Omega VitaliSEA Ingredients & Drug Interactions
by Dr. Sinatra
What is this page for?
First and foremost: checking Omega VitaliSEA against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.
Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy
Omega VitaliSEA is a dietary supplement by Dr. Sinatra with 5 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for preventing iodine deficiency, supporting thyroid hormone production, general energy and metabolism support.Based on those ingredients, 929 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated major. The ingredients most likely to interact are AstaReal Astaxanthin, Magnesium, Japanese Kelp extract. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.
Check Your Meds Against Omega VitaliSEA by Dr. Sinatra
Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Omega VitaliSEA by Dr. Sinatra — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.
AI summaries are generated from our interaction database for education only — always confirm with your pharmacist. How we use AI
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Omega VitaliSEA by Dr. Sinatra
Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.
What’s inside
Full disclosure
Omega VitaliSEA contains five active ingredients. Docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester (a form of DHA, an omega-3 fatty acid) is included for its role in brain and eye health.
Iodine supports thyroid and metabolic function, especially when dietary intake is low. Astaxanthin is a carotenoid antioxidant from algae.
Magnesium aids muscle and nerve function, bone health, and digestion. Japanese kelp extract contributes iodine and trace minerals.
The softgels also contain inactive ingredients — gelatin, glycerin, silica, sunflower oil, purified water, caramel, mixed tocopherols, and sunflower lecithin — that serve as the capsule structure and preserve freshness.
Does it work?
Moderate evidence
In our data, iodine is rated likely effective for preventing radiation-related thyroid damage and for correcting iodine deficiency, and possibly effective for mouth ulcers and gum disease. Magnesium is rated effective for indigestion, constipation, and treating low magnesium levels, and also effective for preventing pre-eclampsia in pregnancy under medical supervision.
For astaxanthin and Japanese kelp extract, the evidence we hold does not establish effectiveness — astaxanthin shows insufficient reliable evidence for cognitive decline, macular degeneration, aging skin, Alzheimer's disease, athletic performance, and carpal tunnel syndrome, while kelp shows insufficient evidence for cancer, high blood pressure, and obesity. The effectiveness of docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester is not rated in our data.
How safe is it?
Well-documented data
Magnesium is generally well tolerated at recommended doses and is generally considered safe for healthy adults from food and supplements; the most common oral side effects are diarrhea, nausea, and gastrointestinal upset. Iodine is safe in normal dietary amounts but can cause thyroid problems at high doses; common side effects include metallic taste, nausea, headache, and diarrhea, and rare severe reactions include anaphylaxis and hypersensitivity symptoms.
Astaxanthin is generally well tolerated in studies, though long-term safety data are limited; reported side effects include abdominal pain, diarrhea, and red-colored stools. Japanese kelp extract is generally well tolerated as food but can deliver very high and variable amounts of iodine that may harm the thyroid; it may also concentrate arsenic depending on where it was harvested.
Regarding pregnancy and breastfeeding: iodine is rated likely safe in pregnancy (adequate iodine is important) but use only the amount your doctor advises and avoid high-dose products; data on astaxanthin are not sufficient to recommend use in pregnancy or while breastfeeding. Magnesium is likely safe in pregnancy when medically supervised and possibly safe while breastfeeding — follow your doctor's guidance.
Japanese kelp extract is rated possibly unsafe to unsafe in pregnancy because excess iodine can harm the fetal thyroid, and should be avoided while breastfeeding because iodine passes into breast milk and high amounts may affect the infant's thyroid. No safety data are on file for docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester in pregnancy or lactation.
Meds to double-check
Major interaction found
Before taking Omega VitaliSEA, check with your doctor or pharmacist if you take Parkinson's medication (levodopa/carbidopa) — magnesium can significantly reduce its effectiveness. Also double-check if you're on thyroid medications, antithyroid drugs, amiodarone (Cordarone), lithium, blood pressure drugs (especially calcium channel blockers), muscle relaxants, potassium-sparing water pills, ACE inhibitors, diabetes drugs, quinolone antibiotics (such as ciprofloxacin), bone medications (bisphosphonates), or digoxin.
No interactions are documented for the docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester we could check.
The bottom line
Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Major medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.
This product may appeal to someone seeking omega-3 and mineral support, but iodine and magnesium levels make careful consideration essential if you take thyroid, heart, diabetes, or antibiotic medications — and if you have a thyroid condition or are pregnant or breastfeeding, talk with your doctor or pharmacist before starting. The Major interaction with Parkinson's medication (levodopa/carbidopa) alone is reason to check your full medication list first.
Use the interaction checker on this page, and review the results with your own healthcare provider before you begin.
Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI
Assessment coverage: 4 of 5 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Aug 31, 2018.
This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed
General information
Key facts about Omega VitaliSEA, straight from the product label.
| Brand | Dr. Sinatra |
|---|---|
| Barcode (UPC) | 678829202440 |
| Net contents | 60 Softgel(s) |
| Market status | On market |
| Date entered into DSLD | Aug 31, 2018 |
| DSLD ID | 179551 |
| Product type | Other Combinations |
| Supplement form | Softgel Capsule |
| Dietary claims / uses | Nutrient, All Other, Structure/Function |
| Intended target group(s) | Adult (18 - 50 Years), Gluten Free |
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.
