Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Based on 2 of 5 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Organ Therapy Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Salt Wrap

Organ Therapy label
See full label image
Capsule Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 30, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Organ Therapy against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Organ Therapy is a dietary supplement by Salt Wrap with 5 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for flavoring and culinary use, digestive complaints like bloating and indigestion, boosting absorption of other supplements.Based on those ingredients, 1,020 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are BioPerine, Beef Liver, Desiccated, Freeze-Dried, Undefatted. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Organ Therapy by Salt Wrap

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Organ Therapy by Salt Wrap — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Organ Therapy by Salt Wrap

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Aug 27, 2026

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 5 of its 5 active ingredients.
  • No proprietary blends here — you can verify the dose of every single component.

Organ Therapy has 5 active ingredients: BioPerine (black pepper extract), beef bone broth concentrate, beef liver extract, beef heart, and beef kidney — all freeze-dried or concentrated forms. These are intended to deliver organ and glandular support through animal-derived nutrient profiles.

The product also contains inactive ingredients (gelatin capsule, cellulose, magnesium stearate, and silicon dioxide) to hold and deliver the actives.

Does it work?

Not established
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Not established

The graded evidence we hold for these ingredients covers different conditions than the ones this product is marketed for, so there's no established rating for its stated use.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: energy and primal nutritional support.
  • We looked for evidence on: Athletic performance, Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), Fatigue, General nutritional support, stamina, recovery — and 1 related terms.
  • The closest evidence on file: Liver Extract is rated "Possibly Ineffective" for Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Black Pepper is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Athletic performance, Fatigue.
  • Also on file: Liver Extract is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence to Rate" for General nutritional support.

The evidence for BioPerine is limited — we hold insufficient reliable evidence to rate it for allergic rhinitis (hay fever), asthma, athletic performance, headache, depression, or diarrhea. Beef liver extract has been rated possibly ineffective for chronic fatigue syndrome and has insufficient reliable evidence for hepatitis C.

The effectiveness data we hold does not establish that this product works reliably for any condition.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Black Pepper Liver Extract

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 2 of the 2 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 2 of 2.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 2 of 2.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

BioPerine (black pepper) is generally well tolerated in food amounts and as a single dose, though concentrated supplements warrant more caution. Common side effects from oral use include a burning aftertaste, indigestion, and reduced taste perception; inhaled black pepper can cause cough.

Allergic reactions are rare but possible in sensitive individuals. Beef liver extract has not been thoroughly evaluated for safety.

There is concern about possible contamination from raw animal liver and potential contamination with diseased tissue in countries where BSE (mad cow disease) has been reported, though no actual human cases of BSE from liver extract have been documented. Liver products also deliver high levels of vitamin A and iron, which warrants caution.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Black Pepper Liver Extract

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 2 of the 2 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Black Pepper, Liver Extract.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; immunosuppressants / transplant drugs; diabetes medications; lithium.
  • For scale: 1,021 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before taking Organ Therapy, check with your pharmacist or doctor if you take blood pressure or heart medications (especially propranolol), seizure medications (phenytoin), antiretroviral drugs (nevirapine), antibiotics (rifampin), transplant rejection medications (cyclosporine), sedatives (pentobarbital), cholesterol medications (atorvastatin), asthma medications (theophylline), blood thinners (warfarin), or iron supplements — all carry Moderate or Minor interactions with ingredients in this product.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with no established evidence rating for its marketed use. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

Organ Therapy is designed to provide organ-based nutrition, but its effectiveness is not well established in our data. The main concern is BioPerine's interactions with a wide range of medications — especially blood pressure, seizure, and cholesterol drugs — that can raise their blood levels.

If you take any prescription medication, anticoagulants, or iron supplements, check with your pharmacist or doctor before starting this product.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 2 of 5 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Mar 22, 2023.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Organ Therapy, straight from the product label.

Brand Salt Wrap
Barcode (UPC) X001XAKHGJ
Net contents 90 Capsule(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Mar 22, 2023
DSLD ID 277712
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Capsule
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Organ Therapy by Salt Wrap, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
3 Capsule(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
3 Capsule(s)
Servings per container
30
UPC/BARCODE
X001XAKHGJ
IngredientAmount% DV
BioPerine2.5 mg--
Beef Bone Broth Concentrate, Freeze-Dried1000 mg--
Beef Liver, Desiccated, Freeze-Dried, Undefatted700 mg--
Beef Heart, Dessicated, Freeze-Dried300 mg--
Beef Kidney, Desiccated, Freeze-Dried250 mg--

Other ingredients: Gelatin, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Magnesium Stearate, Silicon Dioxide

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
General Statements

Organ Therapy combined ancient wisdom with modern science. Our ancestors prized organ meats is one of nature's most powerful superfoods. They understood that consuming organ meats like liver, heart, kidney and bone marrow supports energy levels, immune function, and overall health and vitality. They also understand the importance of getting nutrients from healthy animals.

