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Dietary supplement

Paraherbs Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by MH Michael's Health Naturopathic Programs

Paraherbs label
See full label image
Capsule Category: Botanical
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Paraherbs against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Paraherbs is a dietary supplement by MH Michael's Health Naturopathic Programs with 9 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for benign prostatic hyperplasia (bph) symptoms, overactive bladder, eye and skin health (vitamin a source).Based on those ingredients, 1,247 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Garlic powder concentrate, Clove, Epazote. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

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Check Your Meds Against Paraherbs by MH Michael's Health Naturopathic Programs

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Paraherbs by MH Michael's Health Naturopathic Programs — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Paraherbs by MH Michael's Health Naturopathic Programs

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 11, 2026

What’s inside

Low disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Low

Most active ingredients don't disclose an individual amount — you can't tell how much of each you're getting.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 0 of its 9 active ingredients.
  • “Proprietary Blend” is a proprietary blend — the label gives one combined amount (2,620 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.

Paraherbs contains 9 ingredients in a proprietary blend: pumpkin, butternut, black walnut, garlic powder concentrate, papaya, clove, wood betony, epazote, and pau d'arco. These are traditional herbal components; the product name suggests they're formulated for parasitic concerns, though the facts provided do not detail a claimed use or purpose.

The inactive ingredients are hypromellose (a capsule coating), microcrystalline cellulose (a binder), and leucine (a flow agent).

Does it work?

Not established
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Not established

The graded evidence we hold for these ingredients covers different conditions than the ones this product is marketed for, so there's no established rating for its stated use.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: parasite and digestive support.
  • We looked for evidence on: Intestinal parasite infection, Diarrhea, Dyspepsia, Flatulence, Worm infestation, Gastrointestinal health — and 1 related terms.
  • The closest evidence on file: Clove is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Diarrhea (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Clove is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Dyspepsia, Flatulence.
  • Also on file: Garlic is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Diarrhea.

The facts on file do not establish effectiveness for any single claimed use of this product. Individual ingredients carry limited evidence: pumpkin is possibly effective for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) but has insufficient evidence for parasitic infection or urinary tract infections; garlic is possibly effective for hypertension, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and certain liver conditions; clove is possibly effective for ventilator-associated pneumonia but insufficient for cough or pain; papaya, black walnut, wood betony, and pau d'arco all lack established effectiveness ratings in the data we hold.

Because the product's primary intended use is not stated in the facts, we cannot assess whether it works for its purpose.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Pumpkin Butternut Black Walnut Garlic Papaya Clove Betony Chenopodium Oil

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 8 of the 9 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 9 of 9.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 9 of 9.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Pumpkin, garlic as food, and clove as a spice are generally well tolerated. Most common side effects from pumpkin include abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting; garlic may cause abdominal pain, flatulence, and malodorous breath; clove when used topically can cause burning and contact dermatitis.

Butternut is a stimulant laxative and can cause diarrhea and gastrointestinal irritation. Black walnut leaf, bark, and hull contain tannins that may cause gastrointestinal upset, and tree nuts can trigger allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.

Papaya leaf extract may cause nausea and vomiting. Wood betony has limited human safety data.

Pau d'arco at higher doses may cause anemia, bleeding risk, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Pregnancy and breastfeeding data are limited or lacking for most ingredients.

Butternut is rated likely unsafe in pregnancy due to laxative effects and insufficient data; avoid it during breastfeeding. Black walnut is likely safe in pregnancy but possibly unsafe while breastfeeding — avoid during breastfeeding.

Papaya, clove, wood betony, and pau d'arco have insufficient data to rate safety in pregnancy or lactation; talk with your doctor or pharmacist before use if you are pregnant or breastfeeding. Pumpkin is fine as food but concentrated supplements lack adequate pregnancy and breastfeeding data.

Garlic at food amounts is likely fine in both, but supplement doses are not well studied.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Pumpkin Butternut Black Walnut Garlic Papaya Clove Betony Chenopodium Oil

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 8 of the 9 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Clove, Garlic, Papaya, Betony, Pau D'arco, among others.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; immunosuppressants / transplant drugs; diabetes medications; heart-rhythm medications; lithium.
  • For scale: 1,248 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Check with your pharmacist before combining this product with corticosteroids, diuretics, or digoxin (heart medication) — butternut may worsen potassium loss. Blood thinners like warfarin need caution due to butternut, garlic, papaya, and pau d'arco.

Antidiabetes drugs may have additive effects with garlic, papaya, or clove. Blood pressure medications may be affected by garlic or wood betony.

Levothyroxine (thyroid medication) may be reduced by papaya. Heart rhythm drugs like amiodarone may have increased levels from papaya.

Drugs metabolized by liver enzymes CYP3A4, CYP2D6, CYP1A2, or CYP2C9 may be affected by garlic and clove. Lithium levels may rise with pumpkin.

Protease inhibitors (HIV drugs) and tacrolimus (immunosuppressant) may be affected by garlic. No interactions are documented for black walnut or epazote in our data.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFormula with limited ingredient disclosure with no established evidence rating for its marketed use. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

If you take medications for blood pressure, heart rhythm, blood thinning, diabetes, thyroid function, or mood (especially lithium), check with your pharmacist before using this product — the interactions are real and dosing adjustments may be needed. Similarly, if you take any drug metabolized by your liver, get clearance first.

Pregnant or breastfeeding people should discuss this product with their doctor or pharmacist. For those without significant medication use, individual ingredients are generally tolerated, but long-term safety and effectiveness for parasites are not established in the data we hold.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 9 of 9 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Dec 14, 2023.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Paraherbs, straight from the product label.