Supplement Facts
The label details for Omega VitaliSEA by Dr. Sinatra, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.
Supplement Facts
| Ingredient | Amount | % DV |
|---|---|---|
| Calories | 20 Calorie(s) | -- |
| Calories from Fat | 20 Calorie(s) | -- |
| Cholesterol | 5 mg | 1% |
| Total Fat | 2 Gram(s) | 3% |
| Docosahexaenoic Acid Ethyl Ester | 570 mg | -- |
| Iodine | 150 mcg | 100% |
| AstaReal Astaxanthin | 6 mg | -- |
| Magnesium | 100 mg | 25% |
| CalaMarine Oil Concentrate | 2 Gram(s) | -- |
| Japanese Kelp extract | 50 mg | -- |
Other ingredients: Gelatin, Glycerin, Silica, Sunflower Oil, purified Water, Caramel, Mixed Tocopherols, Sunflower Lecithin
Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
General Statements
Almost out? Call 1-800-304-1708 or visit drsinatra.com Choose AutoDelivery, get free shipping forever
Unconditionally guaranteed for purity and labeled potency.
Sea-based nutritional support for your heart, brain, eyes, bones and whole body
Formula
Omega VitaliSEA includes Calamarine omega-3s, sea-based minerals, and antioxidants that provide comprehensive support for your heart, brain, eyes, bones and overall health
Storage
Store bottle with cap tightly closed in a cool, dry place.
Seals/Symbols
Friend of the Sea
GF Gluten free
Brand IP Statement(s)
Calamarine is a registered trademark of Pharma Marine AS. AstaReal is a registered trademark of Fuji Chemical Industries Co., Ltd. Aquamin is a registered trademark of Marigot Ltd.
America's #1 Integrative Cardiologist
Precautions
Note: Pregnant or lactating women should consult a health care professional before taking this product.
Keep out of reach of children.
FDA Disclaimer Statement
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
FDA Statement of Identity
Dietary Supplement
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions
Doctor Suggested Use: Take 2 softgels daily with a meal.
Formulation
GF Gluten free
General
SKU: OSE 02 G11000, 2017 R-1
Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.
Omega VitaliSEA by Dr. Sinatra label
The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.
Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.
View the full label (PDF)The Ingredients in Omega VitaliSEA by Dr. Sinatra
These are the 5 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.
Serving size2 Softgel(s) Dosage formSoftgel Capsule Servings per container30 Amounts shown are per serving.
Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.
Iodine
Interacts with7 drugs
Iodine is an essential mineral your body needs to make thyroid hormones, and most people get enough from iodized salt, dairy, and seafood. Supplements...
Iodine monograph & interactionsAstaReal Astaxanthin
Interacts with671 drugs
Astaxanthin is a reddish carotenoid pigment with strong antioxidant activity in the lab, and it is widely promoted for skin, eye, heart, and exercise...
AstaReal Astaxanthin monograph & interactionsMagnesium
Interacts with295 drugs
Magnesium is an essential mineral your body needs for muscles, nerves, blood pressure, and many other functions, and supplements are useful for preven...
Magnesium monograph & interactionsCalaMarine Oil Concentrate
- › Docosahexaenoic Acid Ethyl Ester
Japanese Kelp extract
Interacts with69 drugs
Laminaria is a type of brown seaweed (kelp) that is very rich in iodine and is also used in medical settings as a natural cervical dilator. Because it...
Japanese Kelp extract monograph & interactionsOther (inactive) ingredients: Gelatin, Glycerin, Silica, Sunflower Oil, Purified Water, Caramel, Mixed Tocopherols, Sunflower Lecithin. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.
Omega VitaliSEA by Dr. Sinatra Drug Interactions
HelloPharmacist Interaction Report
Omega VitaliSEA by Dr.
Sinatra interacts with medications through its iodine, astaxanthin, magnesium, and Japanese kelp extract content. The most serious interaction is a Major-severity one: magnesium can reduce levodopa/carbidopa (Sinemet) levels by up to 35%, potentially weakening symptom control in Parkinson's disease.
Read the full breakdown — every affected drug type, severity by severity
Iodine, astaxanthin, magnesium, and Japanese kelp extract all carry Moderate-severity interactions. Iodine and kelp together pose thyroid concerns — both may alter effects of antithyroid drugs, amiodarone (Cordarone), and thyroid hormone replacement, and can add to lithium's thyroid-dampening effects.
Astaxanthin may theoretically reduce levels of drugs processed through the CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 liver pathways, though human evidence is limited. Magnesium interacts with skeletal muscle relaxants, potassium-sparing water pills, blood pressure drugs (calcium channel blockers), antacids, diabetes drugs (sulfonylureas), quinolone antibiotics, and bone drugs (bisphosphonates).
