine Igniter Apple interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Acetyl-L-Carnitine L-Carnitine L-Tartrate

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Fireball L-Carnitine Igniter Apple with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Acetyl-L-Carnitine4 drug types · 203 drugs

Acenocoumarol (Sintrom)

Theoretically, acetyl-L-carnitine might increase the anticoagulant effects of acenocoumarol.
L-carnitine, the parent compound of acetyl-L-carnitine, might enhance the anticoagulant effects of acenocoumarol, an oral anticoagulant that is similar to warfarin, but shorter-acting. There are at least two case reports of INR elevation when L-carnitine was taken with acenocoumarol. In one case, a 33-year-old male with a previously stable INR had an elevated INR of 4.65 after L-carnitine was started and continued for 10 weeks. INR normalized after discontinuation of the L-carnitine-containing product. It is unclear if such an interaction would also occur with acetyl-L-carnitine.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Serotonergic Drugs

Theoretically, acetyl-L-carnitine might increase the risk of serotonergic side effects, including serotonin syndrome and cerebral vasoconstrictive disorders, when taken with serotonergic drugs.
Animal research shows that acetyl-L-carnitine can increase levels of serotonin in the brain.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Thyroid Hormone

Theoretically, acetyl-L-carnitine might decrease the effectiveness of thyroid hormone replacement.
L-carnitine appears to act as a peripheral thyroid hormone antagonist by inhibiting entry of thyroid hormone into the nucleus of cells. Taking L-carnitine also seems to diminish some of the symptoms of hyperthyroidism. It is unclear if such an interaction would occur with acetyl-L-carnitine.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Theoretically, acetyl-L-carnitine might increase the anticoagulant effects of warfarin.
L-carnitine, the parent compound of acetyl-L-carnitine, might increase the anticoagulant effects of acenocoumarol, a shorter-acting oral anticoagulant similar to warfarin. There is not enough information to know whether this interaction occurs with acetyl-L-carnitine and warfarin.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Acetyl-L-Carnitine full monograph & interactions

L-Carnitine L-Tartrate3 drug types · 19 drugs

Acenocoumarol (Sintrom)

Theoretically, L-carnitine might increase the anticoagulant effects of acenocoumarol.
L-carnitine might enhance the anticoagulant effects of acenocoumarol, an oral anticoagulant similar to warfarin, but shorter-acting. There are at least two case reports of INR elevation with concomitant use. In one case, a 33-year-old male with a previously stable INR had an elevated INR of 4.65 after L-carnitine was started and continued for 10 weeks. INR normalized after discontinuation of the L-carnitine-containing product.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Thyroid Hormone

Theoretically, L-carnitine might decrease the effectiveness of thyroid hormone replacement.
L-carnitine appears to act as a peripheral thyroid hormone antagonist by inhibiting entry of thyroid hormone into the nucleus of cells. Taking L-carnitine also seems to diminish some of the symptoms of hyperthyroidism.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Theoretically, L-carnitine might increase the anticoagulant effects of warfarin.
L-carnitine might increase the anticoagulant effects of acenocoumarol, a shorter-acting oral anticoagulant similar to warfarin. There is not enough information to know whether this interaction occurs with L-carnitine and warfarin.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
L-Carnitine L-Tartrate full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Fireball L-Carnitine Igniter Apple, from the product label.

Top Secret Nutrition

See all Top Secret Nutrition products
Name
Top Secret Nutrition, LLC.
Street Address
11490 Interchange Circle North
City
Miramar
State
FL
ZipCode
33025
Phone Number
877.633.3830
Web Address
TopSecretNutrition.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Fireball L-Carnitine Igniter Apple by Top Secret Nutrition: Common Questions