Brand MH Michael's Health Naturopathic Programs
Barcode (UPC) 755929010219
Net contents 120 Vegan Capsule(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Dec 14, 2023
DSLD ID 303304
Product type Botanical
Supplement form Capsule
Dietary claims / uses All Other
Intended target group(s) Vegan, Vegetarian, Adult (18 - 50 Years), Kosher, Women (not pregnant or lactating), Dairy Free
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Paraherbs by MH Michael's Health Naturopathic Programs, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
1 Veggie Capsule(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
1 Veggie Capsule(s)
Servings per container
30
UPC/BARCODE
755929010219
IngredientAmount% DV
Proprietary Blend2620 mg--
Pumpkin0 NP--
Butternut0 NP--
Black Walnut0 NP--
Garlic powder concentrate0 NP--
Papaya0 NP--
Clove0 NP--
Wood Betony0 NP--
Epazote0 NP--
Pau d'Arco0 NP--

Other ingredients: Hypromellose, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Leucine

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Directions: As a dietary supplement, take one (1) capsule with each meal and before bed, if desired. Take for four (4) days on and four (4) days off. Drink plenty of water. Dosage may be increased as directed by a healthcare practitioner.

Formulation

Our products contain organically grown herbs, when available.

Made in the U.S.A.

Precautions

Double-sealed for your protection. Do not use if outer seal is broken or missing.

Caution: Keep out of reach of children.

Not to be taken pregnant or lactating women.

Warning: Consuming this product can expose you to chemicals including lead, which is known to the State of California to cause birth defects or other reproductive harm. For more information, go to www.P65Warnings.ca.gov.

Made in a GMP facility that processes egg, fish, milk, peanut, sesame, shellfish, soy, tree nut and wheat products.

Contains tree nuts (black walnut and butternut).

General Statements

Consumer Information Services Voice Mail: 800-845-2730

Family owned and operated.

Formula

Certified Kosher. Shield Star K (Kosher) Parve

Papaya Seed Pumpkin Seed Black Walnut Hull And More...

Seals/Symbols

Shield Star K (Kosher) Parve

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

Brand IP Statement(s)

Michael's Health Naturopathic Programs Since 1984

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Paraherbs by MH Michael's Health Naturopathic Programs label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Paraherbs label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Paraherbs by MH Michael's Health Naturopathic Programs

These are the 9 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size1 Veggie Capsule(s) Dosage formCapsule Servings per container30 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Proprietary Blend

2620 mg per serving

Other (inactive) ingredients: Hypromellose, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Leucine. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Paraherbs by MH Michael's Health Naturopathic Programs Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Paraherbs?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
1,247Drugs
1,247 Moderate

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Garlic powder concentrate 989
Clove 977
Epazote 335
Wood Betony 172
Butternut 122

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Paraherbs interact with 1,247 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

8 of the 9 ingredients in Paraherbs interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Garlic powder concentrate Clove Epazote Wood Betony Butternut Pau d'Arco Papaya Pumpkin

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Paraherbs with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Garlic powder concentrate12 drug types · 989 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Garlic may have antiplatelet effects and may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Raw garlic and a variety of garlic extracts have antiplatelet activity and can increase prothrombin time.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, taking garlic with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Clinical research suggests that garlic and garlic extract lower blood glucose levels in healthy and diabetic individuals.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, taking garlic with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.
In human research, both garlic and garlic extracts have blood pressure-lowering effects.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Atazanavir (Reyataz)

Theoretically, garlic might decrease levels and effects of atazanavir.
In a case report, a patient consuming six stir-fried garlic cloves three times weekly developed suboptimal atazanavir levels and increases in HIV viral load. While the exact cause of this interaction is unclear, there is speculation that garlic might decrease the intestinal absorption of atazanavir or increase its metabolism by inducing cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). Until more is known, advise patients not to consume large amounts of garlic while taking atazanavir.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2E1 (Cyp2E1) Substrates

Garlic might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.
Clinical research suggests garlic oil can inhibit the activity of CYP2E1 by 39%. Use garlic oil cautiously in patients taking drugs metabolized by these enzymes.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, garlic products containing allicin might induce intestinal CYP3A4 and inhibit hepatic CYP3A4. This may increase or decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Some human research suggests that garlic may induce INTESTINAL CYP3A4, reducing levels of drugs metabolized by this enzyme. This is primarily based on a study showing that taking a specific allicin-containing garlic product (GarliPure Maximum Allicin Formula, Natrol Inc.) twice daily for 3 days reduces saquinavir levels by approximately 50%. It is speculated that the allicin constituent induced CYP3A4 in the gut mucosa. Another study shows that giving docetaxel intravenously, bypassing the CYP3A4 enzymes in the gut mucosa, along with the same specific garlic product for 12 consecutive days, does not affect docetaxel levels. Conversely, there is concern that garlic may inhibit HEPATIC CYP3A4. In a single case report, increased tacrolimus levels and liver injury occurred in a liver transplant patient after taking a specific garlic supplement (Garlicin Cardio, Nature's Way) at up to three times the manufacturer recommended dose for 7 days. Several other studies have evaluated the impact of other garlic formulations on CYP3A4 substrates and have found no effect. Most of the products in these studies provided little or no allicin.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Isoniazid

Theoretically, garlic might decrease levels of isoniazid.
Animal research suggests that an aqueous extract of garlic reduces isoniazid levels by about 65%. Garlic reduced the maximum concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC), but not the half-life, of isoniazid. This suggests that garlic extract might inhibit isoniazid absorption across the intestinal mucosa; however, the exact mechanism of this potential interaction is not known.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Protease Inhibitors (Pis)