Kelp's potassium content also raises hyperkalemia risk (dangerously high potassium levels) with potassium-sparing diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and digoxin (Lanoxin). We could not check docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester for interactions.
Altogether, these interactions span 930 individual medications.
Use the medication checker below to verify your exact drugs before starting this product, and talk with your doctor or pharmacist about whether it's appropriate for you.
Check your own medications below · Editorial policy · How we use AI
Want to check YOUR meds against Omega VitaliSEA?
Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.
Go to the checkerIngredients driving the most interactions
Individual Drug Interactions
The ingredients in Omega VitaliSEA interact with 929 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.
4 of the 5 ingredients in Omega VitaliSEA interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. AstaReal Astaxanthin Magnesium Japanese Kelp extract Iodine
Benazepril, HydrochlorothiazideLotensin HCT
How Benazepril, Hydrochlorothiazide interacts with Omega VitaliSEA — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Japanese Kelp ExtractAce Inhibitors (aceis) Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, laminaria might increase the risk of hyperkalemia when taken with ACEIs.
Read the full Japanese Kelp Extract + Benazepril, Hydrochlorothiazide interactionBendroflumethiazide, PotassiumCentyl K, Neo-NaClex-K
How Bendroflumethiazide, Potassium interacts with Omega VitaliSEA — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Japanese Kelp ExtractPotassium-sparing Diuretics Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, laminaria might increase the risk of hyperkalemia when taken with potassium-sparing diuretics.
Read the full Japanese Kelp Extract + Bendroflumethiazide, Potassium interactionMagnesiumPotassium-sparing Diuretics Moderate
Interaction Summary
Potassium-sparing diuretics decrease excretion of magnesium, possibly increasing magnesium levels.
Read the full Magnesium + Bendroflumethiazide, Potassium interactionBenzhydrocodone, AcetaminophenApadaz
How Benzhydrocodone, Acetaminophen interacts with Omega VitaliSEA — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Astareal AstaxanthinCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, astaxanthin may decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Astareal Astaxanthin + Benzhydrocodone, Acetaminophen interactionBepridilVascor
How Bepridil interacts with Omega VitaliSEA — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
MagnesiumCalcium Channel Blockers Moderate
Interaction Summary
Magnesium can have additive effects with calcium channel blockers, although evidence is conflicting.
Read the full Magnesium + Bepridil interactionAstareal AstaxanthinCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, astaxanthin may decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Astareal Astaxanthin + Bepridil interactionBexaroteneTargretin
How Bexarotene interacts with Omega VitaliSEA — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Astareal AstaxanthinCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, astaxanthin may decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Astareal Astaxanthin + Bexarotene interactionBictegravir, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir AlafenamideBiktarvy
How Bictegravir, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Alafenamide interacts with Omega VitaliSEA — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
MagnesiumBictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir Alafenamide (biktarvy) Moderate
Interaction Summary
Magnesium might decrease levels of bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide by reducing its absorption.
Read the full Magnesium + Bictegravir, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Alafenamide interactionAstareal AstaxanthinCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, astaxanthin may decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Astareal Astaxanthin + Bictegravir, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Alafenamide interactionBismuth Subcarbonate, Calcium Carbonate, OpiumDiabismul
How Bismuth Subcarbonate, Calcium Carbonate, Opium interacts with Omega VitaliSEA — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
MagnesiumAntacids Moderate
Interaction Summary
Use of acid reducers may reduce the laxative effect of magnesium oxide.
Read the full Magnesium + Bismuth Subcarbonate, Calcium Carbonate, Opium interactionBismuth Subsalicylate, Metronidazole, TetracyclineHelidac
How Bismuth Subsalicylate, Metronidazole, Tetracycline interacts with Omega VitaliSEA — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
MagnesiumTetracycline Antibiotics Moderate
Interaction Summary
Magnesium decreases absorption of tetracyclines.
