Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Omega 3-6-9 Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Indiana Botanic Gardens

Omega 3-6-9 label
See full label image
Softgel Capsule Category: Fat/fatty Acid
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Omega 3-6-9 against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Omega 3-6-9 is a dietary supplement by Indiana Botanic Gardens with 5 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for heart health and cholesterol support, cooking and food preparation, source of unsaturated fats and omega-3 (ala).Based on those ingredients, 389 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are organic Flaxseed Oil, Evening Primrose seed Oil, Black Currant seed Oil. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Omega 3-6-9 by Indiana Botanic Gardens

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Omega 3-6-9 by Indiana Botanic Gardens — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Omega 3-6-9 by Indiana Botanic Gardens

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Aug 27, 2026

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 5 of its 5 active ingredients.
  • No proprietary blends here — you can verify the dose of every single component.

This product contains 5 active ingredients: canola oil, evening primrose seed oil, organic flaxseed oil, black currant seed oil, and pumpkin seed oil — a blend of plant-based oils rich in omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9 fatty acids. Each softgel also contains inactive ingredients: gelatin (capsule), glycerin, purified water, and caramel for color.

Does it work?

Not established
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Not established

The graded evidence we hold for these ingredients covers different conditions than the ones this product is marketed for, so there's no established rating for its stated use.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: Anti-aging support.
  • We looked for evidence on: Skin health, Joint health, Cardiovascular aging.
  • The closest evidence on file: Flaxseed Oil is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Cardiovascular disease (CVD) (Natural Medicines).

The evidence for these oils varies. Canola oil is possibly effective for heart disease but possibly ineffective for weight loss; there's insufficient evidence to rate it for familial high cholesterol.

Evening primrose oil is possibly ineffective for asthma and likely ineffective for breast pain (mastalgia), with insufficient evidence for ADHD, acne, and other uses. Flaxseed oil is possibly ineffective for weight loss, rheumatoid arthritis, bipolar disorder, and high cholesterol.

Black currant seed oil has insufficient evidence to rate for Alzheimer disease, liver disease, respiratory infections, cough, and eczema. Pumpkin seed oil is possibly effective for benign prostate enlargement but has insufficient evidence for hair loss, bladder issues, parasites, and urinary tract infections.

Overall, the evidence for this blend's specific health claims isn't well established in our data.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Canola Oil Evening Primrose Flaxseed Oil Black Currant Pumpkin

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 4 of the 5 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 5 of 5.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 5 of 5.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Evening primrose oil is generally well tolerated short-term but long-term safety data are limited; the most common side effects are abdominal pain, diarrhea, indigestion, gas, nausea, and vomiting. Rare reports include dizziness, headache, skin rash, and acne.

Flaxseed oil is generally well tolerated; a small number of patients (about 3%) reported changes in bowel habits, dry mouth, or indigestion at typical doses, and high doses (30+ grams daily) can cause loose stools or diarrhea. Black currant seed oil caused only mild diarrhea in 8 out of 2,154 patients in one study.

Pumpkin seed oil is generally well tolerated but may cause abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, nausea, or vomiting; rare severe reactions include anaphylaxis. Evening primrose oil should be avoided during pregnancy unless your doctor directs otherwise; it's possibly safe during pregnancy and lactation but safety data are limited.

Flaxseed oil and pumpkin seed oil are possibly safe in pregnancy with limited data; flaxseed oil safety during breastfeeding isn't well studied. Black currant seed oil has no pregnancy or lactation data on file.

Canola oil is likely safe in pregnancy and safe in normal food amounts during breastfeeding, though concentrated supplement doses aren't well studied.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Canola Oil Evening Primrose Flaxseed Oil Black Currant Pumpkin

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 4 of the 5 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Pumpkin, Flaxseed Oil, Evening Primrose, Black Currant.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; lithium.
  • For scale: 389 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before taking this product, double-check with your doctor or pharmacist if you take blood thinners or antiplatelet drugs (such as warfarin, clopidogrel, or aspirin) — evening primrose oil, flaxseed oil, and black currant seed oil all carry Moderate risk of increased bleeding. Also check if you take lithium, phenothiazines (antipsychotics), antihypertensive (blood pressure) medications, ezetimibe (Zetia), or any CYP2C9 substrate drugs.