Theoretically, garlic products containing allicin might decrease levels of PIs.
Protease inhibitors are metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) isoenzymes. There is concern that garlic products containing allicin might induce intestinal CYP3A4, reducing plasma levels of protease inhibitors. This is primarily based on a study showing that taking a specific garlic product (GarliPure Maximum Allicin Formula, Natrol Inc.) twice daily for 3 days reduces levels of saquinavir, a PI, by approximately 50%. It is speculated that the allicin constituent induce CYP3A4 in the gut mucosa. Several studies have evaluated the impact of other garlic formulations on CYP3A4 substrates and have found no effect. Most of the products in these studies provided little or no allicin.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Saquinavir (Fortovase, Invirase)

Theoretically, garlic containing allicin might decrease levels of saquinavir.
Saquinavir is a substrate of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) isoenzymes. There is concern that garlic products containing allicin might induce intestinal CYP3A4 and cause subtherapeutic levels of saquinavir. This is primarily based on a pharmacokinetic study showing that taking a specific garlic product (GarliPure Maximum Allicin Formula, Natrol Inc.) twice daily for 3 days reduces saquinavir levels by approximately 50%. It is speculated that the allicin constituent induces CYP3A4 in the gut mucosa. Several pharmacokinetic studies have evaluated the impact of other garlic formulations on CYP3A4 substrates and have found no effect. Most of the products in these studies provided little or no allicin. Until more is known about this potential interaction, use garlic containing allicin cautiously in patients taking saquinavir.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Sofosbuvir (Sovaldi)

Theoretically, taking garlic with sofosbuvir might decrease its effectiveness.
Animal research in rats shows that giving aged garlic extract 120 mg/kg orally daily for 14 days decreases the area under the concentration time curve (AUC) after a single sofosbuvir dose of 40 mg/kg by 36%, increases the clearance by 63%, and decreases the plasma concentrations at 1 and 8 hours by 35% and 58%, respectively. This interaction is hypothesized to be due to induction of intestinal P-glycoprotein expression by garlic.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Tacrolimus (Prograf)

Theoretically, garlic might increase levels of tacrolimus.
In one case report, a liver transplant patient taking tacrolimus experienced increased tacrolimus levels and liver injury after taking a specific garlic supplement (Garlicin Cardio, Nature's Way) at up to three times the manufacturer recommended dose for 7 days. It is speculated that garlic inhibited hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), which increased plasma levels of tacrolimus.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Theoretically, garlic might increase the risk of bleeding with warfarin.
Raw garlic and a variety of garlic extracts have antiplatelet activity and can increase prothrombin time. In addition, there is a report of two patients who experienced an increase in a previously stabilized international normalized ratio (INR) with concomitant garlic and warfarin use. However, this report has been subsequently debated due to limited clinical information. Other clinical studies have not identified an effect of garlic on INR, warfarin pharmacokinetics, or bleeding risk. More evidence is needed to determine the safety of using garlic with warfarin.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Garlic powder concentrate full monograph & interactions

Clove7 drug types · 977 drugs

Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, concomitant use of clove extracts with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Clinical and laboratory research suggest that polyphenol extracts from clove flower buds might lower blood glucose levels. Dosing adjustments for insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents may be necessary when taken with clove. Monitor blood glucose levels closely.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
In vitro research shows that eugenol, the principal constituent of clove, can inhibit CYP1A2 in a dose-dependent manner,. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (Cyp2C9) Substrates

Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C9.
In vitro research shows that eugenol, the principal constituent of clove, inhibits CYP2C9 in a dose-dependent manner. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (Cyp2D6) Substrates

Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2D6.
In vitro research shows that eugenol, the principal constituent of clove, can inhibit CYP2D6 in a dose-dependent manner. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
In vitro research shows that eugenol, the principal constituent of clove, can inhibit CYP3A4 in a dose-dependent manner. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, clove oil may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Laboratory research suggests that eugenol, a constituent of clove, has antiplatelet activity. This interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence D
Ibuprofen (Advil, Others)

Theoretically, topical application of clove oil with ibuprofen might increase the absorption and side effects of topical ibuprofen.
Laboratory research shows that topical application of clove oil increases the absorption of topical ibuprofen. This interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Clove full monograph & interactions

Epazote1 drug type · 335 drugs

Photosensitizing Drugs

Theoretically, concomitant use of chenopodium oil with other photosensitizing drugs can increase the risk of adverse effects.
Chenopodium species are also associated with photosensitivity.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Epazote full monograph & interactions

Wood Betony1 drug type · 172 drugs

Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, betony might have additive effects with blood pressure lowering drugs due to hypotensive activity of the glycosides found in betony. It might also interfere with the activity of pressor drugs. Some antihypertensive drugs include captopril (Capoten), enalapril (Vasotec), losartan (Cozaar), valsartan (Diovan), diltiazem (Cardizem), Amlodipine (Norvasc), hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDiuril), furosemide (Lasix), and many others.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Wood Betony full monograph & interactions

Butternut5 drug types · 122 drugs

Corticosteroids

Butternut has stimulant laxative effects. Theoretically, concomitant use of corticosteroids with butternut can increase the risk of potassium depletion.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Digoxin (Lanoxin)

Butternut has stimulant laxative effects. Theoretically, potassium depletion associated with butternut might increase the risk of digoxin toxicity.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Diuretic Drugs

Butternut has stimulant laxative effects. Theoretically, overuse of butternut might compound diuretic-induced potassium loss. There is some concern that people receiving butternut along with potassium-depleting diuretics might be at an increased risk for hypokalemia.
Some diuretics that can deplete potassium include chlorothiazide (Diuril), chlorthalidone (Thalitone), furosemide (Lasix), hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ, Hydrodiuril, Microzide), and others.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Stimulant Laxatives