Read the full Magnesium + Bismuth Subsalicylate, Metronidazole, Tetracycline interactionBoceprevirVictrelis
How Boceprevir interacts with Omega VitaliSEA — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Astareal AstaxanthinCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, astaxanthin may decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Astareal Astaxanthin + Boceprevir interactionBosentanTracleer
How Bosentan interacts with Omega VitaliSEA — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Astareal AstaxanthinCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, astaxanthin may decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Astareal Astaxanthin + Bosentan interactionBosutinibBosulif
How Bosutinib interacts with Omega VitaliSEA — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Astareal AstaxanthinCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, astaxanthin may decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Astareal Astaxanthin + Bosutinib interactionBrentuximab VedotinAdcetris
How Brentuximab Vedotin interacts with Omega VitaliSEA — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Astareal AstaxanthinCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, astaxanthin may decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Astareal Astaxanthin + Brentuximab Vedotin interactionBrexpiprazoleRexulti
How Brexpiprazole interacts with Omega VitaliSEA — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Astareal AstaxanthinCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, astaxanthin may decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Astareal Astaxanthin + Brexpiprazole interactionBrigatinibAlunbrig
How Brigatinib interacts with Omega VitaliSEA — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Astareal AstaxanthinCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, astaxanthin may decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Astareal Astaxanthin + Brigatinib interactionBromocriptineParlodel
How Bromocriptine interacts with Omega VitaliSEA — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Astareal AstaxanthinCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, astaxanthin may decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Astareal Astaxanthin + Bromocriptine interactionBudenosidePulmicort Flexhaler, Pulmicort Turbuhaler
How Budenoside interacts with Omega VitaliSEA — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Astareal AstaxanthinCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, astaxanthin may decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Astareal Astaxanthin + Budenoside interactionBudesonideEntocort EC, Eohilia, Pulmicort, Tarpeyo, Uceris
How Budesonide interacts with Omega VitaliSEA — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Astareal AstaxanthinCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, astaxanthin may decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Astareal Astaxanthin + Budesonide interactionBumetanide, PotassiumBurinex K
How Bumetanide, Potassium interacts with Omega VitaliSEA — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Japanese Kelp ExtractPotassium-sparing Diuretics Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, laminaria might increase the risk of hyperkalemia when taken with potassium-sparing diuretics.
Read the full Japanese Kelp Extract + Bumetanide, Potassium interactionMagnesiumPotassium-sparing Diuretics Moderate
Interaction Summary
Potassium-sparing diuretics decrease excretion of magnesium, possibly increasing magnesium levels.
Read the full Magnesium + Bumetanide, Potassium interactionBuprenorphineBrixadi, Butrans, Sublocade, Subutex
How Buprenorphine interacts with Omega VitaliSEA — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Astareal AstaxanthinCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, astaxanthin may decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Astareal Astaxanthin + Buprenorphine interactionBuprenorphine HydrochlorideBelbuca, Probuphine
How Buprenorphine Hydrochloride interacts with Omega VitaliSEA — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Astareal AstaxanthinCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, astaxanthin may decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Astareal Astaxanthin + Buprenorphine Hydrochloride interactionBuprenorphine Hydrochloride, Naloxone HydrochlorideBunavail
How Buprenorphine Hydrochloride, Naloxone Hydrochloride interacts with Omega VitaliSEA — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Astareal AstaxanthinCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, astaxanthin may decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Astareal Astaxanthin + Buprenorphine Hydrochloride, Naloxone Hydrochloride interactionBuprenorphine, NaloxoneCassipa, Zubsolv
How Buprenorphine, Naloxone interacts with Omega VitaliSEA — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Astareal AstaxanthinCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, astaxanthin may decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Astareal Astaxanthin + Buprenorphine, Naloxone interactionBuprenorphine/naloxoneSuboxone
How Buprenorphine/naloxone interacts with Omega VitaliSEA — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Astareal AstaxanthinCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, astaxanthin may decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Astareal Astaxanthin + Buprenorphine/naloxone interactionBupropionAplenzin, Forfivo XL, Wellbutrin, Wellbutrin SR, Wellbutrin XL, Zyban
How Bupropion interacts with Omega VitaliSEA — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Astareal AstaxanthinCytochrome P450 2b6 (cyp2b6) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, astaxanthin may decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2B6.
Read the full Astareal Astaxanthin + Bupropion interactionBupropion, NaltrexoneContrave
How Bupropion, Naltrexone interacts with Omega VitaliSEA — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Astareal AstaxanthinCytochrome P450 2b6 (cyp2b6) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, astaxanthin may decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2B6.
Read the full Astareal Astaxanthin + Bupropion, Naltrexone interactionBuproprion, DextromethorphanAuvelity
How Buproprion, Dextromethorphan interacts with Omega VitaliSEA — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Astareal AstaxanthinCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 2b6 (cyp2b6) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, astaxanthin may decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Astareal Astaxanthin + Buproprion, Dextromethorphan interactionBuspironeBuSpar
How Buspirone interacts with Omega VitaliSEA — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Astareal AstaxanthinCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, astaxanthin may decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Astareal Astaxanthin + Buspirone interactionBusulfanBusulfex, Myleran
How Busulfan interacts with Omega VitaliSEA — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Astareal AstaxanthinCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, astaxanthin may decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Astareal Astaxanthin + Busulfan interactionButabarbital, Phenobarbital, SecobarbitalS.B.P.
How Butabarbital, Phenobarbital, Secobarbital interacts with Omega VitaliSEA — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Astareal AstaxanthinCytochrome P450 2b6 (cyp2b6) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, astaxanthin may decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2B6.
Read the full Astareal Astaxanthin + Butabarbital, Phenobarbital, Secobarbital interactionButalbital, Phenobarbital, SecobarbitalTribarb
How Butalbital, Phenobarbital, Secobarbital interacts with Omega VitaliSEA — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Astareal AstaxanthinCytochrome P450 2b6 (cyp2b6) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, astaxanthin may decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2B6.
Read the full Astareal Astaxanthin + Butalbital, Phenobarbital, Secobarbital interactionEach ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects
For each ingredient in Omega VitaliSEA with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.
