Major interaction on record — check this product against your medications before combining. Based on 7 of 20 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Full Spectrum Enzymes Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Dr. Mercola

Full Spectrum Enzymes label
See full label image
Capsule Category: Non-nutrient/non-botanical
Most serious interaction: Major
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Full Spectrum Enzymes against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Major

Full Spectrum Enzymes is a dietary supplement by Dr. Mercola with 20 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for lactose intolerance, gas and bloating after dairy, diarrhea from dairy foods.Based on those ingredients, 174 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated major. The ingredients most likely to interact are Bromelain, Adenosine Triphosphate, Papain. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Full Spectrum Enzymes by Dr. Mercola

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Full Spectrum Enzymes by Dr. Mercola — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Full Spectrum Enzymes by Dr. Mercola

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 11, 2026

What’s inside

Low disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Low

Most active ingredients don't disclose an individual amount — you can't tell how much of each you're getting.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 0 of its 21 active ingredients.
  • “Lipase Blend” is a proprietary blend — the label doesn't break down how much of each component you get.
  • “Full Spectrum pH Protease Blend” is a proprietary blend — the label doesn't break down how much of each component you get.
  • “Cellulase Blend” is a proprietary blend — the label doesn't break down how much of each component you get.

Dr. Mercola's Full Spectrum Enzymes is a capsule containing 21 active ingredient enzymes designed to help break down food during digestion.

The formula includes amylase (starch digestion), papain (protein digestion from papaya), bromelain (protein digestion from pineapple), lactase (lactose digestion), lipases (fat digestion), proteases (protein digestion), and a spectrum of carbohydrate-digesting enzymes like cellulase, hemicellulase, and pectinase. It also contains adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a compound involved in cellular energy.

The capsule itself and the inactive ingredients—hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, rice husk, and medium-chain triglyceride—are excipients that help deliver the active enzymes.

Does it work?

Strong evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Strong

Clinical evidence supports at least one of this product's ingredients for its stated purpose.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: Digestive enzyme support and digestion.
  • We looked for evidence on: Dyspepsia, Lactose intolerance, Exercise-induced muscle soreness, Postoperative swelling, Sprains, Wound healing — and 3 related terms.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Lactase is rated "Effective" for Lactose intolerance (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Papain is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Exercise-induced muscle soreness, Wound healing.
  • Also on file: Lipase is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Dyspepsia.

The evidence supporting these enzymes is mixed and limited. Lactase is effective for lactose intolerance—if you can't digest milk sugar, lactase will help.

For the other enzymes—papain, bromelain, lipase, and the rest—the data we hold shows insufficient reliable evidence to rate their effectiveness for any condition, including digestion, inflammation, or athletic recovery. That doesn't mean they don't work; it means rigorous human studies haven't established clear benefit yet.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Lactase Phytase Adenosine Lipase Proteolytic Enzymes (proteases) Papain Bromelain

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 7 of the 7 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 7 of 7.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 7 of 7.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Most of these enzymes are generally well tolerated when taken as directed, but some caution applies. Papain can cause allergic reactions in sensitive people (itchy eyes, runny nose, sneezing, abdominal cramps, diarrhea) and may irritate the digestive tract; concentrated papain and unripe papaya are best avoided in pregnancy.

Bromelain is usually well tolerated short-term but can cause diarrhea, gas, nausea, and vomiting; it should be avoided in pregnancy and while breastfeeding. Adenosine (ATP) supplement safety is limited and not well studied—the prescription injectable form is powerful and causes serious cardiovascular effects, but oral supplement data are sparse.

Proteases and phytase may trigger allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. Lipase is generally safe in adults, but data during pregnancy and breastfeeding are limited.

None of these enzymes have been thoroughly evaluated for long-term safety.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Lactase Phytase Adenosine Lipase Proteolytic Enzymes (proteases) Papain Bromelain

Meds to double-check

Major interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Major identified

At least one ingredient has a documented Major-severity interaction. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 3 of the 7 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Papain, Bromelain, Adenosine.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Major.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs.
  • For scale: 174 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before taking this product, double-check with your pharmacist if you're on dipyridamole (Persantine)—that's the most serious interaction. Also flag warfarin (Coumadin) or any other blood thinner, antiplatelet drugs, carbamazepine (Tegretol), or methylxanthines like caffeine supplements or theophylline.

