Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by ProCaps Laboratories

Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits label
See full label image
Capsule Category: Fat/fatty Acid
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits is a dietary supplement by ProCaps Laboratories with 2 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for source of omega-3 (ala) fatty acids, heart and cholesterol health, dry skin and inflammation.Based on those ingredients, 309 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Flaxseed Oil. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits by ProCaps Laboratories

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits by ProCaps Laboratories — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits by ProCaps Laboratories

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Sep 3, 2026

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 5 of its 5 active ingredients.
  • “Flaxseed Oil” is listed as a grouped ingredient — the label gives one combined amount (50 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.
  • “Soy Lecithin Oil” is listed as a grouped ingredient — the label gives one combined amount (1.20 Gram(s)) without saying how much of each component you get.

This product contains 5 active ingredients. The two you'll see most prominently are choline and phosphatidylcholine (a form of choline naturally found in cell membranes).

The other actives are alpha-linolenic acid, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and phosphatidyl inositol. It also includes flaxseed oil and soy lecithin oil for their omega-3 and phospholipid content.

The capsule itself is a soft-gelatin shell, an inactive ingredient that holds everything together.

Does it work?

Not established
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Not established

The graded evidence we hold for these ingredients covers different conditions than the ones this product is marketed for, so there's no established rating for its stated use.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: liver and brain health support.
  • We looked for evidence on: Age-related cognitive decline, Alcohol-related liver disease, Alzheimer disease, Cirrhosis, Cognitive function, Dementia — and 4 related terms.
  • The closest evidence on file: Choline is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Age-related cognitive decline (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Choline is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Alzheimer disease, Cognitive function, Dementia, Hepatitis.
  • Also on file: Phosphatidylcholine is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Alcohol-related liver disease, Alzheimer disease.

The evidence for what this product does varies by ingredient. Phosphatidylcholine shows possibly effective evidence for ulcerative colitis; for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and Alzheimer disease, the evidence isn't established enough to rate it.

Choline has possibly ineffective evidence for athletic performance, and for conditions like age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer disease, there isn't enough reliable evidence to know whether it works. The effectiveness of the other ingredients in this formula isn't established in the data we hold.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Flaxseed Oil Lecithin Choline Phosphatidylcholine

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 2 of the 2 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 2 of 2.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 2 of 2.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Choline is generally well tolerated at food levels but can cause side effects at high doses above 3.5 grams daily—mainly a fishy body odor, and at very high doses (9+ grams daily), nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and sweating. Phosphatidylcholine is also generally well tolerated; the most common oral side effects are bloating, diarrhea, nausea, and altered taste, especially at large doses.

Choline is rated likely safe in pregnancy and is actually needed during pregnancy and breastfeeding, though you should use it only as your doctor advises. For phosphatidylcholine in pregnancy and while breastfeeding, there isn't enough reliable data, so talk with your doctor before taking it during these times.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Flaxseed Oil Lecithin Choline Phosphatidylcholine

Meds to double-check

Minor interactions only
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Minor only

Only Minor-severity interactions are documented for these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • 1 of the 2 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Choline.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Minor.
  • For scale: 16 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before you take this product, double-check if you use atropine or anticholinergic medications—choline may reduce their effects. Use the interaction checker on this page to run your complete medication list, since the data we have covers 16 individual drugs across the ingredients we could check.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with no established evidence rating for its marketed use. Only minor medication interactions are documented, and safety information is well characterized.

This product could be worth considering if you're looking at liver and brain support, though the evidence for what it actually does is mixed and incomplete. If you take atropine or any other prescription medication, check with your doctor or pharmacist before starting—this product may interact with certain drugs.

At typical doses it's generally well tolerated, but high doses can trigger digestive upset and other side effects. Talk it over with your own healthcare provider to see if it fits your situation.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 2 of 5 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Feb 26, 2014.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits, straight from the product label.