AstaReal Astaxanthin
Cytochrome P450 2B6 (Cyp2B6) Substrates
Theoretically, astaxanthin may decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2B6.
In vitro research shows that astaxanthin induces cytochrome CYP2B6 enzyme activity in human hepatocytes. This effect has not been reported in humans.
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates
Theoretically, astaxanthin may decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
In vitro research shows that astaxanthin induces CYP3A4 enzyme activity in human hepatocytes. This effect has not been reported in humans.
Magnesium
Levodopa/Carbidopa (Sinemet)
Magnesium can reduce the bioavailability of levodopa/carbidopa.
Clinical research in healthy volunteers shows that taking magnesium oxide 1000 mg with levodopa 100 mg/carbidopa 10 mg reduces the area under the curve (AUC) of levodopa by 35% and of carbidopa by 81%. In vitro and animal research shows that magnesium produces an alkaline environment in the digestive tract, which might lead to degradation and reduced bioavailability of levodopa/carbidopa.
Aminoglycoside Antibiotics
Concomitant use of aminoglycoside antibiotics and magnesium can increase the risk for neuromuscular weakness.
Both aminoglycosides and magnesium reduce presynaptic acetylcholine release, which can lead to neuromuscular blockade and possible paralysis. This is most likely to occur with high doses of magnesium given intravenously.
Antacids
Use of acid reducers may reduce the laxative effect of magnesium oxide.
A retrospective analysis shows that, in the presence of H2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) or proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), a higher dose of magnesium oxide is needed for a laxative effect. This may also occur with antacids. Under acidic conditions, magnesium oxide is converted to magnesium chloride and then to magnesium bicarbonate, which has an osmotic laxative effect. By reducing acidity, antacids may reduce the conversion of magnesium oxide to the active bicarbonate salt.
Bictegravir/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide (Biktarvy)
Magnesium might decrease levels of bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide by reducing its absorption.
Advise patients that bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide should be taken at least 2 hours before or 6 hours after magnesium containing products.
Bisphosphonates
Magnesium can decrease absorption of bisphosphonates.
Cations, including magnesium, can decrease bisphosphonate absorption. Advise patients to separate doses of magnesium and these drugs by at least 2 hours.
Calcium Channel Blockers
Magnesium can have additive effects with calcium channel blockers, although evidence is conflicting.
Magnesium inhibits calcium entry into smooth muscle cells and may therefore have additive effects with calcium channel blockers. Severe hypotension and neuromuscular blockades may occur when nifedipine is used with intravenous magnesium, although some contradictory evidence suggests that concurrent use of magnesium with nifedipine does not increase the risk of neuromuscular weakness. High doses of magnesium could theoretically have additive effects with other calcium channel blockers.
Digoxin
Magnesium salts may reduce absorption of digoxin.
Clinical evidence suggests that treatment with oral magnesium hydroxide or magnesium trisilicate reduces absorption of digoxin from the intestines. This may reduce the blood levels of digoxin and decrease its therapeutic effects.
Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
Potassium-sparing diuretics decrease excretion of magnesium, possibly increasing magnesium levels.
Potassium-sparing diuretics also have magnesium-sparing properties, which can counteract the magnesium losses associated with loop and thiazide diuretics. Theoretically, increased magnesium levels could result from concomitant use of potassium-sparing diuretics and magnesium supplements.
Quinolone Antibiotics
Magnesium decreases absorption of quinolones.
Magnesium can form insoluble complexes with quinolones and decrease their absorption. Advise patients to take these drugs at least 2 hours before, or 4 to 6 hours after, magnesium supplements.
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
Parenteral magnesium alters the pharmacokinetics of skeletal muscle relaxants, increasing their effects and accelerating the onset of effect.
Parenteral magnesium shortens the time to onset of skeletal muscle relaxants by about 1 minute and prolongs the duration of action by about 2 minutes. Magnesium potentiates the effects of skeletal muscle relaxants by decreasing calcium-mediated release of acetylcholine from presynaptic nerve terminals, reducing postsynaptic sensitivity to acetylcholine, and having a direct effect on the membrane potential of myocytes. Magnesium also has vasodilatory actions and increases cardiac output, allowing a greater amount of muscle relaxant to reach the motor end plate. A clinical study found that low-dose rocuronium (0.45 mg/kg), when given after administration of magnesium 30 mg/kg over 10 minutes, has an accelerated onset of effect, which matches the onset of effect seen with a full-dose rocuronium regimen (0.6 mg/kg). In another clinical study, onset times for rocuronium doses of 0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 mg/kg were 86, 76, and 50 seconds, respectively, when given alone, but were reduced to 66, 44, and 38 seconds, respectively, when the doses were given after a 15-minute infusion of magnesium sulfate 60 mg/kg. Giving intraoperative intravenous magnesium sulfate, 50 mg/kg loading dose followed by 15 mg/kg/hour, reduces the onset time of rocuronium, enhances its clinical effects, reduces the dose of intraoperative opiates, and prolongs the spontaneous recovery time. It does not affect the activity of subsequently administered neostigmine.