Formula

That's why we use only grass-fed, hormone-free sources of beef organs and bone stock. With Organ Therapy, you can confidently give your body the primal nutrition it craves.

SaltWrap is dedicated to creating natural, holistic recovery and performance solutions for athletes, competitors, and performers. For more information, visit www.saltwrap.com.

Grass fed beef organ complex with organic bone broth concentrate Freeze dried beef liver, heart, kidney & bone stock

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, tree, cure or prevent any disease.

Precautions

Warning: For adults only.

Consult your physician if you were pregnant, nursing, taking medication or have a medical condition.

Discontinue use and contact your physician if any adverse reactions occur.

Keep out of reach of children.

This product is not intended to replace any treatment for organ or bodily disease.

Do not use if safety seal is broken or missing.

Keep out of the reach of children.

Storage

Store tightly closed in a dry controlled place at temperature between 20 degrees C to 25 degrees C (68 degrees F to 77 degrees F) and relative humidity below 65%.

Formulation

Grass fed

GMO free Hormone free

Made in USA

Seals/Symbols

Made in USA

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested use: As a dietary supplement, adults take 3 capsules daily with or without food, or as directed by a healthcare professional.

Brand IP Statement(s)

BioPerine is a registered trademark of Sabinsa Corporation.

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Organ Therapy by Salt Wrap label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Organ Therapy label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Organ Therapy by Salt Wrap

These are the 5 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size3 Capsule(s) Dosage formCapsule Servings per container30 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

BioPerine

Interacts with
1,019 drugs
2.5 mg per serving Form: Black Pepper Fruit Extract

Black pepper is a common kitchen spice that is generally safe in the amounts used in food. Its extract, piperine, is mostly added to supplements to he...

BioPerine monograph & interactions

Beef Bone Broth Concentrate, Freeze-Dried

1000 mg per serving

Beef Liver, Desiccated, Freeze-Dried, Undefatted

Interacts with
3 drugs
700 mg per serving

Liver extract is a dried or concentrated form of animal liver that is naturally rich in iron, vitamin B12, vitamin A, and other nutrients. It was once...

Beef Liver, Desiccated, Freeze-Dried, Undefatted monograph & interactions

Beef Heart, Dessicated, Freeze-Dried

300 mg per serving

Beef Kidney, Desiccated, Freeze-Dried

250 mg per serving

Other (inactive) ingredients: Gelatin, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Magnesium Stearate, Silicon Dioxide. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Organ Therapy by Salt Wrap Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Organ Therapy?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
1,020Drugs
976 Moderate 44 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

BioPerine 1,019
Beef Liver, Desiccated, Freeze-Dried, Undefatted 3

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Organ Therapy interact with 1,020 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

2 of the 5 ingredients in Organ Therapy interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. BioPerine Beef Liver, Desiccated, Freeze-Dried, Undefatted

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Organ Therapy with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

BioPerine17 drug types · 1,019 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, black pepper might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs.
In vitro research shows that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, seems to inhibit platelet aggregation. This has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, black pepper might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Animal research shows that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, can reduce blood glucose levels. Monitor blood glucose levels closely. Dose adjustments might be necessary.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Atorvastatin (Lipitor)

Theoretically, black pepper might increase blood levels of atorvastatin.
Animal research shows that taking piperine, a constituent of black pepper, 35 mg/kg can increase the maximum serum concentration of atorvastatin three-fold. This has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune)

Theoretically, black pepper might increase the effects and side effects of cyclosporine.
In vitro research shows that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, increases the bioavailability of cyclosporine. This has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (Cyp2D6) Substrates

Theoretically, black pepper might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2D6.
In vitro research suggests that some constituents of black pepper inhibit CYP2D6. This has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, black pepper might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
In vitro research and pharmacokinetic simulation data suggest that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, as well as the pepper fruit seem to inhibit CYP3A4. This has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Lithium