Brand ProCaps Laboratories
Net contents 360 Easy To Swallow Capsule(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Feb 26, 2014
DSLD ID 30434
Product type Fat/fatty Acid
Supplement form Capsule
Dietary claims / uses Nutrient, All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years), Gluten Free, Dairy Free, Sugar Free
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits by ProCaps Laboratories, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
2 Capsule(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
2 Capsule(s)
Servings per container
180
IngredientAmount% DV
Calories10 {Calories}--
Calories from Fat10 {Calories}--
Total Fat1 Gram(s)2%
Trans Fat0 Gram(s)--
Alpha-Linolenic Acid35 mg--
Choline60 mg--
Flaxseed Oil50 mg--
Soy Lecithin Oil1.2 Gram(s)--
Phosphatidyl Choline420 mg--
Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine60 mg--
Phosphatidyl Inositol36 mg--

Other ingredients: Soft-gelatin capsule

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested Use Consume two or more capsules daily with food or as recommended by a health care professional. For best results take this product with food, preferably a complete meal.

General Statements

UNSURPASSED. Purity. Quality. Integrity. Effectiveness. Andrew Lessman Founder of PROCAPS LABS

Although the body can produce Choline, our dietary contribution of this nutrient has decreased, so the U.S. Food and Drug Administration now recognizes Choline as essential. Choline plays a vital role in a multitude of processes throughout the body, including the health of the nervous and cardiovascular systems, the integrity of cell membranes, as well as the growth of healthy hair. Phosphatidyl Choline is a precursor and necessary raw material for the production of two vital components of the nervous system, Acetylcholine (a vital neurotransmitter) and Sphingomyelin (required for nerve cell protection). Both are absolutely essential for the normal, healthy functioning of the nervous system and brain. Given this role, it is not surprising that Phosphatidyl Choline has been observed to help with the mild memory problems associated with aging. Phosphatidyl Choline is also the most prominent component in the liver’s complex array of membranes and makes up almost two-thirds of the more than 355,000 square feet of the liver’s total functional surface area. Phosphatidyl Choline is absolutely essential to the performance of the liver’s vital role of cleansing the body’s internal environment and processing and excreting chemical waste products, including most medicines and alcohol. It is also required for the transport and metabolism of fats and cholesterol within the body. Phosphatidyl Choline is absolutely unique in its prominence in both the brain and liver and the essential role it plays in the healthy functioning of each of these two vital organs.

For answers to questions about the use of this product call 800.800.1200.

Seals/Symbols

All-Solar MANUFACTURING

Brand IP Statement(s)

(C)2008 ProCaps Laboratories

This product is most effective when used in conjunction with a high potency, comprehensive multi-vitamin-mineral supplement such as one of Andrew Lessman’s Life Rx(TM) formulas.

General

600904 09.01.08 PC

Formula

Ultra-Concentrate Liquid “PC” Phosphatidyl Choline

Andrew Lessman’s Phosphatidyl Choline Liver and Brain Benefits provides a concentrated source of Phosphatidyl Choline, which is the most abundant phospholipid in the body – particularly the liver and brain.

FDA Statement of Identity

DIETARY SUPPLEMENT

FDA Disclaimer Statement

This statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

Formulation

CONTAINS NO Milk, yeast, corn, wheat, gluten, sodium, salt, sugar, starch, cholesterol, emulsifier, wax, binder, filler, excipient, lubricant, coating, diluent, flowing agent, color, flavor, sweetener or preservative. CONTAINS NO ADDITIVES OF ANY KIND

NO ADDITIVES.

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits by ProCaps Laboratories label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits by ProCaps Laboratories

These are the 2 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size2 Capsule(s) Dosage formCapsule Servings per container180 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Flaxseed Oil

Interacts with
293 drugs
50 mg per serving

Flaxseed oil is a plant-based source of the omega-3 fatty acid ALA, which the body can partly convert to the omega-3s found in fish oil. It may help s...

Flaxseed Oil monograph & interactions
  • › Alpha-Linolenic Acid

Soy Lecithin Oil

No known
interactions
1.2 Gram(s) per serving

Lecithin is a natural fatty substance found in foods and made by the body that is widely used as a supplement and food emulsifier. Evidence supporting...

