Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

ParaFight 350 mg Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Eclectic Herb

ParaFight 350 mg label
See full label image
Capsule Category: Botanical
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking ParaFight 350 mg against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

ParaFight 350 mg is a dietary supplement by Eclectic Herb with 4 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for digestive upset and poor appetite, intestinal parasites, crohn's disease symptoms.Based on those ingredients, 1,182 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Clove Bud Concentrate, Freeze-Dried, Sweet Wormwood Leaf Concentrate, Freeze-Dried, Wormwood Leaf Concentrate, Freeze-Dried. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against ParaFight 350 mg by Eclectic Herb

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with ParaFight 350 mg by Eclectic Herb — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of ParaFight 350 mg by Eclectic Herb

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 11, 2026

What’s inside

Low disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Low

Most active ingredients don't disclose an individual amount — you can't tell how much of each you're getting.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 0 of its 4 active ingredients.
  • “Proprietary Blend” is a proprietary blend — the label gives one combined amount (350 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.

ParaFight contains four active herbal ingredients, each freeze-dried to concentrate their potency. Wormwood leaf, black walnut hull, sweet wormwood leaf, and clove bud are combined in a proprietary blend—meaning the exact amount of each isn't disclosed on the label.

The capsule itself is made with hypromellose, an inert ingredient that holds everything together.

Does it work?

Not established
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Not established

The graded evidence we hold for these ingredients covers different conditions than the ones this product is marketed for, so there's no established rating for its stated use.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: Intestinal parasite and digestive support.
  • We looked for evidence on: Crohn disease, Dyspepsia, Flatulence, Gastritis, Malaria, Nausea and vomiting — and 3 related terms.
  • The closest evidence on file: Clove is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Dyspepsia (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Clove is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Flatulence, Nausea and vomiting.
  • Also on file: Wormwood is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Crohn disease, Dyspepsia, Gastritis.

The evidence for these ingredients is limited. Wormwood leaf has insufficient evidence to support use for biliary disorders, Crohn disease, depression, dyspepsia, and osteoarthritis.

Black walnut hull also lacks reliable evidence for coronary heart disease or wound healing. Sweet wormwood leaf is possibly effective for hay fever (allergic rhinitis), but evidence is insufficient for fatty liver disease, malaria, and osteoarthritis.

Clove bud is possibly effective for ventilator-associated pneumonia (a hospital-acquired lung infection), but evidence doesn't support it for cough, acute pain, or dyspepsia. In plain terms: we don't have strong proof that this product works for the conditions you might be considering it for.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Wormwood Black Walnut Sweet Annie Clove

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 4 of the 4 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 4 of 4.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 4 of 4.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Each ingredient carries specific cautions. Wormwood contains thujone, a nerve toxin that can be unsafe when taken orally in medicinal amounts—even properly prepared products should be short-term only.

Common side effects include muscle aches, nausea, and vomiting; serious but rare effects include kidney damage and seizures. Wormwood is unsafe in pregnancy and should be avoided while breastfeeding.

Black walnut hull is generally well tolerated, but the leaf and hull contain tannins that may cause stomach upset; human safety data are limited, especially for long-term use. It's not safe in pregnancy and should be avoided while breastfeeding.

Black walnut is also a tree nut allergen—if you have a tree nut allergy, avoid this product. Sweet wormwood is generally well tolerated at short term, but nausea and vomiting can occur; rare serious effects include liver damage.

It's unsafe in pregnancy and should be avoided while breastfeeding. Clove is safe as a food spice but can be toxic in large concentrated doses; avoid medicinal or essential-oil doses unless your provider approves.

Food amounts are likely fine during pregnancy and breastfeeding, but medicinal doses lack enough safety data.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Wormwood Black Walnut Sweet Annie Clove

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 3 of the 4 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Clove, Wormwood, Sweet Annie.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; seizure medications; diabetes medications.
  • For scale: 1,183 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Check your medications carefully before taking this product. If you're on anticonvulsants (seizure meds), anticonvulsant medications are the top concern with wormwood.

Blood sugar medications (insulin or oral diabetes drugs) may have additive effects with clove. Drugs metabolized by your liver enzymes—including many antihistamines, blood pressure meds, statins, and psychiatric medications—may be affected by sweet wormwood and clove.