No interactions are documented for several of the enzymes in this formula because we hold no data for them—your pharmacist can help determine if any of your other medications might be affected.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFormula with limited ingredient disclosure with clinical evidence supporting its stated purpose. Major medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This enzyme blend is meant to support digestion, and lactase will help if you're lactose intolerant. If you're on warfarin, a blood thinner, antiplatelet drug, or heart medication like dipyridamole, you need to check this with your pharmacist before starting—the interactions are real.

If you have a history of allergies to papain or bromelain (pineapple), skip it. Talk to your pharmacist before taking this, especially if you're pregnant, breastfeeding, or on any prescription medications.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 9 of 21 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Mar 25, 2025.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Full Spectrum Enzymes, straight from the product label.

Brand Dr. Mercola
Barcode (UPC) 810487030908
Net contents 90 Capsule(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Mar 25, 2025
DSLD ID 327164
Product type Non-nutrient/non-botanical
Supplement form Capsule
Dietary claims / uses All Other
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Full Spectrum Enzymes by Dr. Mercola, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
1 Capsule(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
1 Capsule(s)
Servings per container
90
UPC/BARCODE
810487030908
IngredientAmount% DV
Amylase0 NP--
Papain0 NP--
Bromelain0 NP--
Lactase0 NP--
Peptidase0 NP--
Invertase0 NP--
Glucoamylase0 NP--
Xylanase0 NP--
Pectinase0 NP--
Beta-Glucanase0 NP--
Phytase0 NP--
Hemicellulase0 NP--
Diastase0 NP--
Cellulase I0 NP--
Protease 30 NP--
Alpha Galactosidase0 NP--
Cellulase II0 NP--
Adenosine Triphosphate0 NP--
Lipase I0 NP--
Lipase II0 NP--
Lipase Blend0 NP--
Full Spectrum pH Protease Blend0 NP--
Protease0 NP--
Cellulase Blend0 NP--
Plant-Derived Enzyme Blend0 NP--

Other ingredients: Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose, Rice Husk, Medium Chain Triglyceride

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested use: Adults, as a dietary supplement, take one (1) capsule three times daily before a meal.

Precautions

Keep out of reach of children.

Do not use if safety seal is broken.

If you are nursing, pregnant, taking medication or have a medical condition, consult your physician before taking this product.

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

General Statements

Providing quality products since 2001.

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Full Spectrum Enzymes by Dr. Mercola label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Full Spectrum Enzymes label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Full Spectrum Enzymes by Dr. Mercola

These are the 20 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size1 Capsule(s) Dosage formCapsule Servings per container90 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Amylase

0 NP per serving

Lactase

No known
interactions
0 NP per serving

Lactase is a digestive enzyme supplement that helps people who lack enough natural lactase break down lactose, the sugar in milk and dairy. It can red...

Lactase monograph & interactions

Peptidase

0 NP per serving

Invertase

0 NP per serving

Glucoamylase

0 NP per serving

Xylanase

0 NP per serving

Pectinase

0 NP per serving

Beta-Glucanase

0 NP per serving

Phytase

No known
interactions
0 NP per serving

Phytase is an enzyme that breaks down phytic acid (phytate) found in grains, beans, nuts, and seeds, which can free up minerals like iron, zinc, and c...

Phytase monograph & interactions

Hemicellulase

0 NP per serving

Diastase

0 NP per serving

Alpha Galactosidase

0 NP per serving

Adenosine Triphosphate

Interacts with
47 drugs
0 NP per serving

Adenosine is a natural building block your body uses for energy and cell signaling, and a prescription injectable version is used by doctors to treat...

Adenosine Triphosphate monograph & interactions

Lipase Blend

No known
interactions
0 NP per serving

Lipase is a digestive enzyme that helps your body break down dietary fats. It is well established as part of prescription pancreatic enzyme therapy fo...

