Spinach Ingredients & Drug Interactions
by Hawaii Pharm
What is this page for?
First and foremost: checking Spinach against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.
Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy
Spinach is a dietary supplement by Hawaii Pharm with 1 active ingredient. Its ingredients are commonly taken for general nutrition and antioxidant support, eye health, heart health and blood pressure.Based on those ingredients, 88 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Spinach Leaf Extract, Dry. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.
Check Your Meds Against Spinach by Hawaii Pharm
Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Spinach by Hawaii Pharm — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.
AI summaries are generated from our interaction database for education only — always confirm with your pharmacist. How we use AI
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Spinach by Hawaii Pharm
Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.
What’s inside
Full disclosure
This product contains one active ingredient: spinach leaf extract in dry form. The liquid also includes alcohol, water, and glycerin as inactive ingredients to preserve and deliver the extract.
Does it work?
Couldn't assess
The evidence we hold doesn't establish that spinach extract works for the conditions listed — including fatty liver disease, cognitive function, muscle strength, obesity, and polycystic ovary syndrome. For each of these, we have insufficient reliable evidence to rate its effectiveness.
That doesn't mean it doesn't work; it means the research isn't conclusive enough yet for us to make a claim.
How safe is it?
Well-documented data
Spinach is generally well tolerated when eaten as food and is considered safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding. A serious but rare concern: infants under 4 months old have developed methemoglobinemia (a blood oxygen problem) from spinach.
People sensitive to spinach may have allergic reactions. Inhaled spinach powder has triggered lung inflammation and occupational asthma in rare cases, and contact dermatitis has been reported from handling spinach.
Meds to double-check
Moderate interaction found
Check with your doctor or pharmacist before taking this if you're on warfarin or any blood thinner (anticoagulant) — spinach can interfere with how they work and may require a dose change. Also flag it if you take diabetes medications, since spinach may lower your blood sugar further and raise the risk of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia).
The bottom line
Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with no assessable stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.
If you eat spinach regularly in your diet and do fine, this extract is a concentrated form of something you know. But if you take warfarin or diabetes medications, you need to talk with your doctor or pharmacist before adding this — your doses may need adjusting.
Anyone under 4 months old should not have this product.
Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI
Assessment coverage: 1 of 1 active ingredient matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Oct 24, 2023.
This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed
General information
Key facts about Spinach, straight from the product label.
| Brand | Hawaii Pharm |
|---|---|
| Barcode (UPC) | 840253650351 |
| Net contents | 4 Fluid Ounce(s); 120 mL |
| Market status | On market |
| Date entered into DSLD | Oct 24, 2023 |
| DSLD ID | 301900 |
| Product type | Botanical |
| Supplement form | Liquid |
| Dietary claims / uses | All Other, Structure/Function |
| Intended target group(s) | Adult (18 - 50 Years), Gluten Free |
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.
Supplement Facts
The label details for Spinach by Hawaii Pharm, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.
Supplement Facts
| Ingredient | Amount | % DV |
|---|---|---|
| Spinach Leaf Extract, Dry | 983 mg | -- |
Other ingredients: Alcohol, Water, Glycerin
Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Brand IP Statement(s)
Hawaii Pharm Herbal Extract Highest quality since 2008
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions
Suggested use: Shake well before using. For adults add about 20-30 drops (0.7-1 mL, one full squeeze of the dropper bulb) to some juice or water, up to 4 times a day.
Precautions
Warning: We recommend to seek expert medical advice before taking.
Do not use if you are allergic to any ingredients.
Consult your physician before giving to children under 18, during pregnancy, if nursing or taking medications.
Consult your physician before giving to children under 18, during pregnancy, if nursing or taking medications.
May affect the ability to drive and operate machinery. May have contraindications, can cause side effects and adverse reactions. Do not use if seal is broken or missing.
Keep out of the reach of children!
Storage
Store in a cool dry place.
Seals/Symbols
cGMP Made in compliance with cGMP 21 CFR 111 in an FDA registered and inspected facility.
Organic Alcohol Based USA Made in United States of America
FDA Disclaimer Statement
This product has not been evaluated by the FDA and is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
General Statements
Scan this QR-code to get 15% discount on your next purchase. Limited time deal.
Formula
Spinacia oleracea
Organic Alcohol Based
Formulation
Only natural ingredients Purity is laboratory tested and verified
All the raw materials are gluten-free by their nature No artificial colors, flavors, or preservatives
Not tested on animals
Organic Alcohol Based
Made in USA, Hawaii
FDA Statement of Identity
Herbal Supplement
Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.
Spinach by Hawaii Pharm label
The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.
Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.