No interactions are documented in our data for canola oil alone among these ingredients.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with no established evidence rating for its marketed use. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This product may be worth considering if you're interested in omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9 fatty acids from plant sources, but it's essential to check all five ingredients — especially evening primrose oil, flaxseed oil, and black currant seed oil — against your current medications before starting. If you take blood thinners, antipsychotics, lithium, or cholesterol medications, talk with your own doctor or pharmacist first, because the interactions can be significant.

Long-term safety data for these oils as concentrated supplements are limited, so personalized medical advice is especially important.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 5 of 5 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Feb 25, 2019.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Omega 3-6-9, straight from the product label.

Brand Indiana Botanic Gardens
Barcode (UPC) 703308940268
Net contents 120 Softgel(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Feb 25, 2019
DSLD ID 200065
Product type Fat/fatty Acid
Supplement form Softgel Capsule
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Omega 3-6-9 by Indiana Botanic Gardens, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
2 Softgel(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
2 Softgel(s)
Servings per container
60
UPC/BARCODE
703308940268
IngredientAmount% DV
Calories20 Calorie(s)--
Calories from Fat20 Calorie(s)--
Total Fat2 Gram(s)3%
Canola Oil260 mg--
Evening Primrose seed Oil300 mg--
organic Flaxseed Oil1.4 Gram(s)--
Black Currant seed Oil20 mg--
Pumpkin seed Oil20 mg--

Other ingredients: Gelatin, Glycerin, purified Water, Caramel

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
General Statements

Anti-aging support

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested Use: Take 2 softgels twice daily, with meals, as a dietary supplement, or as directed by a physician.

Precautions

Warning: If you are taking any medications or are pregnant or nursing do not use prior to consulting a physician.

For your protection, this container has an outer safety seal. (Do not accept if missing or broken.)

Keep out of reach of children

FDA Disclaimer Statement

This statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

Storage

Store in a dry, cool place.

Brand IP Statement(s)

IBG Indiana Botanic Gardens

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Omega 3-6-9 by Indiana Botanic Gardens label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Omega 3-6-9 label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Omega 3-6-9 by Indiana Botanic Gardens

These are the 5 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size2 Softgel(s) Dosage formSoftgel Capsule Servings per container60 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Canola Oil

No known
interactions
260 mg per serving

Canola oil is a common cooking oil pressed from the seeds of the canola plant, a type of rapeseed bred to be low in erucic acid. It is low in saturate...

Canola Oil monograph & interactions

Evening Primrose seed Oil

Interacts with
233 drugs
300 mg per serving

Evening primrose oil is a seed oil rich in gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), an omega-6 fatty acid, that is popularly used for skin conditions, PMS, and bre...

Evening Primrose seed Oil monograph & interactions

Organic Flaxseed Oil

Interacts with
293 drugs
1.4 Gram(s) per serving

Flaxseed oil is a plant-based source of the omega-3 fatty acid ALA, which the body can partly convert to the omega-3s found in fish oil. It may help s...

Organic Flaxseed Oil monograph & interactions

Black Currant seed Oil

Interacts with
140 drugs
20 mg per serving

Black currant is a nutritious berry that is rich in vitamin C and antioxidants, and its seed oil contains the omega-6 fatty acid GLA. While it is enjo...

Black Currant seed Oil monograph & interactions

Pumpkin seed Oil

Interacts with
1 drug
20 mg per serving

Pumpkin is a nutritious squash, and its seeds and seed oil are the parts most often used as supplements, mainly for urinary and prostate symptoms. The...