Lipase Blend monograph & interactions

Full Spectrum pH Protease Blend

0 NP per serving

Cellulase Blend

0 NP per serving
  • › Cellulase I
  • › Cellulase II

Plant-Derived Enzyme Blend

0 NP per serving

Other (inactive) ingredients: Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose, Rice Husk, Medium Chain Triglyceride. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Full Spectrum Enzymes by Dr. Mercola Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Full Spectrum Enzymes?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
174Drugs
2 Major 121 Moderate 51 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Bromelain 141
Adenosine Triphosphate 47
Papain 2

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Full Spectrum Enzymes interact with 174 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

3 of the 20 ingredients in Full Spectrum Enzymes interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Bromelain Adenosine Triphosphate Papain

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Full Spectrum Enzymes with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Bromelain2 drug types · 141 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Bromelain may have antiplatelet effects and may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
There is one case report of a patient experiencing minor bruising while taking bromelain with naproxen. Bromelain is thought to have antiplatelet activity. Whether this interaction is of concern with topical bromelain is unclear. Interference with coagulation of burn wounds has been reported in a patient receiving bromelain-based enzymatic debridement. However, observational research has found that topical bromelain debridement is not associated with increases or decreases in laboratory markers of coagulation when compared with surgical debridement.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Tetracycline Antibiotics

Theoretically, bromelain might increase levels of tetracycline antibiotics.
Laboratory research suggests that bromelain might increase the absorption of tetracycline antibiotics. However, a study in healthy adults reported no difference in tetracycline plasma levels when a 500 mg dose was taken with or without bromelain 80 mg.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Bromelain full monograph & interactions

Adenosine Triphosphate3 drug types · 47 drugs

Dipyridamole (Persantine)

Dipyridamole can increase the therapeutic and toxic effects of adenosine.
Dipyridamole decreases the metabolism of adenosine. Intravenous infusion of adenosine in patients who are taking dipyridamole can cause dizziness, bradycardia, and syncope. Dipyridamole should be discontinued for several days prior to a cardiac stress test using adenosine.

Likelihood Likely Evidence D
Carbamazepine (Tegretol)

Carbamazepine might increase the risk of heart block when used concomitantly with adenosine.
Carbamazepine and adenosine can both cause heart block. Giving them concurrently might produce an additive effect.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Methylxanthines

Methylxanthines are competitive antagonists of adenosine and can block its pharmacologic effects.
The methylxanthines, aminophylline, caffeine, and theophylline, can block the effects of adenosine by acting as competitive antagonists at adenosine cell surface receptors. It is recommended that methylxanthines be avoided for 24 hours prior to cardiac stress tests.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Adenosine Triphosphate full monograph & interactions

Papain1 drug type · 2 drugs

Warfarin (Coumadin)

Theoretically, papain might increase the effects and side effects of warfarin.
In one case report, a patient previously stable on warfarin was found to have an international normalization ratio (INR) of 7.4, which was attributed to ingestion of a supplement containing papain from papaya extract.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Papain full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Full Spectrum Enzymes, from the product label.

Dr. Mercola

See all Dr. Mercola products
Name
NHP
Street Address
125 SW 3rd Place
City
Cape Coral
State
FL
ZipCode
33991
Phone Number
(877) 985-2696
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Full Spectrum Enzymes by Dr. Mercola: Common Questions

Does Full Spectrum Enzymes by Dr. Mercola interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Full Spectrum Enzymes has a known interaction with 174 medications, including 2 rated major. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Full Spectrum Enzymes contains 20 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Can I take this if I'm pregnant?
The safety data vary by ingredient. Papain and bromelain should be avoided in pregnancy—the facts advise against them. For the lipases and most other enzymes, there's limited data; the facts suggest using them only if your doctor advises. Lactase is rated likely safe in pregnancy. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist before taking this product during pregnancy.
Can I take this while breastfeeding?
Safety during breastfeeding hasn't been well studied for most of these enzymes. Papain, bromelain, adenosine (ATP), and the proteases should be avoided while breastfeeding. For the others—lactase, lipase, phytase—data are limited, and you should check with your doctor or pharmacist first.
Will this help my digestion?
These enzymes are designed to help break down food, but the evidence backing most of them is insufficient—we don't have solid proof they work for digestion or any other condition. Lactase is the exception; it's proven effective for people who can't digest lactose (milk sugar). For the rest, you're relying on the theory that adding extra enzymes helps, but it hasn't been rigorously tested.
What's papain, and why is it in here?
Papain is an enzyme from papaya that breaks down proteins during digestion. It's included to help you digest protein-rich foods. But we have no reliable evidence that papain supplements actually improve digestion, and it can trigger allergic reactions—including itchy eyes, sneezing, and diarrhea—in sensitive people.
What's bromelain?
Bromelain is an enzyme from pineapple that also breaks down proteins. Like papain, it's meant to aid digestion, but evidence that it actually works is insufficient. It can cause diarrhea, gas, and nausea, and it may increase bleeding risk if you're on blood thinners.
Are there any common side effects I should expect?
Most people tolerate these enzymes without problems. If you're sensitive, you might experience gas, diarrhea, nausea, or allergic symptoms like itchy eyes and sneezing. Allergic reactions are rare but possible—if you have a known allergy to papaya or pineapple, avoid this product.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if Full Spectrum Enzymes is safe with your meds?