Soy Lecithin Oil monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: Soft-gelatin capsule. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits by ProCaps Laboratories Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
309Drugs
293 Moderate 16 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Flaxseed Oil 293

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits interact with 309 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

1 of the 2 ingredients in Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Flaxseed Oil

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits with known interactions, here are the types of medications it can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Flaxseed Oil3 drug types · 293 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, using flaxseed oil in combination with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs might have additive effects and increase the risk of bleeding.
Small clinical studies show that consuming flaxseed oil might decrease platelet aggregation and increase bleeding time.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, combining flaxseed oil with other antihypertensive drugs might have additive effects and increase the risk of hypotension.
Some clinical evidence suggests that long-term consumption of flaxseed oil can modestly lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure, while other clinical research shows no effect.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Ezetimibe (Zetia)

Concomitant use of flaxseed oil and ezetimibe reduces the absorption of alpha-linolenic acid from flaxseed oil.
In one clinical study, concomitant consumption of ezetimibe 10 mg daily with flaxseed oil 2 grams providing 1 gram of alpha-linolenic acid daily blocked the absorption of alpha-linolenic acid, resulting in an overall reduction in alpha-linolenic plasma levels from baseline.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Flaxseed Oil full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits, from the product label.

ProCaps Laboratories

See all ProCaps Laboratories products
Name
ProCaps Laboratories
Street Address
430 Parkson Road
City
Henderson
State
NV
ZipCode
89011
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits by ProCaps Laboratories: Common Questions

Does Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits by ProCaps Laboratories interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits has a known interaction with 309 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits contains 2 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Is this safe to take while I'm pregnant or breastfeeding?
Choline itself is rated likely safe and is actually important during both pregnancy and breastfeeding. However, phosphatidylcholine (another active ingredient here) doesn't have enough reliable data on supplement use during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Talk with your doctor before taking this product during these times—they can advise you on dosing and whether it's right for you.
What does phosphatidylcholine actually do?
The evidence shows phosphatidylcholine is possibly effective for ulcerative colitis. For other uses like nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and Alzheimer disease, there isn't enough reliable evidence to know whether it works. Your doctor can discuss whether it might help your specific situation.
Can this product cause side effects?
At typical doses, both choline and phosphatidylcholine are generally well tolerated. At higher doses, you might experience bloating, diarrhea, nausea, or—with choline—a fishy body odor. If you notice digestive upset or other effects, talk with your pharmacist.
Why does the product contain both choline and phosphatidylcholine?
Choline is a nutrient your body needs, and phosphatidylcholine is a form of choline that's a key part of cell membranes. They work differently in your body, so including both gives you both forms.
Does this product contain any fillers?
The only inactive ingredient we have listed is the soft-gelatin capsule shell, which holds the active ingredients. There are no other fillers on this product's label.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits is safe with your meds?

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Flaxseed Oil

Interacts with 293 drugs

Flaxseed oil is a plant-based source of the omega-3 fatty acid ALA, which the body can partly convert to the omega-3s found in fish oil. It may help support heart health and provide healthy...

Read the full Flaxseed Oil monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Lecithin

Lecithin is a natural fatty substance found in foods and made by the body that is widely used as a supplement and food emulsifier. Evidence supporting most of its health claims is limited, t...

Read the full Lecithin monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Choline

Interacts with 16 drugs

Choline is an essential nutrient your body needs for liver function, brain health, and nerve signaling, and many people get enough from foods like eggs, meat, and fish. Supplements may help...

Read the full Choline monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Phosphatidylcholine

Phosphatidylcholine is a phospholipid that is part of every cell membrane and a source of choline. People take it for liver, brain, and gut health, but solid human evidence is limited for mo...