View the full label (PDF)The Ingredients in Spinach by Hawaii Pharm
This is the 1 active ingredient this product is made of. Select it to open its full monograph.
Serving size0.7 mL Dosage formLiquid Servings per container120 Amounts shown are per serving.
Spinach Leaf Extract, Dry
Interacts with88 drugs
Spinach is a nutrient-dense leafy green that is a healthy part of a balanced diet, providing vitamins, minerals, fiber, and antioxidants. While it is...
Spinach Leaf Extract, Dry monograph & interactionsOther (inactive) ingredients: Alcohol, Water, Glycerin. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.
Spinach by Hawaii Pharm Drug Interactions
HelloPharmacist Interaction Report
Hawaii Pharm Spinach Liquid does interact with medications, primarily through spinach leaf extract's effects on blood sugar control and blood thinners.
The most serious concern is with warfarin (Coumadin) and other anticoagulants — spinach contains vitamin K, which can interfere with how these blood thinners work. Even though a single meal with spinach won't throw off your clotting levels, daily use for a week can require a dose adjustment of warfarin.
Read the full breakdown — every affected drug type, severity by severity
Spinach also has compounds that may lower blood sugar. If you take diabetes medications (antidiabetes drugs), there's a moderate risk that spinach could add to their effect and cause low blood sugar (hypoglycemia).
You'll need to monitor your blood glucose levels closely and potentially adjust your diabetes medication dose.
Altogether, these interactions span 88 individual medications. If you take warfarin, any blood thinner, or diabetes medication, check your exact drugs with the search tool on this page before you start.
Check your own medications below · Editorial policy · How we use AI
Want to check YOUR meds against Spinach?
Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.
Go to the checkerIngredients driving the most interactions
Individual Drug Interactions
The ingredients in Spinach interact with 88 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.
1 of the 1 ingredient in Spinach interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Spinach Leaf Extract, Dry
GlucoseIV Glucose
How Glucose interacts with Spinach — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Spinach Leaf Extract, DryAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
There are claims that spinach leaves have hypoglycemic effects.
Read the full Spinach Leaf Extract, Dry + Glucose interactionGlyburideAlbert Glyburide, Diabeta, Glycron, Glynase, Glynase PresTab, Micronase +1 more
How Glyburide interacts with Spinach — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Spinach Leaf Extract, DryAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
There are claims that spinach leaves have hypoglycemic effects.
Read the full Spinach Leaf Extract, Dry + Glyburide interactionGlyburide, MetforminGlucovance
How Glyburide, Metformin interacts with Spinach — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Spinach Leaf Extract, DryAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
There are claims that spinach leaves have hypoglycemic effects.
Read the full Spinach Leaf Extract, Dry + Glyburide, Metformin interactionInhaled InsulinExubera
How Inhaled Insulin interacts with Spinach — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Spinach Leaf Extract, DryAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
There are claims that spinach leaves have hypoglycemic effects.
Read the full Spinach Leaf Extract, Dry + Inhaled Insulin interactionInsulinNovoRapid Insulin
How Insulin interacts with Spinach — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Spinach Leaf Extract, DryAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
There are claims that spinach leaves have hypoglycemic effects.
Read the full Spinach Leaf Extract, Dry + Insulin interactionInsulin (bovine)Hypurin Bovine Neutral
How Insulin (bovine) interacts with Spinach — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Spinach Leaf Extract, DryAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
There are claims that spinach leaves have hypoglycemic effects.
Read the full Spinach Leaf Extract, Dry + Insulin (bovine) interactionInsulin (human)Afrezza, Novolin 70/30, Novolin L, Novolin N, Novolin R
How Insulin (human) interacts with Spinach — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Spinach Leaf Extract, DryAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
There are claims that spinach leaves have hypoglycemic effects.
Read the full Spinach Leaf Extract, Dry + Insulin (human) interactionInsulin (pork)Hypurin Porcine Neutral, Lente Iletin II, NPH Iletin, NPH Iletin II, Pork Actrapid, Regular Iletin +1 more
How Insulin (pork) interacts with Spinach — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Spinach Leaf Extract, DryAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
There are claims that spinach leaves have hypoglycemic effects.
Read the full Spinach Leaf Extract, Dry + Insulin (pork) interactionInsulin (rdna)Actrapid, Humalog, Humalog Mix 75/25, Humulin 50/50, Humulin 70/30, Humulin L +8 more
How Insulin (rdna) interacts with Spinach — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Spinach Leaf Extract, DryAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
There are claims that spinach leaves have hypoglycemic effects.