Pumpkin seed Oil monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: Gelatin, Glycerin, Purified Water, Caramel. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Omega 3-6-9 by Indiana Botanic Gardens Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Omega 3-6-9?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
389Drugs
319 Moderate 70 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

organic Flaxseed Oil 293
Evening Primrose seed Oil 233
Black Currant seed Oil 140
Pumpkin seed Oil 1

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Omega 3-6-9 interact with 389 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

4 of the 5 ingredients in Omega 3-6-9 interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. organic Flaxseed Oil Evening Primrose seed Oil Black Currant seed Oil Pumpkin seed Oil

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Omega 3-6-9 with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

organic Flaxseed Oil3 drug types · 293 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, using flaxseed oil in combination with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs might have additive effects and increase the risk of bleeding.
Small clinical studies show that consuming flaxseed oil might decrease platelet aggregation and increase bleeding time.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, combining flaxseed oil with other antihypertensive drugs might have additive effects and increase the risk of hypotension.
Some clinical evidence suggests that long-term consumption of flaxseed oil can modestly lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure, while other clinical research shows no effect.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Ezetimibe (Zetia)

Concomitant use of flaxseed oil and ezetimibe reduces the absorption of alpha-linolenic acid from flaxseed oil.
In one clinical study, concomitant consumption of ezetimibe 10 mg daily with flaxseed oil 2 grams providing 1 gram of alpha-linolenic acid daily blocked the absorption of alpha-linolenic acid, resulting in an overall reduction in alpha-linolenic plasma levels from baseline.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
organic Flaxseed Oil full monograph & interactions

Evening Primrose seed Oil5 drug types · 233 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, evening primrose oil may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Evening primrose oil contains gamma linolenic acid (GLA). There is preliminary clinical evidence that GLA can reduce platelet aggregation and prolong bleeding time.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Lithium

Theoretically, concomitant use of lithium with evening primrose oil might decrease lithium levels and effects.
In a case report, a patient on a stable dose of lithium for 10 years experienced a reduction in lithium levels after taking evening primrose oil 500 mg daily. Baseline levels were 0.69 mmol/L, which decreased to 0.37 mmol/L after 2 months and 0.23 mmol/L after 3 months of use. Lithium levels increased within 6 weeks of discontinuing evening primrose oil, to 0.73 mmol/L; no clinical effects were noted.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Lopinavir/Ritonavir (Kaletra)

Theoretically, evening primrose oil might increase the levels and effects of lopinavir.
In a case report, an HIV patient who took evening primrose oil (Efamol) along with lopinavir/ritonavir experienced an increase in serum levels of lopinavir to 15.2 mg/L. Six weeks after discontinuing evening primrose oil, levels of lopinavir returned to the normal range of 5-10 mg/L. When re-challenged with evening primrose oil for a week, the patient's lopinavir levels increased from 6.69 to 8.11 mg/L. It is suspected that evening primrose oil increases levels of lopinavir by inhibiting cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), which metabolizes lopinavir. However, this effect has not been reported in other research.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Phenothiazines

Theoretically, taking evening primrose oil with phenothiazines might increase the risk of convulsions.
Evening primrose oil contains gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). There is some concern that taking supplements containing GLA might cause seizures, or lower the seizure threshold, when taken with phenothiazines. In one report, three patients with schizophrenia who had received phenothiazines developed EEG changes suggestive of temporal lobe epilepsy after starting treatment with GLA, although none experienced an actual seizure. In another report, two patients with schizophrenia who were stabilized on phenothiazines developed seizures when evening primrose oil 4 grams daily was added. One of these patients had a prior history of seizures. It is unclear whether evening primrose oil had any additive epileptogenic effects with the phenothiazines; there is no evidence that taking evening primrose oil alone causes seizures.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (Cyp2C9) Substrates

Theoretically, evening primrose may increase the levels and clinical effects of CYP2C9 substrates.
In vitro research shows that linoleic acid, a constituent of evening primrose oil, inhibits CYP2C9.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Evening Primrose seed Oil full monograph & interactions

Black Currant seed Oil2 drug types · 140 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, black currant seed oil might increase the risk of bleeding if used in combination with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), a constituent of black currant seed oil, appears to have antiplatelet effects.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Phenothiazines

Theoretically, black currant seed oil might increase the risk of seizure in patients receiving phenothiazines.
Black currant seed oil contains gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). There is some concern that taking supplements containing GLA might cause seizures, or lower the seizure threshold, when taken with phenothiazines, although there is no evidence that black currant seed oil causes seizures. In one report, three patients with schizophrenia who had received phenothiazines developed EEG changes suggestive of temporal lobe epilepsy after starting treatment with GLA, although none experienced an actual seizure. In another report, two patients with schizophrenia who were stabilized on phenothiazines developed seizures when evening primrose 4 grams daily, which contains GLA, was added. One of these patients had a prior history of seizures.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Black Currant seed Oil full monograph & interactions