Read the full Phosphatidylcholine monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 59 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Choline 14 references
  1. Yates AA, Schlicker SA, Suitor CW. Dietary reference intakes: The new basis for recommendations for calcium and related nutrients, B vitamins, and choline. J Am Diet Assoc 1998;98:699-706. PubMed
  2. Cho E, Willett WC, Colditz GA, et al. Dietary choline and betaine and the risk of distal colorectal adenoma in women. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007;99:1224-31. PubMed
  3. Schmidt, C., Abicht, A., Krampfl, K., Voss, W., Stucka, R., Mildner, G., Petrova, S., Schara, U., Mortier, W., Bufler, J., Huebner, A., and Lochmuller, H. Congenital myasthenic syndrome due to a novel missense mutation in the gene encoding choline acetyl
  4. Tamminga, C., Smith, R. C., Chang, S., Haraszti, J. S., and Davis, J. M. Depression associated with oral choline. Lancet 10-23-1976;2(7991):905. PubMed
  5. Wood, J. L. and Allison, R. G. Effects of consumption of choline and lecithin on neurological and cardiovascular systems. Fed.Proc. 1982;41(14):3015-3021.
  6. Growdon, J. H. and Gelenberg, A. J. Choline and lecithin administration to patients with tardive dyskinesia. Trans.Am.Neurol.Assoc. 1978;103:95-99.
  7. Smith, C. M., Swash, M., Exton-Smith, A. N., Phillips, M. J., Overstall, P. W., Piper, M. E., and Bailey, M. R. Choline therapy in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 8-5-1978;2(8084):318. PubMed
  8. Morrison, L. M. and W. F. Gonzales. Choline in coronary atherosclerosis. Amer.Heart J. 1950;39:729.
  9. Christie, J. G. Blackburn 1. M. Glen A. I. M. Zeisel S. Shering A. & Yates C. M. Effects of choline and lecithin on CSF choline levels and on cognitive functioning in patients with presenile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Nutrition and the brain 1979;5
  10. Sidhu N, Davies S, Nadarajah A, et al. Oral choline supplementation for postoperative pain. Br J Anaesth 2013;111(2):249-55. PubMed
  11. Wozniak JR, Fuglestad AJ, Eckerle JK, et al. Choline supplementation in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders has high feasibility and tolerability. Nutr Res. 2013;33(11):897-904. PubMed
  12. Wozniak JR, Fuglestad AJ, Eckerle JK, et al. Choline supplementation in children with fetal alcohol disorders: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102(5): 1113-25.
  13. Ross RG, Hunter SK, McCarthy L, et al. Perinatal choline effects on neonatal pathophysiology related to later schizophrenia risk. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170(3):290-8. PubMed
  14. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Choline. Dietary Reference Intakes: Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B-6, Vitamin B-12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press; 1998:390-422.