Butternut has stimulant laxative effects. Concomitant use with stimulant laxative medications might compound fluid and electrolyte loss.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Butternut has stimulant laxative effects. In some people butternut can cause diarrhea. Diarrhea can increase the effects of warfarin, increase international normalized ratio (INR), and increase the risk of bleeding. Advise patients who take warfarin not to take excessive amounts of butternut.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Butternut full monograph & interactions

Pau d'Arco1 drug type · 122 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, pau d'arco might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
In vitro research shows that pau d'arco reduces platelet aggregation and may interfere with vitamin K. One clinical study shows that taking the lapachol constituent of pau d'arco in doses above 1.5 grams daily increases the risk of bleeding. The effects of whole pau d'arco or pau d'arco extract in humans are unclear.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Pau d'Arco full monograph & interactions

Papaya4 drug types · 92 drugs

Amiodarone (Cordarone)

Theoretically, papaya extract may increase the levels and clinical effects of amiodarone.
Animal research in rats shows that a single oral dose of papaya extract, as well as multiple doses of papaya extract daily over 14 days, prior to a single dose of amiodarone delays the time to maximum amiodarone concentration. However, only the 14-day papaya extract regimen increases systemic amiodarone exposure by 60% to 70%. This interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Antidiabetes Drugs

Concomitant use of antidiabetic drugs with fermented papaya can produce additive effects. It is unclear if other forms of papaya have the same effect.
A small low-quality clinical study in patients with type 2 diabetes who are taking glibenclamide shows that taking a fermented papaya preparation 3 grams daily for 2 months decreases fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels when compared to baseline. Additionally, of the 25 patients in the study, 9 required a reduction in glibenclamide dose.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Levothyroxine (Synthroid, Others)

Theoretically, consuming large quantities of papaya fruit can reduce the clinical effects of levothyroxine.
In one case-report, a 37-year-old male with a history of thyroidectomy who was stabilized on levothyroxine for 5 years presented with hypothyroidism after consuming 5-6 papaya fruits daily for 14 days during vacation. In a controlled re-challenge test involving 5-6 papayas daily, the patient remained euthyroid for 7 days, but developed mild hypothyroidism after 14 days. Both times, thyroid levels normalized 40-45 days after discontinuing papaya.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Theoretically, concomitant use of warfarin with papain-containing papaya extract might increase the effects and side effects of warfarin.
In one case report, a patient previously stable on warfarin was found to have an international normalization ratio (INR) of 7.4, which was attributed to ingestion of a supplement containing papain from papaya extract.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Papaya full monograph & interactions

Pumpkin1 drug type · 1 drug

Lithium

Pumpkin might reduce excretion and increase levels of lithium.
Pumpkin is thought to have diuretic properties. Theoretically, this might reduce excretion and increase levels of lithium. The dose of lithium might need to be decreased.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Pumpkin full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Paraherbs, from the product label.

MH Michael's Health Naturopathic Programs

See all MH Michael's Health Naturopathic Programs products
Name
Michael's Naturopathic Programs
Street Address
6003 Randolph Blvd
City
San Antonio
State
Texas
ZipCode
78233
Phone Number
800-845-2730
Web Address
michaelshealth.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Paraherbs by MH Michael's Health Naturopathic Programs: Common Questions

Does Paraherbs by MH Michael's Health Naturopathic Programs interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Paraherbs has a known interaction with 1,247 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Paraherbs contains 9 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Can I take Paraherbs if I'm on warfarin or other blood thinners?
Not without checking with your pharmacist first. Butternut, garlic, papaya, and pau d'arco all carry a moderate risk of increasing bleeding when combined with blood thinners. Your pharmacist can review your specific dose and situation and may recommend monitoring or adjusting timing.
What's the most common side effect I might notice?
Since butternut is a stimulant laxative, diarrhea and gastrointestinal discomfort are likely the most common effects, especially at higher doses. Garlic may also cause abdominal pain, flatulence, and nausea in some people.
Is this safe to take if I'm pregnant?
Several ingredients lack adequate pregnancy safety data, and butternut is rated likely unsafe due to its laxative effects. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist before using this product during pregnancy — they can weigh the risks and benefits for your situation.
Does Paraherbs actually work for parasites?
The facts on file do not establish effectiveness for parasitic infection. Most ingredients in this product have insufficient evidence to rate them for that use, so we cannot confirm whether it works for that purpose.
What if I take diabetes medication?
Garlic, papaya, and clove all theoretically increase the risk of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) when combined with diabetes drugs. Your doctor may need to adjust your medication dose, so check before starting.
Are there any ingredients I might be allergic to?
Black walnut is a tree nut and can trigger allergic reactions in people sensitive to nuts — this is a major food allergen. Papaya may also cause allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis in rare cases. If you have a tree nut or papaya allergy, avoid this product.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

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The Full Monographs Behind Paraherbs’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Pumpkin

Interacts with 1 drug

Pumpkin is a nutritious squash, and its seeds and seed oil are the parts most often used as supplements, mainly for urinary and prostate symptoms. The evidence for these uses is limited and...

Read the full Pumpkin monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Butternut

Interacts with 122 drugs

Butternut (Juglans cinerea) is a North American tree whose inner bark was traditionally used as a mild laxative and folk remedy. Modern scientific evidence supporting any of its uses is very...

Read the full Butternut monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Black Walnut

Black walnut is a tree whose green hulls are traditionally used as a natural antiparasitic and digestive remedy, but solid human evidence for these uses is lacking. It contains a compound ca...