Sulfonylureas
Magnesium increases the systemic absorption of sulfonylureas, increasing their effects and side effects.
Clinical research shows that administration of magnesium hydroxide with glyburide increases glyburide absorption, increases maximal insulin response by 35-fold, and increases the risk of hypoglycemia, when compared with glyburide alone. A similar interaction occurs between magnesium hydroxide and glipizide. The mechanism of this effect appears to be related to the elevation of gastrointestinal pH by magnesium-based antacids, increasing solubility and enhancing absorption of sulfonylureas.
Tetracycline Antibiotics
Magnesium decreases absorption of tetracyclines.
Magnesium can form insoluble complexes with tetracyclines in the gut and decrease their absorption and antibacterial activity. Advise patients to take these drugs 1 hour before or 2 hours after magnesium supplements.
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs
Theoretically, magnesium may have antiplatelet effects, but the evidence is conflicting.
In vitro evidence shows that magnesium sulfate inhibits platelet aggregation, even at low concentrations. Some preliminary clinical evidence shows that infusion of magnesium sulfate increases bleeding time by 48% and reduces platelet activity. However, other clinical research shows that magnesium does not affect platelet aggregation, although inhibition of platelet-dependent thrombosis can occur.
Gabapentin (Neurontin)
Gabapentin absorption can be decreased by magnesium.
Clinical research shows that giving magnesium oxide orally along with gabapentin decreases the maximum plasma concentration of gabapentin by 33%, time to maximum concentration by 36%, and area under the curve by 43%. Advise patients to take gabapentin at least 2 hours before, or 4 to 6 hours after, magnesium supplements.
Sevelamer (Renagel, Renvela)
Sevelamer may increase serum magnesium levels.
In patients on hemodialysis, sevelamer use was associated with a 0.28 mg/dL increase in serum magnesium. The mechanism of this interaction remains unclear.
Japanese Kelp extract
Ace Inhibitors (Aceis)
Theoretically, laminaria might increase the risk of hyperkalemia when taken with ACEIs.
Laminaria contains potassium.
Amiodarone (Cordarone)
Theoretically, combining laminaria with amiodarone might cause excessively high iodine levels.
Amiodarone contains 37.3% iodine and can increase iodine levels. Concomitant use with laminaria supplements, some of which may contain as much as 1000 mcg iodine, might increase the risk of adverse effects from iodine, including altered thyroid function.
Antithyroid Drugs
Due to its iodine content, laminaria might alter the effects of antithyroid drugs.
Some laminaria supplements contain up to 1000 mcg of iodine. Iodine in high doses has been reported to cause both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, depending on the individual's past medical history. Taking laminaria could theoretically alter the effects of antithyroid drugs.
Digoxin (Lanoxin)
Theoretically, laminaria might increase the risk of hyperkalemia, which could increase the effects and adverse effects of digoxin.
Laminaria contains potassium.
Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
Theoretically, laminaria might increase the risk of hyperkalemia when taken with potassium-sparing diuretics.
Laminaria contains potassium.
Thyroid Hormone
Due to its iodine content, laminaria might alter the effects of thyroid hormone.
Some laminaria supplements contain up to 1000 mcg of iodine. Iodine in high doses has been reported to cause both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, depending on the individual's past medical history. Taking laminaria could theoretically alter the effects of thyroid hormone.
Iodine
Amiodarone (Cordarone)
Combining iodine with amiodarone might cause excessively high iodine levels.
Amiodarone contains 37.3% iodine and can increase iodine levels. Concomitant use with iodine might increase the risk of having excessive iodine levels and adversely affecting thyroid function. Monitor thyroid function.
Antithyroid Drugs
Iodine might alter the effects of antithyroid drugs.
Iodine in high doses has been reported to cause both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, depending on the individual's past medical history. Taking iodine while using antithyroid drugs could alter the effects of the antithyroid drugs.
Lithium
Combining iodine with lithium might have additive hypothyroid effects.
Lithium can inhibit thyroid function. Several case reports suggest that concomitant use of lithium and potassium iodide can reduce thyroid function in otherwise healthy adults. Monitor thyroid function.
Brand information
Manufacturer and brand details for Omega VitaliSEA, from the product label.
Dr. Sinatra
See all Dr. Sinatra products- Name
- Healthy Directions
- City
- Bethesda
- State
- MD
- ZipCode
- 20817
- Phone Number
- 1-800-304-1708
- Web Address
- healthydirections.com
Omega VitaliSEA by Dr. Sinatra: Common Questions
Does Omega VitaliSEA by Dr. Sinatra interact with any medications?
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
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What are the most common side effects?
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What is astaxanthin and why is it in this product?
Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy
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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.
The Full Monographs Behind Omega VitaliSEA’s Ingredients
Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.
Iodine
Interacts with 7 drugsIodine is an essential mineral your body needs to make thyroid hormones, and most people get enough from iodized salt, dairy, and seafood. Supplements help when you are truly deficient, but...