Blood thinners and antiplatelet drugs carry a minor risk with clove. Always run your exact medication list through the checker on this page.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFormula with limited ingredient disclosure with no established evidence rating for its marketed use. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

ParaFight is intended as a herbal supplement, but the evidence for its ingredients is sparse and the safety profile—especially for wormwood—requires caution. If you take any anticonvulsants, blood sugar medications, blood thinners, or drugs metabolized by liver enzymes, or if you have a tree nut allergy, talk with your pharmacist before starting.

Pregnant or breastfeeding individuals should avoid this product.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 4 of 4 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Jul 25, 2024.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about ParaFight 350 mg, straight from the product label.

Brand Eclectic Herb
Barcode (UPC) 023363324101
Net contents 45 Veg Cap(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Jul 25, 2024
DSLD ID 316853
Product type Botanical
Supplement form Capsule
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Vegan, Vegetarian, Adult (18 - 50 Years), Kosher, Gluten Free, Dairy Free
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for ParaFight 350 mg by Eclectic Herb, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
1 Veg Cap(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
1 Veg Cap(s)
Servings per container
45
UPC/BARCODE
023363324101
IngredientAmount% DV
Proprietary Blend350 mg--
Wormwood Leaf Concentrate, Freeze-Dried0 NP--
Black Walnut Hull, Nut Concentrate, Freeze-Dried0 NP--
Sweet Wormwood Leaf Concentrate, Freeze-Dried0 NP--
Clove Bud Concentrate, Freeze-Dried0 NP--

Other ingredients: Hypromellose

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Formulation

Concentrated 6X through Freeze-Drying Freeze dried for Peak Plant Power Grown in the United States Naturally Concentrated

No Fillers Non GMO Gluten Free

Whole Herb Raw Food

Vegan

Created by a naturopathic physician, our formulas deliver the concentrated benefits of multiple botanicals in a single capsule. Using only traditional processes of juicing, decocting and freeze-drying, we combine whole herbs with plant compounds. From farm to bottle we use naturopathic wisdom and innovative processes to create exceptional products.

Intestinal Support

Small Batch Freeze Dried

Formula

100% Kosher

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

General Statements

@eclecticherb

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested Use: Take 1 capsule 3 times per day.

Precautions

Keep away from children. Consult your doctor about herbs with pregnancy, infants or prescription drugs.

Consult your doctor about herbs with pregnancy, infants or prescription drugs.

Contains tree nuts (black walnut hulls)

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

ParaFight 350 mg by Eclectic Herb label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

ParaFight 350 mg label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in ParaFight 350 mg by Eclectic Herb

These are the 4 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size1 Veg Cap(s) Dosage formCapsule Servings per container45 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Other (inactive) ingredients: Hypromellose. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

ParaFight 350 mg by Eclectic Herb Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against ParaFight 350 mg?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
1,182Drugs
1,123 Moderate 59 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Clove Bud Concentrate, Freeze-Dried 977
Sweet Wormwood Leaf Concentrate, Freeze-Dried 889
Wormwood Leaf Concentrate, Freeze-Dried 50

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in ParaFight 350 mg interact with 1,182 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

3 of the 4 ingredients in ParaFight 350 mg interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Clove Bud Concentrate, Freeze-Dried Sweet Wormwood Leaf Concentrate, Freeze-Dried Wormwood Leaf Concentrate, Freeze-Dried

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in ParaFight 350 mg with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Clove Bud Concentrate, Freeze-Dried7 drug types · 977 drugs

Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, concomitant use of clove extracts with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Clinical and laboratory research suggest that polyphenol extracts from clove flower buds might lower blood glucose levels. Dosing adjustments for insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents may be necessary when taken with clove. Monitor blood glucose levels closely.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
In vitro research shows that eugenol, the principal constituent of clove, can inhibit CYP1A2 in a dose-dependent manner,. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (Cyp2C9) Substrates

Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C9.
In vitro research shows that eugenol, the principal constituent of clove, inhibits CYP2C9 in a dose-dependent manner. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (Cyp2D6) Substrates

Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2D6.
In vitro research shows that eugenol, the principal constituent of clove, can inhibit CYP2D6 in a dose-dependent manner. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
In vitro research shows that eugenol, the principal constituent of clove, can inhibit CYP3A4 in a dose-dependent manner. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, clove oil may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Laboratory research suggests that eugenol, a constituent of clove, has antiplatelet activity. This interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence D
Ibuprofen (Advil, Others)