Read the full Black Walnut monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Garlic

Interacts with 989 drugs

Garlic is a common food and supplement that may modestly help with blood pressure and cholesterol, though the evidence is mixed and effects are usually small. It is generally safe in food am...

Read the full Garlic monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Papaya

Interacts with 92 drugs

Papaya is a tropical fruit that is nutritious and generally safe to eat as food, and it contains an enzyme called papain used as a digestive aid and meat tenderizer. Papaya leaf extract is b...

Read the full Papaya monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Clove

Interacts with 977 drugs

Clove is a common cooking spice that is also used in traditional medicine, especially as a topical numbing agent for tooth pain thanks to its main compound, eugenol. Food amounts are general...

Read the full Clove monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Betony

Interacts with 172 drugs

Betony (Stachys officinalis) is a traditional European herb long used for headaches, nervous tension, and digestive complaints. Modern scientific evidence supporting these uses is very limit...

Read the full Betony monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Chenopodium Oil

Interacts with 335 drugs

Chenopodium oil is a strong-smelling essential oil from the epazote plant that was historically used to treat intestinal worms. It contains ascaridole, a compound that is quite toxic, and ov...

Read the full Chenopodium Oil monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Pau D'arco

Interacts with 122 drugs

Pau d'arco is a South American tree bark traditionally used for infections and inflammation, and it contains compounds like lapachol that show activity in lab studies. However, strong human...

Read the full Pau D'arco monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Paraherbs's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 215 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Pumpkin 5 references
  1. Marks L, Partin AW, Epstein JI, et al. Effects of a saw palmetto herbal blend in men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 2000;163:1451-6. DOI
  2. Cho YH, Lee SY, Jeong DW, et al. Effect of pumpkin seed oil on hair growth in men with androgenetic alopecia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2014;2014:549721. PubMed
  3. Vahlensieck W, Theurer C, Pfitzer E, Patz B, Banik N, Engelmann U. Effects of pumpkin seed in men with lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia in the one-year, randomized, placebo-controlled GRANU study. Urol Int 2015;94(3):286-95 PubMed
  4. Assouly P. Hair loss associated with cucurbit poisoning. JAMA Dermatol. 2018 May 1;154(5):617-618. PubMed
  5. Gawryjolek J, Ludwig H, Zbikowska-Götz M, Bartuzi Z, Krogulska A. Anaphylaxis after consumption of pumpkin seeds in a 2-y-old child tolerant to its pulp: A case study. Nutrition 2021;89:111272. PubMed

See these in context on the Pumpkin monograph →

Butternut 3 references
  1. Blumenthal M, ed. The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Trans. S. Klein. Boston, MA: American Botanical Council, 1998.
  2. McGuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R, Goldberg A, eds. American Herbal Products Association's Botanical Safety Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, LLC 1997.
  3. Brinker F. Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 2nd ed. Sandy, OR: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1998.

See these in context on the Butternut monograph →

Black Walnut 3 references
  1. Blumenthal M, ed. The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Trans. S. Klein. Boston, MA: American Botanical Council, 1998.
  2. McGuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R, Goldberg A, eds. American Herbal Products Association's Botanical Safety Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, LLC 1997.
  3. Food and Drug Administration. Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004 (FALCPA); Public Law 108-282, Title II. Accessed on May 19, 2021. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/food/food-allergensgluten-free-guidance-documents-regulatory-infor