Read the full Iodine monograph → Herb & supplement monographAstaxanthin
Interacts with 671 drugsAstaxanthin is a reddish carotenoid pigment with strong antioxidant activity in the lab, and it is widely promoted for skin, eye, heart, and exercise benefits. Early human studies are promis...
Read the full Astaxanthin monograph → Herb & supplement monographMagnesium
Interacts with 295 drugsMagnesium is an essential mineral your body needs for muscles, nerves, blood pressure, and many other functions, and supplements are useful for preventing or correcting deficiency. Some othe...
Read the full Magnesium monograph → Herb & supplement monographLaminaria
Interacts with 69 drugsLaminaria is a type of brown seaweed (kelp) that is very rich in iodine and is also used in medical settings as a natural cervical dilator. Because its iodine content can be high and variabl...
Read the full Laminaria monograph →Sources & How We Checked
Omega VitaliSEA's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.
- NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) — The official product label on file for this supplement.
- Natural Medicines (Therapeutic Research Center) — Evidence-graded clinical reference behind the ingredient interaction data.
Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.
The 120 references behind this product’s interaction data
Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.
Iodine 26 references
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- Potassium iodide for nuclear exposure. Pharmacist's Letter/Prescriber's Letter 2001;17(12):171214.
- Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2002.
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- Teng, W., Shan, Z., Teng, X., Guan, H., Li, Y., Teng, D., Jin, Y., Yu, X., Fan, C., Chong, W., Yang, F., Dai, H., Yu, Y., Li, J., Chen, Y., Zhao, D., Shi, X., Hu, F., Mao, J., Gu, X., Yang, R., Tong, Y., Wang, W., Gao, T., and Li, C. Effect of iodine int
- Crawford, B. A., Cowell, C. T., Emder, P. J., Learoyd, D. L., Chua, E. L., Sinn, J., and Jack, M. M. Iodine toxicity from soy milk and seaweed ingestion is associated with serious thyroid dysfunction. Med J Aust. 10-4-2010;193(7):413-415. PubMed
- Ohkuma, M. Molluscum contagiosum treated with iodine solution and salicylic acid plaster. Int J Dermatol. 1990;29(6):443-445. PubMed
- Connelly KJ, Boston BA, Pearce EN, Sesser D, Snyder D, Braverman LE, Pino S, LaFranchi SH. Congenital hypothyroidism caused by excess prenatal maternal iodine ingestion. J Pediatr. 2012 Oct;161(4):760-2. PubMed
- Kasahara T, Narumi S, Okasora K, Takaya R, Tamai H, Hasegawa T. Delayed onset congenital hypothyroidism in a patient with DUOX2 mutations and maternal iodine excess. Am J Med Genet A. 2013 Jan;161A(1):214-7.
- Murcia M, Rebagliato M, Iñiguez C, Lopez-Espinosa MJ, Estarlich M, Plaza B, Barona-Vilar C, Espada M, Vioque J, Ballester F. Effect of iodine supplementation during pregnancy on infant neurodevelopment at 1 year of age. Am J Epidemiol. 2011 Apr 1;173(7):8 PubMed
- Sang Z, Wang PP, Yao Z, Shen J, Halfyard B, Tan L, Zhao N, Wu Y, Gao S, Tan J, Liu J, Chen Z, Zhang W. Exploration of the safe upper level of iodine intake in euthyroid Chinese adults: a randomized double-blind trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012 Feb;95(2):367-73 PubMed
- Speeckaert MM, Speeckaert R, Wierckx K, Delanghe JR, Kaufman JM. Value and pitfalls in iodine fortification and supplementation in the 21st century. Br J Nutr. 2011 Oct;106(7):964-73. PubMed
- Yun SE, Kang Y, Bae EJ, Hwang K, Jang HN, Cho HS, Chang SH, Park DJ. Iodine-induced thyrotoxic hypokalemic paralysis after ingestion of Salicornia herbace. Ren Fail. 2014 Apr;36(3):461-3.
- Iodine Hypersensitivity. Pharmacist's Letter/Prescriber's Letter 2011; 27(5):270504.