Read the full Spinach Leaf Extract, Dry + Insulin (rdna) interactionInsulin AspartFiasp
How Insulin Aspart interacts with Spinach — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Spinach Leaf Extract, DryAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
There are claims that spinach leaves have hypoglycemic effects.
Read the full Spinach Leaf Extract, Dry + Insulin Aspart interactionInsulin Aspart, Insulin DegludecRyzodeg 70/30
How Insulin Aspart, Insulin Degludec interacts with Spinach — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Spinach Leaf Extract, DryAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
There are claims that spinach leaves have hypoglycemic effects.
Read the full Spinach Leaf Extract, Dry + Insulin Aspart, Insulin Degludec interactionInsulin DegludecTresiba
How Insulin Degludec interacts with Spinach — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Spinach Leaf Extract, DryAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
There are claims that spinach leaves have hypoglycemic effects.
Read the full Spinach Leaf Extract, Dry + Insulin Degludec interactionInsulin Degludec, LiraglutideXultophy 100/3.6
How Insulin Degludec, Liraglutide interacts with Spinach — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Spinach Leaf Extract, DryAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
There are claims that spinach leaves have hypoglycemic effects.
Read the full Spinach Leaf Extract, Dry + Insulin Degludec, Liraglutide interactionInsulin GlargineBasaglar, Lusduna, Semglee
How Insulin Glargine interacts with Spinach — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Spinach Leaf Extract, DryAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
There are claims that spinach leaves have hypoglycemic effects.
Read the full Spinach Leaf Extract, Dry + Insulin Glargine interactionInsulin Glargine (rdna)Lantus
How Insulin Glargine (rdna) interacts with Spinach — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Spinach Leaf Extract, DryAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
There are claims that spinach leaves have hypoglycemic effects.
Read the full Spinach Leaf Extract, Dry + Insulin Glargine (rdna) interactionInsulin Glargine RecombinantToujeo Solostar
How Insulin Glargine Recombinant interacts with Spinach — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Spinach Leaf Extract, DryAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
There are claims that spinach leaves have hypoglycemic effects.
Read the full Spinach Leaf Extract, Dry + Insulin Glargine Recombinant interactionInsulin Glargine, LixisenatideSoliqua 100/33
How Insulin Glargine, Lixisenatide interacts with Spinach — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Spinach Leaf Extract, DryAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
There are claims that spinach leaves have hypoglycemic effects.
Read the full Spinach Leaf Extract, Dry + Insulin Glargine, Lixisenatide interactionInsulin Glulisine (rdna)Apidra
How Insulin Glulisine (rdna) interacts with Spinach — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Spinach Leaf Extract, DryAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
There are claims that spinach leaves have hypoglycemic effects.
Read the full Spinach Leaf Extract, Dry + Insulin Glulisine (rdna) interactionInsulin Human, Sodium ChlorideMyxredlin
How Insulin Human, Sodium Chloride interacts with Spinach — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Spinach Leaf Extract, DryAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
There are claims that spinach leaves have hypoglycemic effects.
Read the full Spinach Leaf Extract, Dry + Insulin Human, Sodium Chloride interactionInsulin LisproAdmelog, Admelog Solostar
How Insulin Lispro interacts with Spinach — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Spinach Leaf Extract, DryAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
There are claims that spinach leaves have hypoglycemic effects.
Read the full Spinach Leaf Extract, Dry + Insulin Lispro interactionInsulin Lispro RecombinantHumalog Kwikpen
How Insulin Lispro Recombinant interacts with Spinach — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Spinach Leaf Extract, DryAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
There are claims that spinach leaves have hypoglycemic effects.
Read the full Spinach Leaf Extract, Dry + Insulin Lispro Recombinant interactionInsulin Lispro-aabcLyumjev
How Insulin Lispro-aabc interacts with Spinach — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Spinach Leaf Extract, DryAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
There are claims that spinach leaves have hypoglycemic effects.
Read the full Spinach Leaf Extract, Dry + Insulin Lispro-aabc interactionInsulin DetermirLevemir
How Insulin Determir interacts with Spinach — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Spinach Leaf Extract, DryAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
There are claims that spinach leaves have hypoglycemic effects.
Read the full Spinach Leaf Extract, Dry + Insulin Determir interactionLinagliptinTradjenta
How Linagliptin interacts with Spinach — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Spinach Leaf Extract, DryAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
There are claims that spinach leaves have hypoglycemic effects.
Read the full Spinach Leaf Extract, Dry + Linagliptin interactionLinagliptin, Metformin HydrochlorideJentadueto XR
How Linagliptin, Metformin Hydrochloride interacts with Spinach — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Spinach Leaf Extract, DryAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
There are claims that spinach leaves have hypoglycemic effects.