Theoretically, black pepper might increase blood levels of lithium due to its diuretic effects. The dose of lithium might need to be reduced.
Black pepper is thought to have diuretic properties.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Nevirapine (Viramune)

Black pepper might increase blood levels of nevirapine.
Clinical research shows that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, increases the plasma concentration of nevirapine. However, no adverse effects were observed in this study.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
P-Glycoprotein Substrates

Theoretically, black pepper might increase levels of P-glycoprotein substrates.
In vitro research shows that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, seems to inhibit P-glycoprotein.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Pentobarbital (Nembutal)

Theoretically, black pepper might increase the sedative effects of pentobarbital.
Animal research shows that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, increases pentobarbital-induced sleeping time.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Phenytoin (Dilantin)

Black pepper might increase blood levels of phenytoin.
Clinical research shows that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, seems to increase absorption, slow elimination, and increase levels of phenytoin. Taking a single dose of black pepper 1 gram along with phenytoin seems to double the serum concentration of phenytoin. Consuming a soup with black pepper providing piperine 44 mg/200 mL of soup along with phenytoin also seems to increase phenytoin levels when compared with consuming the same soup without black pepper.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Propranolol (Inderal)

Black pepper might increase blood levels of propranolol.
Clinical research shows that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, seems to increase absorption and slow elimination of propranolol.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Rifampin (Rifadin)

Black pepper might increase blood levels of rifampin.
Clinical research shows that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, seems to increase absorption and serum levels of rifampin.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Theophylline

Black pepper might increase blood levels of theophylline.
Clinical research shows that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, seems to increase absorption and slow elimination of theophylline.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Amoxicillin (Amoxil, Trimox)

Theoretically, black pepper might increase the effects and side effects of amoxicillin.
Animal research shows that taking piperine, a constituent of black pepper, with amoxicillin increases plasma levels of amoxicillin. This has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Carbamazepine (Tegretol)

Theoretically, black pepper might increase blood levels of carbamazepine, potentially increasing the effects and side effects of carbamazepine.
One clinical study in patients taking carbamazepine 300 mg or 500 mg twice daily shows that taking a single 20 mg dose of purified piperine, a constituent of black pepper, increases carbamazepine levels. Piperine may increase carbamazepine absorption by increasing blood flow to the GI tract, increasing the surface area of the small intestine, or inhibiting cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) in the gut wall. Absorption was significantly increased by 7-10 mcg/mL/hour. The time to eliminate carbamazepine was also increased by 4-8 hours. Although carbamazepine levels were increased, this did not appear to increase side effects. In vitro research also shows that piperine can increase carbamazepine levels by 11% in a time-dependent manner.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Theoretically, black pepper might decrease levels and clinical effects of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
In vitro research suggests that black pepper induces CYP1A2. This has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
BioPerine full monograph & interactions

Beef Liver, Desiccated, Freeze-Dried, Undefatted2 drug types · 3 drugs

Iron

Liver extract can contain heme iron. Taking liver extract with iron-containing medications or supplements may increase total iron intake and could increase the risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects or excessive iron accumulation. The risk is greater with high doses, prolonged use, or in individuals with hemochromatosis or another iron-overload disorder. Review the iron content of the liver extract and the total elemental iron dose. Avoid unnecessary duplicate iron supplementation and consider monitoring ferritin and transferrin saturation when clinically appropriate.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Liver extract products may contain small and variable amounts of vitamin K. Theoretically, starting, stopping, or substantially changing the amount of liver extract used could reduce the anticoagulant effect of warfarin and lower the INR. However, this interaction has not been directly studied or reported in humans, and the vitamin K content of liver extract products is generally not standardized. Consider monitoring the INR after a meaningful change in liver extract use.

Likelihood Possible Evidence C
Beef Liver, Desiccated, Freeze-Dried, Undefatted full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Organ Therapy, from the product label.