- Hammel JA, Selby JC. Pustular eruption in a patient with cancer treated with complementary and alternative medicine. JAMA Dermatology 2017 October; E1. doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.3749. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed
- Gil GS, Smith BW, Guerra JR, Williams WT. Acute Delirium in a Hypothyroid Patient Precipitated by Iodine Supplements Use. Am J Ther. 2018;25(6):e717-e718. PubMed
- Hamby T, Kunnel N, Dallas JS, Wilson DP. Maternal iodine excess: an uncommon cause of acquired neonatal hypothyroidism. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2018;31(9):1061-1064. PubMed
- Censi S, Watutantrige-Fernando S, Groccia G, et al. The Effects of Iodine Supplementation in Pregnancy on Iodine Status, Thyroglobulin Levels and Thyroid Function Parameters: Results from a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial in a Mild-to-Moderate Iodine
- Rovner MS, Wolf BJ, Rubin M, et al. Instillation of 5% Povidone-Iodine Ophthalmic Drops Decreases the Respiratory Rate in Children Undergoing Strabismus Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2019;56(6):378-382. PubMed
- Guenezan J, Garcia M, Strasters D, et al. Povidone Iodine Mouthwash, Gargle, and Nasal Spray to Reduce Nasopharyngeal Viral Load in Patients With COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2021;147(4):400-401. PubMed
- Li F, Wan S, Zhang L, et al. A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Iodine Excess on the Intellectual Development of Children in Areas with High Iodine Levels in their Drinking Water. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022;200(4):1580-1590. PubMed
Astaxanthin 3 references
- Kupcinskas L, Lafolie P, Lignell A, et al. Efficacy of the natural antioxidant astaxanthin in the treatment of functional dyspepsia in patients with or without Helicobacter pylori infection: A prospective, randomized, double blind, and placebo-controlled
- Kistler, A., Liechti, H., Pichard, L., Wolz, E., Oesterhelt, G., Hayes, A., and Maurel, P. Metabolism and CYP-inducer properties of astaxanthin in man and primary human hepatocytes. Arch.Toxicol. 2002;75(11-12):665-675. PubMed
- Choi HD, Youn YK, Shin WG. Positive effects of astaxanthin on lipid profiles and oxidative stress in overweight subjects. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2011;66:363-369. PubMed
Magnesium 82 references
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- Covington TR, et al. Handbook of Nonprescription Drugs. 11th ed. Washington, DC: American Pharmaceutical Association, 1996.
- Dahle LO, Berg G, Hammar M, et al. The effect of oral magnesium substitution on pregnancy-induced leg cramps. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;173:175-80. PubMed
- Hansten PD, Horn JR. Drug Interactions Analysis and Management. Vancouver, WA: Applied Therapeutics Inc., 1997 and updates.
- Peikert A, Wilimzig C, Kohne-Volland R. Prophylaxis of migraine with oral magnesium: results from a prospective, multi-center, placebo-controlled and double-blind randomized study. Cephalalgia 1996;16:257-63. PubMed
- Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1999. Available at: http://books.nap.edu/books/0309063507/html/index.html.
- Birrer RB, Shallash AJ, Totten V. Hypermagnesemia-induced fatality following epsom salt gargles. J Emerg Med 2002;22:185-8. PubMed
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- Heidenreich O. Mode of action of conventional and potassium-sparing diuretics--aspects with relevance to Mg-sparing effects. Magnesium 1984;3:248-56..
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- Jeyabalan A, Caritis SN. Pharmacologic inhibition of preterm labor. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2002;45:99-113. PubMed
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- Witlin AG, Sibai BM. Magnesium sulfate therapy in preeclampsia and eclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 1998;92:883-9.. DOI
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- Davey MJ, Teubner D. A randomized controlled trial of magnesium sulfate, in addition to usual care, for rate control in atrial fibrillation. Ann Emerg Med 2005;45:347-53.. PubMed
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- Dunn CJ, Goa KL. Risedronate: a review of its pharmacological properties and clinical use in resorptive bone disease. Drugs 2001;61:685-712..
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- Ravn HB, Vissinger H, Kristensen SD, et al. Magnesium inhibits platelet activity--an in vitro study. Thromb Haemost. 1996;76(1):88-93. DOI
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- Ravn HB, Vissinger H, Kristensen SD, et al. Magnesium inhibits platelet activity--an infusion study in healthy volunteers. Thromb Haemost. 1996;75(6):939-44. DOI
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- Choi ES, Jeong WJ, Ahn SH, Oh AY, Jeon YT, Do SH. Magnesium sulfate accelerates the onset of low-dose rocuronium in patients undergoing laryngeal microsurgery. J Clin Anesth. 2017 Feb;36:102-106. PubMed
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- Brown RS. Magnesium Sulfate: Another Cause of a Solute Diuresis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2017;69(4):550-551. PubMed
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- Vilchez G, Dai J, Kumar K, Mundy D, Kontopoulos E, Sokol RJ. Racial/ethnic disparities in magnesium sulfate neuroprotection: a subgroup analysis of a multicenter randomized controlled trial. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;31(17):2304-2311. PubMed
- Drug Safety Communication: FDA Recommends Against Prolonged Use of Magnesium Sulfate to Stop Pre-term Labor Due to Bone Changes in Exposed Babies. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), May 30, 2013. https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DrugSafety/UCM353
- Committee Opinion: Magnesium Sulfate Use in Obstetrics. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Obstetric Practice Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Number 652, January 2016. https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publi
- Kashihara Y, Terao Y, Yoda K, et al. Effects of magnesium oxide on pharmacokinetics of L-dopa/carbidopa and assessment of pharmacodynamic changes by a model-based simulation. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2019;75(3):351-361. PubMed
- Shepherd E, Salam RA, Manhas D, et al. Antenatal magnesium sulphate and adverse neonatal outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2019;16(12):e1002988. PubMed
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