Theoretically, topical application of clove oil with ibuprofen might increase the absorption and side effects of topical ibuprofen.
Laboratory research shows that topical application of clove oil increases the absorption of topical ibuprofen. This interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Clove Bud Concentrate, Freeze-Dried full monograph & interactions

Sweet Wormwood Leaf Concentrate, Freeze-Dried3 drug types · 889 drugs

Cytochrome P450 2B6 (Cyp2B6) Substrates

Sweet Annie may alter plasma levels and clinical effects of drugs metabolized by CYP2B6.
In vitro research shows that the Sweet Annie constituent artemisinin induces CYP2B6, possibly increasing CYP2B6 activity by 1.6-fold. However, Sweet Annie extract seems to inhibit the activity of CYP2B6 in vitro, suggesting that other constituents of Sweet Annie play a role in its effects on the overall activity of this enzyme. More information is needed to determine whether taking Sweet Annie extract affects the metabolism of CYP2B6 substrates.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Sweet Annie may alter plasma levels and clinical effects of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
In vitro research shows that the Sweet Annie constituent artemisinin induces CYP3A4, possibly increasing CYP3A4 activity by 1.9-fold. However, Sweet Annie extract seems to inhibit the activity of CYP3A4 in vitro, suggesting that other constituents of Sweet Annie play a role in its effects on the overall activity of this enzyme. More information is needed to determine whether taking Sweet Annie extract affects the metabolism of CYP3A4 substrates.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Hepatotoxic Drugs

Theoretically, concomitant use might have additive adverse hepatotoxic effects.
There is some concern that Sweet Annie can adversely affect the liver.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Sweet Wormwood Leaf Concentrate, Freeze-Dried full monograph & interactions

Wormwood Leaf Concentrate, Freeze-Dried1 drug type · 50 drugs

Anticonvulsants

Theoretically, taking wormwood might interfere with the effects of anticonvulsant drugs.
Thujone, a constituent of wormwood, has convulsant effects.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Wormwood Leaf Concentrate, Freeze-Dried full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for ParaFight 350 mg, from the product label.

Eclectic Herb

See all Eclectic Herb products
Name
Eclectic Herb
Street Address
755 NE 6th St.
City
Gresham
State
OR
ZipCode
97030
Phone Number
503-668-4120
Web Address
eclecticherb.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

ParaFight 350 mg by Eclectic Herb: Common Questions

Does ParaFight 350 mg by Eclectic Herb interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, ParaFight 350 mg has a known interaction with 1,182 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
ParaFight 350 mg contains 4 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Is this product safe during pregnancy?
No. Wormwood is considered unsafe in pregnancy, and both black walnut hull and sweet wormwood lack enough safety information—the data advises against them during pregnancy. If you're pregnant or planning to become pregnant, skip this product and talk with your pharmacist about safer alternatives.
Can I take this while breastfeeding?
The safety data recommend against it. Wormwood and sweet wormwood don't have enough safety information for breastfeeding, and black walnut hull is also best avoided. Talk with your pharmacist or doctor for personalized guidance if you're nursing.
What is wormwood supposed to do?
Wormwood is used traditionally for biliary and digestive complaints, but we don't have reliable evidence that it actually works for these purposes. The evidence is insufficient to recommend it for Crohn disease, depression, dyspepsia, or osteoarthritis either.
Does clove in this product lower blood sugar?
Clove extract may theoretically lower blood glucose, which is why it interacts with blood sugar medications. If you have diabetes or take insulin or diabetes pills, you'll need to check with your pharmacist before adding this product—dosing adjustments may be necessary.
I'm allergic to tree nuts. Can I take ParaFight?
No—this product contains black walnut hull, which is a tree nut allergen. If you have a tree nut allergy, avoid this supplement entirely.
What are the most common side effects?
From wormwood, nausea and vomiting are most common. Black walnut hull may cause stomach upset due to its tannin content. Sweet wormwood can also cause nausea and vomiting. Clove is generally well tolerated at food doses but can irritate the mouth and throat in larger amounts.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if ParaFight 350 mg is safe with your meds?