Salt Wrap

See all Salt Wrap products
Name
SaltWrap Biolabs
Street Address
4521 PGA Blvd. #476
City
Palm Beach Gardens
State
FL
ZipCode
33418
Web Address
www.saltwrap.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Organ Therapy by Salt Wrap: Common Questions

Does Organ Therapy by Salt Wrap interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Organ Therapy has a known interaction with 1,020 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Organ Therapy contains 5 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Does this product have any side effects?
BioPerine (black pepper) is generally well tolerated in food amounts. Common side effects include a burning aftertaste, indigestion, and reduced taste perception from oral use, or cough if inhaled. Allergic reactions are rare but possible. The beef organ ingredients have not been thoroughly studied for adverse effects, though there's a theoretical concern about possible contamination from raw animal sources.
Is this safe to take if I'm pregnant?
BioPerine is rated likely safe in pregnancy. However, beef liver extract is rated possibly unsafe in pregnancy because it contains high levels of vitamin A, which may harm a developing baby. Check with your doctor before taking this product if you're pregnant.
Can I take this while breastfeeding?
BioPerine is rated likely safe during breastfeeding. Safety data for beef liver and the other beef organ ingredients during breastfeeding is not on file — talk with your doctor or pharmacist for personalized advice.
What does BioPerine do in this product?
BioPerine is a black pepper extract often used to increase the absorption of other nutrients. In this product it may enhance how your body takes in the organ ingredients, though the overall effectiveness of the formula is not well established in our data.
Is this product tested for contamination?
The facts we hold raise a concern about possible contamination in beef liver products from raw animal sources, particularly the risk of BSE-contaminated tissue from countries where the disease has been reported — though no actual human cases of BSE from liver extract have been documented. Safety testing details for this specific product are not on file.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Organ Therapy label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Organ Therapy’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Black Pepper

Interacts with 1,019 drugs

Black pepper is a common kitchen spice that is generally safe in the amounts used in food. Its extract, piperine, is mostly added to supplements to help the body absorb other ingredients (li...

Read the full Black Pepper monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Liver Extract

Interacts with 3 drugs

Liver extract is a dried or concentrated form of animal liver that is naturally rich in iron, vitamin B12, vitamin A, and other nutrients. It was once used to treat certain anemias before pu...