See these in context on the Black Walnut monograph →

Garlic 154 references
  1. Silagy CA, Neil HA. A meta-analysis of the effect of garlic on blood pressure. J Hypertens 1994;12:463-8. DOI
  2. McMahon FG, Vargas R. Can garlic lower blood pressure? A pilot study. Pharmacotherapy 1993;13:406-7. DOI
  3. Auer W, Eiber A, Hertkorn E, et al. Hypertension and hyperlipidaemia: garlic helps in mild cases. Br J Clin Pract Suppl 1990;69:3-6.
  4. Garty BZ. Garlic burns. Pediatrics 1993;91:658-9.
  5. Rose KD, Croissant PD, Parliament CF, Levin MB. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma with associated platelet dysfunction from excessive garlic ingestion: a case report. Neurosurg 1990;26:880-2. PubMed
  6. Burnham BE. Garlic as a possible risk for postoperative bleeding. Plast Reconstr Surg 1995;95:213.
  7. Sunter WH. Warfarin and garlic. Pharm J 1991;246:722.
  8. Berthold HK, Sudhop T, von Bergmann K. Effect of a garlic oil preparation on serum lipoproteins and cholesterol metabolism. JAMA 1998;279:1900-2.
  9. Steiner M, Khan AH, Holbert D, Lin RI. A double-blind crossover study in moderately hypercholesterolemic men that compared the effect of aged garlic extract and placebo administration on blood lipids. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;64:866-70. PubMed
  10. Steiner M, Lin RS. Changes in platelet function and susceptibility of lipoproteins to oxidation associated with administration of aged garlic extract. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1998;31:904-8. PubMed
  11. Gwilt PR, Lear CL, Tempero MA, et al. The effect of garlic extract on human metabolism of acetaminophen. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1994;3:155-60.
  12. Rahman K, Billington D. Dietary supplementation with aged garlic extract inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation in humans. J Nutr 2000;130:2662-5. PubMed
  13. Bloch AS. Pushing the Envelope of Nutrition Support: Complementary Therapies. Nutrition 2000;16:236-9. PubMed
  14. Steiner M, Li W. Aged garlic extract, a modulator of cardiovascular risk factors: a dose-finding study on the effects of AGE on platelet functions. J Nutr 2001;131:980S-4S. PubMed
  15. Mader FH. Treatment of hyperlipidaemia with garlic-powder tablets. Evidence from the German Association of General Practitioners' multicentric placebo-controlled double-blind study. Arzneimittelforschung 1990;40:1111-6.
  16. Vorberg G, Schneider B. Therapy with garlic: results of a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Br J Clin Pract Symp Suppl 1990;69:7-11.
  17. Simons LA, Balasubramaniam S, von Konigsmark M, et al. On the effect of garlic on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in mild hypercholesterolaemia. Atherosclerosis 1995;113:219-25. PubMed
  18. Neil HA, Silagy CA, Lancaster T, et al. Garlic powder in the treatment of moderate hyperlipidaemia: a controlled trial and meta-analysis. J R Coll Physicians Lond 1996;30:329-34. DOI
  19. Koscielny J, Klussendorf D, Latza R, et al. The antiatherosclerotic effect of Allium sativum. Atherosclerosis 1999;144:237-49. PubMed
  20. Kiesewetter H, Jung F, Jung EM, et al. Effects of garlic coated tablets in peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Clin Investig 1993;71:383-6. PubMed
  21. Kiesewetter H, Jung F, Jung EM, et al. Effect of garlic on platelet aggregation in patients with increased risk of juvenile ischaemic attack. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1993;45:333-6. PubMed
  22. Legnani C, Frascaro M, Guazzaloca G, et al. Effects of a dried garlic preparation on fibrinolysis and platelet aggregation in healthy subjects. Arzneimittelforschung 1993;43:119-22.
  23. Mennella JA, Johnson A, Beauchamp GK. Garlic ingestion by pregnant women alters the odor of amniotic fluid. Chem Senses 1995;20:207-9. PubMed
  24. Mennella JA, Beauchamp GK. Maternal diet alters the sensory qualities of human milk and the nursling's behavior. Pediatrics 1991;88:737-44. DOI
  25. Mennella JA, Beauchamp GK. The effects of repeated exposure to garlic-flavored milk on the nursling's behavior. Pediatr Res 1993;34:805-8. PubMed
  26. Cronin E. Dermatitis of the hands in caterers. Contact Dermatitis 1987;17:265-9. PubMed
  27. Lee TY, Lam TH. Contact dermatitis due to topical treatment with garlic in Hong Kong. Contact Dermatitis 1991;24:193-6. PubMed
  28. Bruynzeel DP. Bulb dermatitis. Dermatological problems in the flower bulb industries. Contact Dermatitis 1997;37:70-7.
  29. Stevinson C, Pittler MH, Ernst E. Garlic for treating hypercholesterolemia: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Ann Intern Med 2000;133:420-9. PubMed
  30. Ackermann RT, Mulrow CD, Ramirez G, et al. Garlic shows promise for improving some cardiovascular risk factors. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:813-24. PubMed
  31. Piscitelli SC, Burstein AH, Welden N, et al. The effect of garlic supplements on the pharmacokinetics of saquinavir. Clin Infect Dis 2002;34:234-8. PubMed
  32. Ziaei S, Hantoshzadeh S, Rezasoltani P, Lamyian M. The effect of garlic tablet on plasma lipids and platelet aggregation in nulliparous pregnants at high risk of preeclampsia. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2001;99:201-6.. PubMed
  33. Markowitz JS, Devane CL, Chavin KD, et al. Effects of garlic (Allium sativum L.) supplementation on cytochrome P450 2D6 and 3A4 activity in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003;74:170-7.. PubMed
  34. Josling P. Preventing the common cold with a garlic supplement: a double-blind, placebo-controlled survey. Adv Ther 2001;18:189-93. PubMed
  35. Gurley BJ, Gardner SF, Hubbard MA, et al. Cytochrome P450 phenotypic ratios for predicting herb-drug interactions in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002;72:276-87.. PubMed