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

ParaFight 350 mg label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind ParaFight 350 mg’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Wormwood

Interacts with 50 drugs

Wormwood is a very bitter herb traditionally used to stimulate appetite and ease digestion, and it has early research interest in Crohn's disease. It contains thujone, which can be toxic in...

Read the full Wormwood monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Black Walnut

Black walnut is a tree whose green hulls are traditionally used as a natural antiparasitic and digestive remedy, but solid human evidence for these uses is lacking. It contains a compound ca...

Read the full Black Walnut monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Sweet Annie

Interacts with 889 drugs

Sweet Annie (Artemisia annua) is the source of artemisinin, a compound used in prescription antimalarial drugs. While the purified drug is well studied for malaria, the herb itself as a supp...

Read the full Sweet Annie monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Clove

Interacts with 977 drugs

Clove is a common cooking spice that is also used in traditional medicine, especially as a topical numbing agent for tooth pain thanks to its main compound, eugenol. Food amounts are general...

Read the full Clove monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

ParaFight 350 mg's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 50 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Wormwood 10 references
  1. Weisbord SD, Soule JB, Kimmel PL. Poison on line-acute renal failure caused by oil of wormwood purchased through the internet. N Engl J Med 1997;337:825-7. PubMed
  2. Gambelunghe C, Melai P. Absinthe: enjoying a new popularity among young people? Forensic Sci Int 2002;130:183-6.
  3. Hold KM, Sirisoma NS, Casida JE. Detoxification of alpha- and beta-Thujones (the active ingredients of absinthe): site specificity and species differences in cytochrome P450 oxidation in vitro and in vivo. Chem Res Toxicol 2001;14:589-95.
  4. Lachenmeier DW, Walch SG, Padosch SA, Kroner LU. Absinthe--a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2006;46:365-77.
  5. Padosch SA, Lachenmeier DW, Kroner LU. Absinthism: a fictitious 19th century syndrome with present impact. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2006;1:14. PubMed
  6. Lachenmeier DW, Emmert J, Kuballa T, Sartor G. Thujone--cause of absinthism? Forensic Sci Int 2006;158:1-8. PubMed
  7. Dettling, A., Grass, H., Schuff, A., Skopp, G., Strohbeck-Kuehner, P., and Haffner, H. T. Absinthe: attention performance and mood under the influence of thujone. J Stud.Alcohol 2004;65(5):573-581. PubMed
  8. Benezet-Mazuecos, J. and de la Fuente, A. Electrocardiographic findings after acute absinthe intoxication. Int J Cardiol. 11-10-2006;113(2):e48-e50. PubMed
  9. El Makrini NI, Hassam B. Artemisia absinthium: burning plant! Pan Afr Med J. 2016 Jan 22;23:10. PubMed
  10. Kocaoglu C, Ozel A. Persistent metabolic acidosis and severe diarrhoea due to Artemisia absinthium poisoning. J Pak Med Assoc. 2014 Sep;64(9):1081-3.

See these in context on the Wormwood monograph →

Black Walnut 3 references
  1. Blumenthal M, ed. The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Trans. S. Klein. Boston, MA: American Botanical Council, 1998.
  2. McGuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R, Goldberg A, eds. American Herbal Products Association's Botanical Safety Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, LLC 1997.
  3. Food and Drug Administration. Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004 (FALCPA); Public Law 108-282, Title II. Accessed on May 19, 2021. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/food/food-allergensgluten-free-guidance-documents-regulatory-infor