Read the full Liver Extract monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Organ Therapy's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 33 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Black Pepper 29 references
  1. Leung AY, Foster S. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics. 2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
  2. Brinker F. Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 2nd ed. Sandy, OR: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1998.
  3. Bano G, Amla V, Raina RK, et al. The effect of piperine on pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in healthy volunteers. Planta Med 1987;53:568-9. PubMed
  4. Bano G, et al. Effect of piperine on bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of propranolol and theophylline in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1991;41;615-7. PubMed
  5. Cohle SD, Trestrail JD III, Graham MA, et al. Fatal pepper aspiration. Am J Dis Child 1988;142:633-6. PubMed
  6. Bhardwaj RK, Glaeser H, Becquemont L, et al. Piperine, a major constituent of black pepper, inhibits human P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002;302:645-50. PubMed
  7. Velpandian T, Jasuja R, Bhardwaj RK, et al. Piperine in food: interference in the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2001;26:241-7. PubMed
  8. Pattanaik S, Hota D, Prabhakar S, et al. Pharmacokinetic interaction of a single dose of piperine with steady-state carbamazepine in epilepsy patients. Phytother Res 2009;23:1281-6.
  9. Munakata, M., Kobayashi, K., Niisato-Nezu, J., Tanaka, S., Kakisaka, Y., Ebihara, T., Ebihara, S., Haginoya, K., Tsuchiya, S., and Onuma, A. Olfactory stimulation using black pepper oil facilitates oral feeding in pediatric patients receiving long-term en
  10. Myers, B. M., Smith, J. L., and Graham, D. Y. Effect of red pepper and black pepper on the stomach. Am J Gastroenterol 1987;82(3):211-214.
  11. Raghavendra, R. H. and Naidu, K. A. Spice active principles as the inhibitors of human platelet aggregation and thromboxane biosynthesis. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2009;81(1):73-78. PubMed
  12. Subehan, Usia, T., Kadota, S., and Tezuka, Y. Mechanism-based inhibition of human liver microsomal cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) by alkamides of Piper nigrum. Planta Med 2006;72(6):527-532.
  13. Kasibhatta, R. and Naidu, M. U. Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of nevirapine under fasting conditions: a randomised, crossover, placebo-controlled study. Drugs R.D. 2007;8(6):383-391. PubMed
  14. Usia, T., Iwata, H., Hiratsuka, A., Watabe, T., Kadota, S., and Tezuka, Y. CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 inhibitory activities of Indonesian medicinal plants. Phytomedicine. 2006;13(1-2):67-73. PubMed
  15. Mujumdar, A. M., Dhuley, J. N., Deshmukh, V. K., Raman, P. H., Thorat, S. L., and Naik, S. R. Effect of piperine on pentobarbitone induced hypnosis in rats. Indian J Exp.Biol. 1990;28(5):486-487.
  16. Panda, S. and Kar, A. Piperine lowers the serum concentrations of thyroid hormones, glucose and hepatic 5'D activity in adult male mice. Horm.Metab Res. 2003;35(9):523-526. PubMed
  17. Lawless, H. and Stevens, D. A. Effects of oral chemical irritation on taste. Physiol Behav. 1984;32(6):995-998. PubMed
  18. Hiwale, A. R., Dhuley, J. N., and Naik, S. R. Effect of co-administration of piperine on pharmacokinetics of beta-lactam antibiotics in rats. Indian J Exp.Biol. 2002;40(3):277-281.
  19. Han, Y., Chin Tan, T. M., and Lim, L. Y. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the effects of piperine on P-gp function and expression. Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol. 8-1-2008;230(3):283-289. PubMed
  20. Sharma, P., Varma, M. V., Chawla, H. P., and Panchagnula, R. In situ and in vivo efficacy of peroral absorption enhancers in rats and correlation to in vitro mechanistic studies. Farmaco 2005;60(11-12):874-883. PubMed
  21. Aher, S., Biradar, S., Gopu, C. L., and Paradkar, A. Novel pepper extract for enhanced P-glycoprotein inhibition. J Pharm.Pharmacol. 2009;61(9):1179-1186. PubMed
  22. Zutshi, R. K., Singh, R., Zutshi, U., Johri, R. K., and Atal, C. K. Influence of piperine on rifampicin blood levels in patients of pulmonary tuberculosis. J Assoc.Physicians India 1985;33(3):223-224.
  23. Marotta, R. B. and Floch, M. H. Diet and nutrition in ulcer disease. Med Clin North Am 1991;75(4):967-979. PubMed
  24. Subehan, Usia, T., Iwata, H., Kadota, S., and Tezuka, Y. Mechanism-based inhibition of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 by Indonesian medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 5-24-2006;105(3):449-455. PubMed
  25. Gimenez L, Zacharisen M. Severe pepper allergy in a young child. WMJ. 2011 Jun;110(3):138-9.
  26. Ren T, Yang M, Xiao M, Zhu J, Xie W, Zuo Z. Time-dependent inhibition of carbamazepine metabolism by piperine in anti-epileptic treatment. Life Sci. 2019;218:314-323. PubMed
  27. Thomas AB, Choudhary DC, Raje A, Nagrik SS. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic herb-drug interaction of piperine with atorvastatin in rats. J Chromatogr Sci 2021;59(4):371-80. PubMed
  28. Haron MH, Dale O, Martin K, et al. Evaluation of the Herb-Drug Interaction Potential of Commonly Used Botanicals on the US Market with Regard to PXR- and AhR-Mediated Influences on CYP3A4 and CYP1A2. J Diet Suppl 2022. PubMed
  29. Lin F, Hu Y, Zhang Y, Zhao L, Zhong D, Liu J. Predicting Food-Drug Interactions between Piperine and CYP3A4 Substrate Drugs Using PBPK Modeling. Int J Mol Sci 2024;25(20):10955. PubMed

See these in context on the Black Pepper monograph →

Liver Extract 4 references
  1. Lewis CJ. Letter to reiterate certain public health and safety concerns to firms manufacturing or importing dietary supplements that contain specific bovine tissues. FDA. Available at: www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/dspltr05.html.
  2. Kaslow JE, Rucker L, Onishi R. Liver extract-folic acid-cyanocobalamin vs placebo for chronic fatigue syndrome. Arch Intern Med 1989;149:2501-3. DOI
  3. Ebinuma, H., Saito, H., Tada, S., Masuda, T., Kamiya, T., Nishida, J., Yoshioka, M., and Ishii, H. Additive therapeutic effects of the liver extract preparation mixture adelavin-9 on interferon-beta treatment for chronic hepatitis C. Hepatogastroenterolog
  4. Saito, H., Ebinuma, H., Tada, S., Tsunematsu, S., Atsukawa, K., Masuda, T., Tsuchiya, M., and Ishii, H. Enhancing effect of the liver extract and flavin adenin dinucleotide mixture on anti-viral efficacy of interferon in patients with chronic hepatitis C. PubMed

See these in context on the Liver Extract monograph →

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