Does Fireball L-Carnitine Igniter Apple by Top Secret Nutrition interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Fireball L-Carnitine Igniter Apple has a known interaction with 203 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Fireball L-Carnitine Igniter Apple contains 4 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Will this help me lose weight or build muscle?
The product contains carnitine compounds, which your body uses to convert fat into energy. Acetyl-L-carnitine and L-carnitine L-tartrate are possibly effective for certain conditions—high cholesterol, heart failure, angina, cognitive decline, and others—but our data doesn't establish effectiveness for weight loss or muscle gain specifically.
What's that fishy smell I might notice?
A metabolite of acetyl-L-carnitine and L-carnitine L-tartrate can produce a fishy odor in your urine, breath, and sweat. It's not harmful, just a known side effect at typical doses.
Is it safe to take long-term?
Acetyl-L-carnitine is generally well tolerated short-term, but long-term safety is not fully established. L-carnitine L-tartrate is generally well tolerated at typical doses, though we don't have extensive long-term data either. Talk with your pharmacist about how long you plan to use it.
Can I take this while pregnant or breastfeeding?
There isn't enough data to know whether acetyl-L-carnitine or L-carnitine L-tartrate are safe in pregnancy or while breastfeeding. Paradoxine should be avoided in pregnancy and breastfeeding due to insufficient safety data. You'll need to talk with your doctor or pharmacist for personalized advice if you're pregnant or nursing.
What side effects should I watch for?
Common side effects include agitation, dry mouth, headache, insomnia, loss of appetite, nausea, diarrhea, stomach pain, and constipation. In people with Alzheimer disease, psychiatric effects like depression, mania, confusion, and aggression have been reported—though it's not clear whether the supplement or the condition caused them. Seizures are rare.
Does this product interact with medications?
Yes. Both carnitine forms may increase bleeding risk with warfarin or acenocoumarol, reduce thyroid hormone effectiveness, and acetyl-L-carnitine may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome with antidepressants. Altogether, these interactions span 203 individual medications. Use the medication checker on this page before you start.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if Fireball L-Carnitine Igniter Apple is safe with your meds?

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Fireball L-Carnitine Igniter Apple label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Fireball L-Carnitine Igniter Apple’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Acetyl-l-carnitine

Interacts with 203 drugs

Acetyl-L-carnitine is a form of the amino acid carnitine that the body uses to help produce energy in cells. It is most studied for nerve pain and memory-related conditions, though the evide...

Read the full Acetyl-l-carnitine monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

L-carnitine

Interacts with 19 drugs

L-carnitine is a compound your body makes naturally and also gets from foods like meat. It helps cells turn fat into energy, and supplements are most clearly useful for people with a true ca...

Read the full L-carnitine monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Grains Of Paradise

Grains of paradise is a West African spice in the ginger family that people use for digestion, as a spice, and more recently in supplements aimed at metabolism. Early human research suggests...