See these in context on the Choline monograph →

Flaxseed Oil 21 references
  1. Kolonel LN, Nomura AM, Cooney RV. Dietary fat and prostate cancer: current status. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:414-28. PubMed
  2. Ramon JM, Bou R, Romea S, et al. Dietary fat intake and prostate cancer risk: a case-control study in Spain. Cancer Causes Control 2000;11:679-85. PubMed
  3. Nordstrom DC, Honkanen VE, Nasu Y, et al. Alpha-linolenic acid in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind, placebo-controlled and randomized study: flaxseed vs. safflower seed. Rheumatol Int 1995;14:231-4. PubMed
  4. De Stefani E, Deneo-Pellegrini H, Boffetta P, et al. Alpha-linolenic acid and risk of prostate cancer: a case-control study in Uruguay. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2000;9:335-8.
  5. Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, et al. A prospective study of dietary fat and risk of prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85:1571-9. PubMed
  6. Bloedon LT, Szapary PO. Flaxseed and cardiovascular risk. Nutr Rev 2004;62:18-27. DOI
  7. Laaksonen DE, Laukkanen JA, Niskanen L, et al. Serum linoleic and total polyunsaturated fatty acids in relation to prostate and other cancers: a population-based cohort study. Int J Cancer 2004;111:444-50.. PubMed
  8. Brouwer IA, Katan MB, Zock PL. Dietary alpha-linolenic acid is associated with reduced risk of fatal coronary heart disease, but increased prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis. J Nutr 2004;134:919-22.
  9. Paschos GK, Magkos F, Panagiotakos DB, et al. Dietary supplementation with flaxseed oil lowers blood pressure in dyslipidaemic patients. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007;61:1201-6. PubMed
  10. Harper CR, Edwards MC, Jacobson TA. Flaxseed oil supplementation does not affect plasma lipoprotein concentration or particle size in human subjects. J Nutr 2006;136:2844-8. PubMed
  11. University of Montreal. Pregnant Women Consuming Flaxseed Oil Have High Risk Of Premature Birth.ScienceDaily, October 29, 2008. Available at: www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/10/081027140817.htm (Accessed May 14, 2009).
  12. Allman, M. A., Pena, M. M., and Pang, D. Supplementation with flaxseed oil versus sunflowerseed oil in healthy young men consuming a low fat diet: effects on platelet composition and function. Eur.J Clin.Nutr. 1995;49(3):169-178.
  13. Ursoniu S, Sahebkar A, Andrica F, Serban C, Banach M; Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta-analysis Collaboration Group. Effects of flaxseed supplements on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trial. Clin Nutr. 2016 Jun;3 PubMed
  14. Taghizadeh M, Jamilian M, Mazloomi M, Sanami M, Asemi Z. A randomized-controlled clinical trial investigating the effect of omega-3 fatty acids on vitamin E co-supplementation on markers of insulin metabolism and lipid profiles in gestational diabetes. J
  15. Blackwood DP, LaVallee RK, Al Busaidi A, Jassal DS, Pierce GN. A randomized trial of the effects of ezetimibe on the absorption of omega-3 fatty acids in cardiac disease patients: a pilot study. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2015 Oct;10(5):e155-e159. PubMed
  16. Morshedzadeh N, Shahrokh S, Aghdaei HA, et al. Effects of flaxseed and flaxseed oil supplement on serum levels of inflammatory markers, metabolic parameters and severity of disease in patients with ulcerative colitis. Complement Ther Med. 2019;46:36-43. PubMed
  17. Downie LE, Hom MM, Berdy GJ, et al. An artificial tear containing flaxseed oil for treating dry eye disease: A randomized controlled trial. Ocul Surf. 2020;18(1):148-157. PubMed
  18. Saleh-Ghadimi S, Kheirouri S, Golmohammadi A, Moludi J, Jafari-Vayghan H, Alizadeh M. Effect of flaxseed oil supplementation on anthropometric and metabolic indices in patients with coronary artery disease: A double-blinded randomized controlled trial. J PubMed
  19. Jamilian M, Tabassi Z, Reiner Z, et al. The effects of n-3 fatty acids from flaxseed oil on genetic and metabolic profiles in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 2020;123(7):792-799
  20. Li L, Li H, Gao Y, Vafaei S, Zhang X, Yang M. Effect of flaxseed supplementation on blood pressure: a systematic review, and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Food Funct 2023;14(2):675-690. PubMed
  21. Mahmudiono T, Jasim SA, Karim YS, et al. The effect of flaxseed oil consumption on blood pressure among patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Phytother Res 2022;36(10):