See these in context on the Black Walnut monograph →

Sweet Annie 11 references
  1. Mueller MS, Karhagomba IB, Hirt HM, Wemakor E. The potential of Artemisia annua L. as a locally produced remedy for malaria in the tropics: agricultural, chemical and clinical aspects. J Ethnopharmacol 2000;73:487-93. PubMed
  2. Rath K, Taxis K, Walz G, et al. Pharmacokinetic study of artemisinin after oral intake of a traditional preparation of Artemisia annua L. (annual wormwood). Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004;70:128-32. DOI
  3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Hepatitis temporally associated with an herbal supplement containing artemisinin-Washington, 2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2009;58:854-8.
  4. Xing J, Kirby BJ, Whittington D, et al. Evaluation of P450 inhibition and induction by artemisinin antimalarials in human liver microsomes and primary human hepatocytes. Drug Metabl Dispos 2012;40(9):1757-64. PubMed
  5. Savage RL, Hill GR, Barnes J, Kenyon SH, Tatley MV. Suspected hepatotoxicity with a supercritical carbon dioxide extract of Artemisia annua in grapeseed oil used in New Zealand. Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:1448. PubMed
  6. Ruperti-Repilado FJ, Haefliger S, Rehm S, et al. Danger of herbal tea: a case of acute cholestatic hepatitis due to Artemisia annua tea. Front Med (Lausanne). 2019;6:221. PubMed
  7. Yang J, Shen Z, Liu L, et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of Artesimia annua-Sublingual immunotherapy in seasonal allergic rhinitis patients based on different intervention time. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2022;183(8):852-859.
  8. Kane NF, Kiani BH, Desrosiers MR, Towler MJ, Weathers PJ. Artemisia extracts differ from artemisinin effects on human hepatic CYP450s 2B6 and 3A4 in vitro. J Ethnopharmacol 2022. DOI
  9. Feng Y, Cao Y, Liu Y, et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of coseasonal initiation of Artemisia annua sublingual immunotherapy on patients with Artemisia-induced rhinoconjunctivitis. Am J Otolaryngol 2023;44(5):103942. PubMed
  10. Yang J, Wang W, Shen Z, et al. Efficacy and safety of Artemisia annua sublingual immunotherapy in patients with seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis over two pollen seasons. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2023;280(11):4939-4947. PubMed
  11. Shen Z, Zhang P, Kang W, et al. Clinical efficacy in one-year treatment with Artemisia annua-SLIT drops in monosensitized and polysensitized individuals. Am J Otolaryngol 2023;44(6):104002. PubMed

See these in context on the Sweet Annie monograph →

Clove 26 references
  1. The Review of Natural Products by Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis, MO: Wolters Kluwer Co., 1999.
  2. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21. Part 182 -- Substances Generally Recognized As Safe. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=182
  3. Kanerva L, Estlander T, Jolanki R. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from spices. Contact Dermatitis 1996;35:157-62. PubMed
  4. Chen SJ, Wang MH, Chen IJ. Antiplatelet and calcium inhibitory properties of eugenol and sodium eugenol acetate. Gen Pharmacol 1996;27:629-33. PubMed
  5. Malson JL, Lee EM, Murty R, et al. Clove cigarette smoking: biochemical, physiological, and subjective effects. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2003;74:739-45. PubMed
  6. Kirsch CM, Yenokida GG, Jensen WA, et al. Non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema due to the intravenous administration of clove oil. Thorax 1990;45:235-6. PubMed
  7. Pallares, D. E. Link between clove cigarettes and urticaria? Postgrad.Med 10-1-1999;106(4):153. PubMed
  8. Barnard, D. R. Repellency of essential oils to mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol. 1999;36(5):625-629. PubMed
  9. Sanchez-Perez, J. and Garcia-Diez, A. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from eugenol, oil of cinnamon and oil of cloves in a physiotherapist. Contact Dermatitis 1999;41(6):346-347. PubMed
  10. Andersen, K. E., Johansen, J. D., Bruze, M., Frosch, P. J., Goossens, A., Lepoittevin, J. P., Rastogi, S., White, I., and Menne, T. The time-dose-response relationship for elicitation of contact dermatitis in isoeugenol allergic individuals. Toxicol.Appl PubMed
  11. Alqareer, A., Alyahya, A., and Andersson, L. The effect of clove and benzocaine versus placebo as topical anesthetics. J Dent 2006;34(10):747-750. PubMed
  12. Lane, B. W., Ellenhorn, M. J., Hulbert, T. V., and McCarron, M. Clove oil ingestion in an infant. Hum.Exp Toxicol. 1991;10(4):291-294. PubMed
  13. Quirce, S., Fernandez-Nieto, M., del, Pozo, V, Sastre, B., and Sastre, J. Occupational asthma and rhinitis caused by eugenol in a hairdresser. Allergy 2008;63(1):137-138. PubMed
  14. Srivastava, K. C. and Malhotra, N. Acetyl eugenol, a component of oil of cloves (Syzygium aromaticum L.) inhibits aggregation and alters arachidonic acid metabolism in human blood platelets. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 1991;42(1):73-81. PubMed
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See these in context on the Clove monograph →

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DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

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