Read the full Grains Of Paradise monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Fireball L-Carnitine Igniter Apple's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 65 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Acetyl-l-carnitine 22 references
  1. Thal LJ, Carta A, Clarke WR, et al. A 1-year multicenter placebo-controlled study of acetyl-L-carnitine in patients with Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology 1996;47:705-11. PubMed
  2. Sano M, Bell K, Cote L, et al. Double-blind parallel design pilot study of acetyl levocarnitine in patients with Alzheimer's Disease. Arch Neurol 1992;49:1137-41. PubMed
  3. Spagnoli A, Lucca U, Menasce G, et al. Long-term acetyl-L-carnitine treatment in Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology 1991;41:1726-32. PubMed
  4. Brooks JO 3rd, Yesavage JA, Carta A, Bravi D. Acetyl L-carnitine slows decline in younger patients with Alzheimer's disease: a reanalysis of a double-blind, placebo-controlled study using the trilinear approach. Int Psychoger 1998;10:193-203. PubMed
  5. Pettegrew JW, Klunk WE, Panchalingam K, et al. Clinical and neurochemical effects of acetyl-L-carnitine in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 1995;16:1-4. PubMed
  6. Rai G, Wright G, Scott L, et al. Double-blind, placebo controlled study of acetyl-l-carnitine in patients with Alzheimer's dementia. Curr Med Res Opin 1990;11:638-47. PubMed
  7. Benvenga S, Ruggeri RM, Russo A, et al. Usefulness of L-carnitine, a naturally occurring peripheral antagonist of thyroid hormone action, in iatrogenic hyperthyroidism: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Meta
  8. Montgomery SA, Thal LJ, Amrein R. Meta-analysis of double blind randomized controlled clinical trials of acetyl-L-carnitine versus placebo in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2003;18:61-71.. PubMed
  9. Martinez E, Domingo P, Roca-Cusachs A. Potentiation of acenocoumarol action by L-carnitine. J Intern Med 1993;233:94.
  10. Hudson S, Tabet N. Acetyl-L-carnitine for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;2:CD003158.. PubMed
  11. Bachmann HU, Hoffmann A. Interaction of food supplement L-carnitine with oral anticoagulant acenocoumarol. Swiss Med Wkly 2004;134:385. PubMed
  12. De Grandis D, Minardi C. Acetyl-L-carnitine (levacecarnine) in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy. A long-term, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Drugs R D 2002;3:223-31. PubMed
  13. 12761 Benvenga S, Amato A, Calvani M, Trimarchi F. Effects of carnitine on thyroid hormone action. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004;1033:158-67. PubMed
  14. Sima AAF, Calvani M, Mehra M, et al. Acetyl-L-carnitine improves pain, nerve regeneration, and vibratory perception in patients with chronic diabetic neuropathy: An analysis of two randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Diabetes Care 2005;28:89-94.
  15. Youle, M. and Osio, M. A double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, multicentre study of acetyl L-carnitine in the symptomatic treatment of antiretroviral toxic neuropathy in patients with HIV-1 infection. HIV.Med. 2007;8(4):241-250.
  16. Brennan BP, Jensen JE, Hudson JI, Coit CE, Beaulieu A, Pope HG Jr, Renshaw PF, Cohen BM. A placebo-controlled trial of acetyl-L-carnitine and a-lipoic acid in the treatment of bipolar depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013 Oct;33(5):627-35.
  17. Ledinek AH, Sajko MC, Rot U. Evaluating the effects of amantadin, modafinil and acetyl-L-carnitine on fatigue in multiple sclerosis--result of a pilot randomized, blind study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2013 Dec;115 Suppl 1:S86-9. PubMed
  18. Martinotti G, Andreoli S, Reina D, Di Nicola M, Ortolani I, Tedeschi D, Fanella F, Pozzi G, Iannoni E, D'Iddio S, Prof LJ. Acetyl-l-Carnitine in the treatment of anhedonia, melancholic and negative symptoms in alcohol dependent subjects. Prog Neuropsychop PubMed
  19. Baek SM, Zheng R, Seo EJ, Hwang DY, Kim BH. Pharmacokinetic comparisons of two acetyl-L-carnitine formulations in healthy Korean volunteers. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2015;53(11):980-6. PubMed
  20. Goodison G, Overeem K, de Monte V, Siskind D. Mania associated with self-prescribed acetyl-l-carnitine in a man with bipolar I disorder. Australas Psychiatry. 2017;25(1):13-4.
  21. Bruno A, Pandolfo G, Crucitti M, Lorusso S, Zoccali RA, Muscatello MR. Acetyl-L-Carnitine Augmentation of Clozapine in Partial-Responder Schizophrenia: A 12-Week, Open-Label Uncontrolled Preliminary Study. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2016;39(6):277-80. PubMed
  22. Veronese N, Stubbs B, Solmi M, Ajnakina O, Carvalho AF, Maggi S. Acetyl-L-Carnitine Supplementation and the Treatment of Depressive Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Psychosom Med. 2018;80(2):154-9. PubMed

See these in context on the Acetyl-l-carnitine monograph →

L-carnitine 41 references
  1. Ellaway CM, Williams K, Leonard H, et al. Rett syndrome: randomized controlled trial of L-carnitine. J Child Neurol 1999;14:162-7. PubMed
  2. Anon. Carnitor (levocarnitine) package insert. Sigma-Tau Pharmaceuticals Inc, Gaithersburg, MD. December 1999.
  3. Cherchi A, Lai C, Angelino F, et al. Effects of L-carnitine on exercise tolerance in chronic stable angina: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1985;23:569-72.
  4. Plioplys AV, Plioplys S. Amantadine and L-carnitine treatment of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Neuropsychobiology 1997;35:16-23. PubMed
  5. Benvenga S, Ruggeri RM, Russo A, et al. Usefulness of L-carnitine, a naturally occurring peripheral antagonist of thyroid hormone action, in iatrogenic hyperthyroidism: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Meta
  6. Martinez E, Domingo P, Roca-Cusachs A. Potentiation of acenocoumarol action by L-carnitine. J Intern Med 1993;233:94.
  7. Bachmann HU, Hoffmann A. Interaction of food supplement L-carnitine with oral anticoagulant acenocoumarol. Swiss Med Wkly 2004;134:385. PubMed
  8. Evans AM, Fornasini G. Pharmacokinetics of L-carnitine. Clin Pharmacokinet 2003;42:941-67. PubMed
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See these in context on the L-carnitine monograph →

Grains Of Paradise 2 references
  1. Dietary Supplements: What You Need to Know — NIH Office of Dietary Supplements Source
  2. Using Dietary Supplements Wisely — NIH NCCIH Source

See these in context on the Grains Of Paradise monograph →

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DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

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