Pumpkin seed Oil1 drug type · 1 drug

Lithium

Pumpkin might reduce excretion and increase levels of lithium.
Pumpkin is thought to have diuretic properties. Theoretically, this might reduce excretion and increase levels of lithium. The dose of lithium might need to be decreased.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Pumpkin seed Oil full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Omega 3-6-9, from the product label.

Indiana Botanic Gardens

See all Indiana Botanic Gardens products
Name
Indiana Botanic Gardens, Inc.
Street Address
3401 W. 37th Ave.
City
Hobart
State
IN
ZipCode
46342
Phone Number
1-800-644-8327
Web Address
www.botanicchoice.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Omega 3-6-9 by Indiana Botanic Gardens: Common Questions

Does Omega 3-6-9 by Indiana Botanic Gardens interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Omega 3-6-9 has a known interaction with 389 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Omega 3-6-9 contains 5 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Is this safe to take if I'm pregnant or breastfeeding?
The safety data vary by ingredient. Canola oil is likely safe in pregnancy and safe in normal food amounts during breastfeeding. Evening primrose oil, flaxseed oil, and pumpkin seed oil are only possibly safe in both pregnancy and lactation, with limited data. Black currant seed oil has no safety information on file for pregnancy or lactation. Because concentrated supplement doses aren't well studied and there's uncertainty, talk with your doctor or pharmacist before starting if you're pregnant or nursing.
Can this help with heart health or cholesterol?
Canola oil in this product is possibly effective for coronary heart disease but possibly ineffective for weight loss. The other oils have insufficient evidence or are possibly ineffective for cholesterol and related concerns, so the evidence for this blend improving heart health or cholesterol specifically isn't well established in our data.
What are the most common side effects?
Evening primrose oil most commonly causes abdominal pain, diarrhea, indigestion, gas, nausea, and vomiting. Flaxseed oil may cause changes in bowel habits, dry mouth, or indigestion in a small number of users. Black currant seed oil caused only mild diarrhea in a small number of patients in one study. Pumpkin seed oil may cause abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, nausea, or vomiting. Overall, digestive upset is the most frequent reported side effect.
Is there anything in this product that won't interact with medications?
Canola oil showed no documented interactions in our data. However, the other four ingredients — evening primrose oil, flaxseed oil, black currant seed oil, and pumpkin seed oil — do carry documented interactions with various medications, so you'll want to check those against your specific prescriptions.
What is pumpkin seed oil supposed to do in this blend?
Pumpkin seed oil is possibly effective for benign prostate enlargement. The data are insufficient to rate it for hair loss, bladder issues, parasites, and urinary tract infections, so its role in this multi-ingredient blend for general wellness isn't clearly established.
Should I worry about long-term safety?
Quality evidence and long-term safety data for these concentrated supplements are limited. Evening primrose oil is generally well tolerated short-term but long-term effects are unclear. Flaxseed oil, black currant seed oil, and pumpkin seed oil are generally well tolerated, but extended safety isn't well studied. If you plan to take this regularly, discussing long-term use with your doctor or pharmacist is a good idea.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Omega 3-6-9 label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Omega 3-6-9’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Canola Oil

Canola oil is a common cooking oil pressed from the seeds of the canola plant, a type of rapeseed bred to be low in erucic acid. It is low in saturated fat and contains heart-friendly unsatu...

Read the full Canola Oil monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Evening Primrose

Interacts with 233 drugs

Evening primrose oil is a seed oil rich in gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), an omega-6 fatty acid, that is popularly used for skin conditions, PMS, and breast pain. The evidence behind most of th...

Read the full Evening Primrose monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Flaxseed Oil

Interacts with 293 drugs

Flaxseed oil is a plant-based source of the omega-3 fatty acid ALA, which the body can partly convert to the omega-3s found in fish oil. It may help support heart health and provide healthy...