Our pharmacists answer your medication & supplement questions — free.

Ask a pharmacist

Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Full Spectrum Enzymes label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Full Spectrum Enzymes’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Lactase

Lactase is a digestive enzyme supplement that helps people who lack enough natural lactase break down lactose, the sugar in milk and dairy. It can reduce gas, bloating, cramping, and diarrhe...

Read the full Lactase monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Phytase

Phytase is an enzyme that breaks down phytic acid (phytate) found in grains, beans, nuts, and seeds, which can free up minerals like iron, zinc, and calcium for absorption. It is widely used...

Read the full Phytase monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Adenosine

Interacts with 47 drugs

Adenosine is a natural building block your body uses for energy and cell signaling, and a prescription injectable version is used by doctors to treat certain fast heart rhythms. As an over-t...

Read the full Adenosine monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Lipase

Lipase is a digestive enzyme that helps your body break down dietary fats. It is well established as part of prescription pancreatic enzyme therapy for people who cannot make enough of their...

Read the full Lipase monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Proteolytic Enzymes (proteases)

Proteolytic enzymes are proteins that help break down other proteins, and common examples include bromelain (from pineapple), papain (from papaya), trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pancreatin. Peo...

Read the full Proteolytic Enzymes (proteases) monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Papain

Interacts with 2 drugs

Papain is a protein-digesting enzyme from the papaya plant that is used in digestive supplements and some topical products. While it has clear food and laboratory uses, strong human evidence...

Read the full Papain monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Bromelain

Interacts with 141 drugs

Bromelain is a group of protein-digesting enzymes from pineapple that people take mainly for inflammation, swelling, and sinus problems. Some early studies are promising, but the overall evi...

Read the full Bromelain monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Full Spectrum Enzymes's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 52 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Papain 11 references
  1. The Review of Natural Products by Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis, MO: Wolters Kluwer Co., 1999.
  2. Shaw D, Leon C, Kolev S, Murray V. Traditional remedies and food supplements: a 5-year toxicological study (1991-1995). Drug Saf 1997;17:342-56.
  3. Shuttleworth D, Hill S, Marks R, Connelly DM. Relief of experimentally induced pruritus with a novel eutectic mixture of local anaesthetic agents. Br J Dermatol 1988;119:535-40.
  4. Mansfield LE, Ting S, Haverly RW, Yoo TJ. The incidence and clinical implications of hypersensitivity to papain in an allergic population, confirmed by blinded oral challenge. Ann Allergy 1985;55:541-3.
  5. Martin, T., Uhder, K., Kurek, R., Roeddiger, S., Schneider, L., Vogt, H. G., Heyd, R., and Zamboglou, N. Does prophylactic treatment with proteolytic enzymes reduce acute toxicity of adjuvant pelvic irradiation? Results of a double-blind randomized trial PubMed
  6. Walker-Renard, P. Update on the medicinal management of phytobezoars. Am J Gastroenterol. 1993;88(10):1663-1666.
  7. Tymoszuk D, Wiszniewska M, Walusiak-Skorupa J. Papain-induced occupational rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma - A case report. Med Pr 2016;67(1):109-12. PubMed
  8. Soto-Mera MT, López-Rico MR, Filgueira JF, et al. Occupational allergy to papain. Allergy 2000;55(10):983-4. PubMed
  9. Tarlo SM, Shaikh W, Bell B, et al. Papain-induced allergic reactions. Clin Allergy 1978;8(3):207-15. PubMed
  10. Baur X, König G, Bencze K, Fruhmann G. Clinical symptoms and results of skin test, RAST and bronchial provocation test in thirty-three papain workers: Evidence for strong immunogenic potency and clinically relevant proteolytic e?ects of airborne papain. C
  11. Novey HS, Keenan WJ, Fairshter RD, Wells ID, Wilson AF, Culver BD. Pulmonary disease in workers exposed to papain: clinico-physiological and immunological studies. Clin Allergy 1980;10(6):721-31. PubMed