  36. Farnsworth N, Bingel A, Cordell G, et al. Potential value of plants as sources of new antifertility agents I. J Pharm Sci 1975;64:535-98. DOI
  37. Carden SM, Good WV, Carden PA, Good RM. Garlic and the strabismus surgeon. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2002;30:303-4. PubMed
  38. Kanerva L, Estlander T, Jolanki R. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from spices. Contact Dermatitis 1996;35:157-62. PubMed
  39. Dehghani F, Merat A, Panjehshahin MR, Handjani F. Healing effect of garlic extract on warts and corns. Int J Dermatol 2005;44:612-5. PubMed
  40. Dhamija P, Malhotra S, Pandhi P. Effect of oral administration of crude aqueous extract of garlic on pharmacokinetic parameters of isoniazid and rifampicin in rabbits. Pharmacology 2006;77:100-4. PubMed
  41. Macan H, Uykimpang R, Alconcel M, et al. Aged garlic extract may be safe for patients on warfarin therapy. J Nutr 2006;136(3 Suppl):793S-795S. PubMed
  42. Hubbard VG, Goldsmith P. Garlic-fingered chefs. Contact Dermatitis 2005;52:165-6. PubMed
  43. Mohammed Abdul MI, Jiang X, Williams KM, et al. Pharmacodynamic interaction of warfarin with cranberry but not with garlic in healthy subjects. Br J Pharmacol 2008;154:1691-700. PubMed
  44. Ried K, Frank OR, Stocks NP, et al. Effect of garlic on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2008;8:13. PubMed
  45. Cox MC, Low J, Lee J, et al. Influence of garlic (Allium sativum) on the pharmacokinetics of docetaxel. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:4636-40.
  46. van der Walt, A., Lopata, A. L., Nieuwenhuizen, N. E., and Jeebhay, M. F. Work-related allergy and asthma in spice mill workers - The impact of processing dried spices on IgE reactivity patterns. Int Arch.Allergy Immunol. 2010;152(3):271-278. PubMed
  47. Huang, J., Frohlich, J., and Ignaszewski, A. P. The impact of dietary changes and dietary supplements on lipid profile. Can J Cardiol 2011;27(4):488-505. PubMed
  48. Hasani-Ranjbar, S., Nayebi, N., Moradi, L., Mehri, A., Larijani, B., and Abdollahi, M. The efficacy and safety of herbal medicines used in the treatment of hyperlipidemia; a systematic review. Curr.Pharm.Des 2010;16(26):2935-2947. PubMed
  49. Eming, S. A., Piontek, J. O., Hunzelmann, N., Rasokat, H., and Scharffetter-Kachanek, K. Severe toxic contact dermatitis caused by garlic. Br J Dermatol. 1999;141(2):391-392. PubMed
  50. Seuri, M., Taivanen, A., Ruoppi, P., and Tukiainen, H. Three cases of occupational asthma and rhinitis caused by garlic. Clin Exp.Allergy 1993;23(12):1011-1014. PubMed
  51. Rafaat, M. and Leung, A. K. Garlic burns. Pediatr Dermatol. 2000;17(6):475-476.
  52. Vaes, L. P. and Chyka, P. A. Interactions of warfarin with garlic, ginger, ginkgo, or ginseng: nature of the evidence. Ann Pharmacother 2000;34(12):1478-1482. PubMed
  53. Hviid, K. and Alsbjorn, B. ["Burns" caused by local application of garlic]. Ugeskr.Laeger 12-11-2000;162(50):6853-6854.
  54. Baruchin, A. M., Sagi, A., Yoffe, B., and Ronen, M. Garlic burns. Burns 2001;27(7):781-782.
  55. Pereira, F., Hatia, M., and Cardoso, J. Systemic contact dermatitis from diallyl disulfide. Contact Dermatitis 2002;46(2):124. PubMed
  56. Hughes, T. M., Varma, S., and Stone, N. M. Occupational contact dermatitis from a garlic and herb mixture. Contact Dermatitis 2002;47(1):48. PubMed
  57. Dillon, S. A., Burmi, R. S., Lowe, G. M., Billington, D., and Rahman, K. Antioxidant properties of aged garlic extract: an in vitro study incorporating human low density lipoprotein. Life Sci. 2-21-2003;72(14):1583-1594. PubMed
  58. Groppo, F. C., Ramacciato, J. C., Simoes, R. P., Florio, F. M., and Sartoratto, A. Antimicrobial activity of garlic, tea tree oil, and chlorhexidine against oral microorganisms. Int.Dent.J. 2002;52(6):433-437. PubMed
  59. Lachter, J., Babich, J. P., Brookman, J. C., and Factor, A. Y. Garlic: a way out of work. Mil.Med 2003;168(6):499-500. DOI
  60. Hjorth, N. and Roed-Petersen, J. Occupational protein contact dermatitis in food handlers. Contact Dermatitis 1976;2(1):28-42. PubMed
  61. van Ketel, W. G. and de Haan, P. Occupational eczema from garlic and onion. Contact Dermatitis 1978;4(1):53-54. PubMed
  62. McFadden, J. P., White, I. R., and Rycroft, R. J. Allergic contact dermatitis from garlic. Contact Dermatitis 1992;27(5):333-334. PubMed
  63. Tanamai, J., Veeramanomai, S., and Indrakosas, N. The efficacy of cholesterol-lowering action and side effects of garlic enteric coated tablets in man. J Med Assoc.Thai. 2004;87(10):1156-1161.
  64. Ashraf, R., Aamir, K., Shaikh, A. R., and Ahmed, T. Effects of garlic on dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Ayub.Med Coll.Abbottabad. 2005;17(3):60-64.
  65. Laing, M. E., Barry, J., Buckley, A. M., and Murphy, G. M. Immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions to food and latex in a chef. Contact Dermatitis 2006;55(3):193-194. PubMed
  66. Friedman, T., Shalom, A., and Westreich, M. Self-inflicted garlic burns: our experience and literature review. Int.J Dermatol. 2006;45(10):1161-1163. PubMed
  67. van Doorn, M. B., Espirito Santo, S. M., Meijer, P., Kamerling, I. M., Schoemaker, R. C., Dirsch, V., Vollmar, A., Haffner, T., Gebhardt, R., Cohen, A. F., Princen, H. M., and Burggraaf, J. Effect of garlic powder on C-reactive protein and plasma lipids
  68. Ekeowa-Anderson, A. L., Shergill, B., and Goldsmith, P. Allergic contact cheilitis to garlic. Contact Dermatitis 2007;56(3):174-175. PubMed
  69. Gadkari JV, Joshi VD. Effect of ingestion of raw garlic on serum cholesterol level, clotting time and fibrinolytic activity in normal subjects. J Postgrad.Med 1991;37:128-131.
  70. McFadden, J. P., White, J. M., Basketter, D. A., and Kimber, I. Reduced allergy rates in atopic eczema to contact allergens used in both skin products and foods: atopy and the 'hapten-atopy hypothesis'. Contact Dermatitis 2008;58(3):156-158. PubMed