See these in context on the Flaxseed Oil monograph →

Lecithin 9 references
  1. Buchman AL, Dubin M, Jenden D, et al. Lecithin increases plasma free choline and decreases hepatic steatosis in long-term total parenteral nutrition patients. Gastroenterology 1992;102:1363-70.
  2. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (2000). Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000. Available at: http://b
  3. Chatellier G, Lacomblez L. Tacrine (tetrahydroaminoacridine; THA) and lecithin in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type: a multicentre trial. Groupe Francais d'Etude de la Tetrahydroaminoacridine. BMJ 1990;300:495-9.
  4. Gelenberg AJ, Dorer DJ, Wojcik JD, et al. A crossover study of lecithin treatment of tardive dyskinesia. J Clin Psychiatry 1990;51:149-53.
  5. Little A, Levy R, Chuaqui-Kidd P, Hand D. A double-blind, placebo controlled trial of high-dose lecithin in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985;48:736-42. PubMed
  6. Palm M, Moneret-Vautrin DA, Kanny G, et al. Food allergy to egg and soy lecithins. Allergy 1999;54:1116-7. PubMed
  7. Drachman DA, Glosser G, Fleming P, et al. Memory decline in the aged: treatment with lecithin and physostigmine. Neurology 1982;32:944-50. PubMed
  8. Gelenberg, A. J., Doller-Wojcik, J. C., and Growdon, J. H. Choline and lecithin in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia: preliminary results from a pilot study. Am J Psychiatry 1979;136(6):772-776. PubMed
  9. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21, Chapter 1, Subchapter B, Part 184: Direct food substances affirmed as Generally Recognized as Safe. Subpart B - listing of specific substances affirmed as GRAS. Sec. 184.1400 Lecithin. Available at: https:

See these in context on the Lecithin monograph →

Phosphatidylcholine 15 references
  1. Domino EF, May WW, Demetriou S, et al. Lack of clinically significant improvement of patients with tardive dyskinesia following phosphatidylcholine therapy. Biol Psychiatry 1985;20:1189-96. PubMed
  2. Aronson PJ, Lorincz AL. Promotion of palmar sweating with oral phosphatidylcholine. Acta Derm Venereol 1985;65:19-24. DOI
  3. Hexsel DM, Serra M, de Oliveira Dal'Forno T, et al. Cosmetic uses of injectable phosphatidylcholine on the face. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2005;38:1119-29. PubMed
  4. Kopera D, Binder B, Toplak H, et al. Histopathologic changes after intralesional application of phosphatidylcholine for lipoma reduction: report of a case. Am J Dermatopathol 2006;28:331-3. PubMed
  5. Rittes PG. The use of phosphatidylcholine for correction of lower lid bulging due to prominent fat pads. Dermatol Surg 2001;27:391-2. PubMed
  6. Rotunda AM, Kolodney MS. Mesotherapy and phosphatidylcholine injections: historical clarification and review. Dermatol Surg 2006;32:465-80. PubMed
  7. Hexsel D, Serra M, Mazzuco R, et al. Phosphatidylcholine in the treatment of localized fat. J Drugs Dermatol 2003;2:511-8.
  8. Hasengschwandtner F. Phosphatidylcholine treatment to induce lipolysis. Cosmet Dermatol 2005;4:308-13. PubMed
  9. Rittes PG. The use of phosphatidylcholine for correction of localized fat deposits. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2003;27:315-8. PubMed
  10. Ablon G, Rotunda AM. Treatment of lower eyelid fat pads using phosphatidylcholine: clinical trial and review. Dermatol Surg 2004;30:422-7. PubMed
  11. Loguercio C, Andreone P, Brisc C, et al. Silybin combined with phosphatidylcholine and vitamin E in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial. Free Radic Biol Med 2012;52(9):1658-65. PubMed
  12. Panos, J. M., Palson, R., Johnson, R., Portmann, B., and Williams, R. Polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine for acute alcoholic hepatitis: a double blind randomized placebo controlled trial. Eur.J.Gastroenterol 1990;2:351-355.
  13. Stremmel W, Braun A, Hanemann A, Ehehalt R, Autschbach F, Karner M. Delayed release phosphatidylcholine in chronic-active ulcerative colitis: a randomized, double-blinded, dose finding study. J Clin Gastroenterol 2010;44(5):e101-7. PubMed
  14. Stremmel W, Ehehalt R, Autschbach F, Karner M. Phosphatidylcholine for steroid-refractory chronic ulcerative colitis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(9):603-10. PubMed
  15. Stremmel W, Vural H, Evliyaoglu O, Weiskirchen R. Delayed Release Phosphatidylcholine is Effective for Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis: A Meta-Analysis. Dig Dis 2021;39(5):508-515. PubMed

See these in context on the Phosphatidylcholine monograph →

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DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

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