See these in context on the Papain monograph →

Bromelain 19 references
  1. Nettis E, Napoli G, Ferrannini A, Tursi A. IgE-mediated allergy to bromelain. Allergy 2001;56:257-8. PubMed
  2. Taussig SJ, Batkin S. Bromelain, the enzyme complex of pineapple (Ananas comosus) and its clinical application. An update. J Ethnopharmacol 1988;22:191-203.. PubMed
  3. Bradbrook ID, Morrison PJ, Rogers HJ. The effect of bromelain on the absorption of orally administered tetracycline. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1978;6:552-4. PubMed
  4. Bush TM, Rayburn KS, Holloway SW, et al. Adverse interactions between herbal and dietary substances and prescription medications: a clinical survey. Altern Ther Health Med 2007;13:30-5.
  5. Brien S, Lewith G, Walker AF, et al. Bromelain as an adjunctive treatment for moderate-to-severe osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized placebo-controlled pilot study. QJM 2006;99:841-50. PubMed
  6. Mori S, Ojima Y, Hirose T, et al. The clinical effect of proteolytic enzyme containing bromelain and trypsin on urinary tract infection evaluated by double blind method. Acta Obstet Gynaecol Jpn 1972;19:147-53.
  7. Glaser D, Hilberg T. The influence of bromelain on platelet count and platelet activity in vitro. Platelets 2006;17:37-41. PubMed
  8. Heinicke R M, van der Wal L, Yokoyama M. Effect of bromelain (Ananase) on human platelet aggregation. Experientia 1972;28:844-5. PubMed
  9. Gailhofer, G., Wilders-Truschnig, M., Smolle, J., and Ludvan, M. Asthma caused by bromelain: an occupational allergy. Clin Allergy 1988;18(5):445-450. PubMed
  10. Mattei, O., Fabri, G., and Farina, G. [Occupational health experience regarding four cases of asthma due to bromelain (author's transl)]. Medicina del Lavoro 1979;70(5):404-409.
  11. Galleguillos, F. and Rodriguez, J. C. Asthma caused by bromelin inhalation. Clin Allergy 1978;8(1):21-24. PubMed
  12. Perez-Camo I, Quirce S, Duran MA, and et al. Latex allergy: evidence of cross-reactivity with papain and bromelain [abstract]. Allergy 1996;51(suppl 31):48.
  13. Martin GJ, Ehrenreich J, and Asbell N. Bromelain: pineapple proteases with anti-edema activity. Exp Med Surg 1962;20:227-247.
  14. Kasemsuk T, Saengpetch N, Sibmooh N, Unchern S. Improved WOMAC score following 16-week treatment with bromelain for knee osteoarthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2016 Oct;35(10):2531-40. PubMed
  15. Kutlu Ö, DemirbaS A, Elmas ÖF, Güvenç U, Metin A. Fixed drug eruption: a new side effect of bromelain. Contact Dermatitis 2020. Online ahead of print. PubMed
  16. Shoham Y, Shapira E, Haik J, et al. Bromelain-based enzymatic debridement of chronic wounds: Results of a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Wound Repair Regen 2021;29(6):899-907. PubMed
  17. Pfister P, Garcia Wendel PD, Kim BS, et al. Coagulation side effects of enzymatic debridement in burned patients. Burns 2022. PubMed
  18. Hasham S, Riyat H, Fletcher A, O'Boyle CP, Alexander S. To bleed or not to bleed? Case series and discussion of haemorrhage risk with enzymatic debridement in burn injuries. Scars Burn Heal 2023;9:20595131231168333. PubMed
  19. Leelakanok N, Petchsomrit A, Janurai T, Saechan C, Sunsandee N. Efficacy and safety of bromelain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Health 2023. PubMed

See these in context on the Bromelain monograph →

Lactase 1 reference
  1. Laukkanen A, Ruoppi P, Remes S, Koistinen T, Mäkinen-Kiljunen S. Lactase-induced occupational protein contact dermatitis and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Contact Dermatitis. 2007;57(2):89-93. PubMed