Read the full Flaxseed Oil monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Black Currant

Interacts with 140 drugs

Black currant is a nutritious berry that is rich in vitamin C and antioxidants, and its seed oil contains the omega-6 fatty acid GLA. While it is enjoyed safely as a food and is popular as a...

Read the full Black Currant monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Pumpkin

Interacts with 1 drug

Pumpkin is a nutritious squash, and its seeds and seed oil are the parts most often used as supplements, mainly for urinary and prostate symptoms. The evidence for these uses is limited and...

Read the full Pumpkin monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Omega 3-6-9's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 81 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Canola Oil 16 references
  1. Crawford M, Galli C, Visioli F, et al. Role of Plant-Derived Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Human Nutrition. Ann Nutr Metab 2000;44:263-5. PubMed
  2. Connor WE. Alpha-linolenic acid in health and disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:827-8. PubMed
  3. Gibson RA, Makrides M. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid requirements of term infants. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:251S-5S. PubMed
  4. Jones PJ, Senanayake VK, Pu S, Jenkins DJ, Connelly PW, Lamarche B, Couture P, Charest A, Baril-Gravel L, West SG, Liu X, Fleming JA, McCrea CE, Kris-Etherton PM. DHA-enriched high-oleic acid canola oil improves lipid profile and lowers predicted cardiova
  5. https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/GRAS/. Accessed January 25, 2019.
  6. FDA completes review of qualified health claim petition for oleic acid and the risk of coronary heart disease. November 2018. Available at: www.fda.gov/Food/NewsEvents/ConstituentUpdates/ucm624758.htm. Accessed January 25, 2019.
  7. Liu X, Kris-Etherton PM, West SG, et al. Effects of canola and high-oleic-acid canola oils on abdominal fat mass in individuals with central obesity. Obesity. 2016;24(11):2261-2268. PubMed
  8. Kruse M, von Loeffelholz C, Hoffmann D, et al. Dietary rapeseed/canola-oil supplementation reduces serum lipids and liver enzymes and alters postprandial inflammatory responses in adipose tissue compared to olive-oil supplementation in obese men. Mol Nutr PubMed
  9. Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Vuksan V, et al. Effect of lowering the glycemic load with canola oil on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(7):1806-14. PubMed
  10. Nigam P, Bhatt S, Misra A, et al. Effect of a 6-month intervention with cooking oils containing a high concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids (olive and canola oils) compared with control oil in male Asian Indians with nonalcoholic fatty liver disea
  11. Palomäki A, Pohjantähti-Maaroos H, Wallenius M, et al. Effects of dietary cold-pressed turnip rapeseed oil and butter on serum lipids, oxidized LDL and arterial elasticity in men with metabolic syndrome. Lipids Health Dis. 2010;9:137. PubMed
  12. Francois CA, Connor SL, Wander RC, Connor WE. Acute effects of dietary fatty acids on the fatty acids of human milk. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;67(2):301-8. PubMed
  13. Salar A, Faghih S, Pishdad GR. Rice bran oil and canola oil improve blood lipids compared to sunflower oil in women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, single-blind, controlled trial. J Clin Lipidol. 2016;10(2):299-305. PubMed
  14. Negele L, Schneider B, Ristl R, et al. Effect of a low-fat diet enriched either with rapeseed oil or sunflower oil on plasma lipoproteins in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Results of a pilot study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2015;69(3 PubMed
  15. Atefi M, Pishdad GR, Faghih S. The effects of canola and olive oils on insulin resistance, inflammation and oxidative stress in women with type 2 diabetes: a randomized and controlled trial. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2018;17(2):85-91. PubMed
  16. Raeisi-Dehkordi H, Amiri M, Humphries KH, Salehi-Abargouei A. The effect of canola oil on body weight and composition: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Adv Nutr. 2019;10(3):419-432. PubMed