  71. Lembo, G., Balato, N., Patruno, C., Auricchio, L., and Ayala, F. Allergic contact dermatitis due to garlic (Allium sativum). Contact Dermatitis 1991;25(5):330-331.
  72. Bordel-Gomez, M. T. and Miranda-Romero, A. Sensitivity to diallyl disulfide in a Spanish population. Contact Dermatitis 2008;59(2):125-126. PubMed
  73. Reinhart, K. M., Coleman, C. I., Teevan, C., Vachhani, P., and White, C. M. Effects of garlic on blood pressure in patients with and without systolic hypertension: a meta-analysis. Ann.Pharmacother. 2008;42(12):1766-1771. PubMed
  74. Bagga, S., Thomas, B. S., and Bhat, M. Garlic burn as self-inflicted mucosal injury--a case report and review of the literature. Quintessence.Int. 2008;39(6):491-494.
  75. Shakeel, M., Trinidade, A., McCluney, N., and Clive, B. Complementary and alternative medicine in epistaxis: a point worth considering during the patient's history. Eur.J.Emerg.Med. 2010;17(1):17-19. PubMed
  76. Smyth, A. R., Cifelli, P. M., Ortori, C. A., Righetti, K., Lewis, S., Erskine, P., Holland, E. D., Givskov, M., Williams, P., Camara, M., Barrett, D. A., and Knox, A. Garlic as an inhibitor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing in cystic fibrosis--a p
  77. Russell, J. E. Chinese complementary therapy for stress causing bilateral chemical burns to the feet. Emerg.Med.J. 2010;27(10):787. PubMed
  78. Adachi, A. [Two cases of eosinophilic gastroenteritis whose causative allergens are usefully diagnosed by patch test]. Arerugi 2010;59(5):545-551.
  79. Ried, K., Frank, O. R., and Stocks, N. P. Aged garlic extract lowers blood pressure in patients with treated but uncontrolled hypertension: a randomised controlled trial. Maturitas 2010;67(2):144-150. PubMed
  80. Hansanugrum, A. and Barringer, S. A. Effect of milk on the deodorization of malodorous breath after garlic ingestion. J.Food Sci. 8-1-2010;75(6):C549-C558. PubMed
  81. Hurley, M. N., Forrester, D. L., and Smyth, A. R. Antibiotic adjuvant therapy for pulmonary infection in cystic fibrosis. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2010;(10):CD008037. PubMed
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  83. Takeuchi, S., Matsuzaki, Y., Ikenaga, S., Nishikawa, Y., Kimura, K., Nakano, H., and Sawamura, D. Garlic-induced irritant contact dermatitis mimicking nail psoriasis. J.Dermatol. 2011;38(3):280-282. PubMed
  84. Davis, L. E., Shen, J. K., and Cai, Y. Antifungal activity in human cerebrospinal fluid and plasma after intravenous administration of Allium sativum. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. 1990;34(4):651-653. PubMed
  85. Ashraf, R., Khan, R. A., and Ashraf, I. Garlic (Allium sativum) supplementation with standard antidiabetic agent provides better diabetic control in type 2 diabetes patients. Pak.J.Pharm.Sci. 2011;24(4):565-570.
  86. Bakhshi, M., Taheri, J. B., Shabestari, S. B., Tanik, A., and Pahlevan, R. Comparison of therapeutic effect of aqueous extract of garlic and nystatin mouthwash in denture stomatitis. Gerodontology. 2012;29(2):e680-e684. PubMed
  87. Kianoush, S., Balali-Mood, M., Mousavi, S. R., Moradi, V., Sadeghi, M., Dadpour, B., Rajabi, O., and Shakeri, M. T. Comparison of therapeutic effects of garlic and d-Penicillamine in patients with chronic occupational lead poisoning. Basic Clin.Pharmacol
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  89. Nantz, M. P., Rowe, C. A., Muller, C. E., Creasy, R. A., Stanilka, J. M., and Percival, S. S. Supplementation with aged garlic extract improves both NK and gammadelta-T cell function and reduces the severity of cold and flu symptoms: a randomized, double
  90. Fedder, S. L. Spinal epidural hematoma and garlic ingestion. Neurosurgery 1990;27(4):659. DOI
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  92. Kaplan, B., Schewach-Millet, M., and Yorav, S. Factitial dermatitis induced by application of garlic. Int J Dermatol. 1990;29(1):75-76. PubMed
  93. Harenberg, J., Giese, C., and Zimmermann, R. Effect of dried garlic on blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, platelet aggregation and serum cholesterol levels in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. Atherosclerosis 1988;74(3):247-249. PubMed
  94. Parish, R. A., McIntire, S., and Heimbach, D. M. Garlic burns: a naturopathic remedy gone awry. Pediatr.Emerg.Care 1987;3(4):258-260.
  95. Bojs, G. and Svensson, A. Contact allergy to garlic used for wound healing. Contact Dermatitis 1988;18(3):179-181. PubMed
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  100. anonymous. Garlic in cryptococcal meningitis: a preliminary report of 21 cases. Chin Med J (Engl.) 1980;93(2):123-126.
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  115. Yeh YY, Lin RI, Yeh SM, and et al. Garlic reduces plasma cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic men maintaining habitual diets. In: Ohigashi H, Osawa T, Terao J, and et al. Food Factors for Cancer Prevention. Tokyo, Japan: Springer-Verlag;1997. DOI
  116. Edelstein AJ and Johnstown PA. Dermatitis caused by garlic. Arch Dermatol 1950;61:111. PubMed
  117. Fleischer S, Bayerl C, and Jung EG. [Occupational allergic hand dermatitis to garlic in a pizza baker]. Aktuelle Dermatol 1996;22:278-279.
  118. Gaddoni G, Selvi M, Resta F, and et al. Allergic contact dermatitis to garlic in a cook. Ann Ital Dermatol Clin Sperimentale 1994;48:120-121.
  119. Ince DI, Sonmez GT, and Ince ML. Effects garlic on aerobic performance. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2000;30(6):557-561.
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Papaya 14 references
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Clove 26 references
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Betony 2 references
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Chenopodium Oil 2 references
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Pau D'arco 6 references
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