See these in context on the Lactase monograph →

Phytase 7 references
  1. Lei XG, Weaver JD, Mullaney E, Ullah AH, Azain MJ. Phytase, a new life for an "old" enzyme. Annu Rev Anim Biosci. 2013;1:283-309. PubMed
  2. Smuts CM, Matsungo TM, Malan L, et al. Effect of small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements on growth, psychomotor development, iron status, and morbidity among 6- to 12-mo-old infants in South Africa: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2 PubMed
  3. van Heemst RC, Sander I, Rooyackers J, et al. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by occupational exposure to phytase. Eur Respir J. 2009;33(6):1507-9. PubMed
  4. Baur X, Melching-Kollmuss S, Koops F, Strassburger K, Zober A. IgE-mediated allergy to phytase -- a new animal feed additive. Allergy. 2002;57(10):943-5. PubMed
  5. Doekes G, Kamminga N, Helwegen L, Heederik D. Occupational IgE sensitisation to phytase, a phosphatase derived from Aspergillus niger. Occup Environ Med. 1999;56(7):454-9. PubMed
  6. Brnic M, Hurrell RF, Songré-Ouattara LT, et al. Effect of phytase on zinc absorption from a millet-based porridge fed to young Burkinabe children. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2017;71(1):137-141. PubMed
  7. Koshy JC, Sharabi SE, Feldman EM, Hollier LH Jr, Patrinely JR, Soparkar CN. Effect of dietary zinc and phytase supplementation on botulinum toxin treatments. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11(4):507-12.

See these in context on the Phytase monograph →

Proteolytic Enzymes (proteases) 3 references
  1. Weeks JA, Harper RA, Simon RA, Burdick JD. Assessment of sensitization risk of a laundry pre-spotter containing protease. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2011;30(4):272-9. PubMed
  2. Marquès LI, Lara S, Abós T, Bartolomé B. Occupational rhinitis due to pepsin. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2006;16(2):136-7. DOI
  3. Cartier A, Malo JL, Pineau L, Dolovich J. Occupational asthma due to pepsin. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1984;73(5 Pt 1):574-7. PubMed

See these in context on the Proteolytic Enzymes (proteases) monograph →

Adenosine 10 references
  1. McEvoy GK, ed. AHFS Drug Information. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 1998.
  2. Agteresch HJ, Dagnelie PC, van den Berg JW, Wilson JH. Adenosine triphosphate: established and potential clinical applications. Drugs 1999;58:211-32.. PubMed
  3. Agteresch HJ, Dagnelie PC, van der Gaast A, et al. Randomized clinical trial of adenosine 5'-triphosphate in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92:321-8.. PubMed
  4. Haskell CM, Wong M, Williams A, Lee LY. Phase I trial of extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate in patients with advanced cancer. Med Pediatr Oncol 1996;27:165-73.. DOI
  5. Haskell CM, Mendoza E, Pisters KM, et al. Phase II study of intravenous adenosine 5'-triphosphate in patients with previously untreated stage IIIB and stage IV non-small cell lung cancer. Invest New Drugs 1998;16:81-5.. PubMed
  6. Eisenach JC, Curry R, Hood DD. Dose response of intrathecal adenosine in experimental pain and allodynia. Anesthesiology 2002;97:938-42.. PubMed
  7. Agteresch HJ, Dagnelie PC, Rietveld T, et al. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous ATP in cancer patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2000;56:49-55.. PubMed
  8. Underwood DA. Which medications should be held before a pharmacologic or exercise stress test? Cleve Clin J Med 2002;69:449-50. PubMed
  9. Litmann L, Anderson JD, Monroe MH. Adenosine and Aggrenox: A hazardous combination. Ann Intern Med 2002;137:E-76. PubMed
  10. Faghihi G, Iraji F, Rajaee Harandi M, et al. Comparison of the efficacy of topical minoxidil 5% and adenosine 0.75% solutions on male androgenic alopecia and measuring patient satisfaction rate. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat 2013;21(3):155-9.

See these in context on the Adenosine monograph →

Lipase 1 reference
  1. Casper C, Hascoet JM, Ertl T, et al. Recombinant bile salt-stimulated lipase in preterm infant feeding: A randomized phase 3 study. PLoS One. 2016;11(5):e0156071. PubMed

See these in context on the Lipase monograph →

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DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

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