See these in context on the Canola Oil monograph →

Evening Primrose 33 references
  1. Shaw D, Leon C, Kolev S, Murray V. Traditional remedies and food supplements: a 5-year toxicological study (1991-1995). Drug Saf 1997;17:342-56.
  2. Laivuori H, Hovatta O, Viinikka L, et al. Dietary supplementation with primrose oil or fish oil does not change urinary excretion of prostacyclin and thromboxane metabolites in pre-eclamptic women. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1993;49:691-4. PubMed
  3. Dove D, Johnson P. Oral evening primrose oil: its effect on length of pregnancy and selected intrapartum outcomes in low-risk nulliparous women (abstract). J Nurse Midwifery 1999;44:320-4. PubMed
  4. Guivernau M, Meza N, Barja P, Roman O. Clinical and experimental study on the long-term effect of dietary gamma-linolenic acid on plasma lipids, platelet aggregation, thromboxane formation, and prostacyclin production. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty A PubMed
  5. Cant A, Shay J, Horrobin DF. The effect of maternal supplementation with linoleic and gamma- linolenic acids on the fat composition and content of human milk: a placebo-controlled trial. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 1991;37:573-9. PubMed
  6. Keen H, Payan J, Allawi J, et al. Treatment of diabetic neuropathy with gamma-linolenic acid. The gamma-Linolenic Acid Multicenter Trial Group. Diabetes Care 1993;16:8-15.
  7. Blommers J, de Lange-De Klerk ES, Kuik DJ, et al. Evening primrose oil and fish oil for severe chronic mastalgia: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:1389-94.. DOI
  8. Cheung KL. Management of cyclical mastalgia in oriental women: pioneer experience of using gamolenic acid (Efamast) in Asia. Aust N Z J Surg 1999;69:492-4..
  9. Das UN. The lipids that matter from infant nutrition to insulin resistance. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2002;67:1-12. PubMed
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  29. Shahraki AD, Mirhoseini S, Movahedi M, Hajihashemy M, Haghollahi F. Comparative Study of the Effect of Vaginal use of Primrose Oil with Misoprostol on Cervical Preparation of Prim Gravid Women: A Double-blind Clinical Trial. Adv Biomed Res 2023;12:78. PubMed
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Flaxseed Oil 21 references
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  9. Paschos GK, Magkos F, Panagiotakos DB, et al. Dietary supplementation with flaxseed oil lowers blood pressure in dyslipidaemic patients. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007;61:1201-6. PubMed
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See these in context on the Flaxseed Oil monograph →

Black Currant 6 references
  1. Guivernau M, Meza N, Barja P, Roman O. Clinical and experimental study on the long-term effect of dietary gamma-linolenic acid on plasma lipids, platelet aggregation, thromboxane formation, and prostacyclin production. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty A PubMed
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  3. Holman CP and Bell AF. A trial of evening primrose oil in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia. J Orhtomolecular Psych 1983;12:302-304.
  4. Vaddadi KS. The use of gamma-linolenic acid and linoleic acid to differentiate between temporal lobe epilepsy and schizophrenia. Prostaglandins Med 1981;6(4):375-379. PubMed
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  6. Puri BK. The safety of evening primrose oil in epilepsy. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essential Fatty Acids 2007;77:101-3. PubMed

See these in context on the Black Currant monograph →

Pumpkin 5 references
  1. Marks L, Partin AW, Epstein JI, et al. Effects of a saw palmetto herbal blend in men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 2000;163:1451-6. DOI
  2. Cho YH, Lee SY, Jeong DW, et al. Effect of pumpkin seed oil on hair growth in men with androgenetic alopecia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2014;2014:549721. PubMed
  3. Vahlensieck W, Theurer C, Pfitzer E, Patz B, Banik N, Engelmann U. Effects of pumpkin seed in men with lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia in the one-year, randomized, placebo-controlled GRANU study. Urol Int 2015;94(3):286-95 PubMed
  4. Assouly P. Hair loss associated with cucurbit poisoning. JAMA Dermatol. 2018 May 1;154(5):617-618. PubMed
  5. Gawryjolek J, Ludwig H, Zbikowska-Götz M, Bartuzi Z, Krogulska A. Anaphylaxis after consumption of pumpkin seeds in a 2-y-old child tolerant to its pulp: A case study. Nutrition 2021;89:111272. PubMed

See these in context on the Pumpkin monograph →

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DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

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