Read the full Spinach Leaf Extract, Dry + Linagliptin, Metformin Hydrochloride interactionLiraglutideVictoza
How Liraglutide interacts with Spinach — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Spinach Leaf Extract, DryAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
There are claims that spinach leaves have hypoglycemic effects.
Read the full Spinach Leaf Extract, Dry + Liraglutide interactionLiraglutide RecombinantSaxenda
How Liraglutide Recombinant interacts with Spinach — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Spinach Leaf Extract, DryAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
There are claims that spinach leaves have hypoglycemic effects.
Read the full Spinach Leaf Extract, Dry + Liraglutide Recombinant interactionLixisenatideAdlyxin
How Lixisenatide interacts with Spinach — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Spinach Leaf Extract, DryAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
There are claims that spinach leaves have hypoglycemic effects.
Read the full Spinach Leaf Extract, Dry + Lixisenatide interactionMetforminGlucophage, Metformin
How Metformin interacts with Spinach — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Spinach Leaf Extract, DryAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
There are claims that spinach leaves have hypoglycemic effects.
Read the full Spinach Leaf Extract, Dry + Metformin interactionMetformin HydrochlorideRiomet ER
How Metformin Hydrochloride interacts with Spinach — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Spinach Leaf Extract, DryAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
There are claims that spinach leaves have hypoglycemic effects.
Read the full Spinach Leaf Extract, Dry + Metformin Hydrochloride interactionEach ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects
For each ingredient in Spinach with known interactions, here are the types of medications it can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.
Spinach Leaf Extract, Dry
Antidiabetes Drugs
There are claims that spinach leaves have hypoglycemic effects. Evidence from clinical research suggests that consumption of a spinach-rich meal reduces post-meal blood glucose levels. Theoretically, spinach might have additive effects with antidiabetes drugs and increase the risk of hypoglycemia. Monitor blood glucose levels closely. Dose adjustments might be necessary. Some antidiabetes drugs include glimepiride (Amaryl), glyburide (DiaBeta, Glynase PresTab, Micronase), insulin, pioglitazone (Actos), rosiglitazone (Avandia), and others.
Warfarin (Coumadin)
Spinach contains vitamin K, which can interfere with the activity of warfarin.
In human research, although eating spinach with one meal does not result in coagulation test results outside the therapeutic range, daily consumption for one week necessitates dose adjustment of warfarin. Individuals using anticoagulants should consume a consistent daily amount of spinach to maintain the effect of anticoagulant therapy.
Brand information
Manufacturer and brand details for Spinach, from the product label.
Hawaii Pharm
See all Hawaii Pharm products- Name
- Hawaii Pharm LLC
- Street Address
- 510 Sumner St. Ste. 613
- City
- Honolulu
- State
- HI
- ZipCode
- 96817
- Phone Number
- 888-854-2924
- Web Address
- www.hawaiipharm.com
Spinach by Hawaii Pharm: Common Questions
Does Spinach by Hawaii Pharm interact with any medications?
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Where does this information come from?
Is spinach extract safe to take while pregnant or breastfeeding?
Can I take this if I'm on warfarin?
Will this help me lose weight or manage PCOS?
Can I give this to my baby?
What does spinach extract do?
Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy
Not sure if Spinach is safe with your meds?
Our pharmacists answer your medication & supplement questions — free.
Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.
The Full Monographs Behind Spinach’s Ingredients
Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.
Sources & How We Checked
Spinach's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.
- NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) — The official product label on file for this supplement.
- Natural Medicines (Therapeutic Research Center) — Evidence-graded clinical reference behind the ingredient interaction data.
Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.
The 6 references behind this product’s interaction data
Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.
Spinach 6 references
- Brinker F. Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 2nd ed. Sandy, OR: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1998.
- Karlson, B., Leijd, B., and Hellstrom, K. On the influence of vitamin K-rich vegetables and wine on the effectiveness of warfarin treatment. Acta Med Scand. 1986;220(4):347-350. PubMed
- Roller, E., Meller, S., Homey, B., Ruzicka, T., and Neumann, N. J. [Contact dermatitis caused by spinach, hedge mustard and chives]. Hautarzt 2003;54(4):374-375.
- Schuller, A., Morisset, M., Maadi, F., Kolopp Sarda, M. N., Fremont, S., Parisot, L., Kanny, G., and Moneret-Vautrin, D. A. Occupational asthma due to allergy to spinach powder in a pasta factory. Allergy 2005;60(3):408-409. PubMed
- Gustafsson, K., Asp, N. G., Hagander, B., and Nyman, M. Satiety effects of spinach in mixed meals: comparison with other vegetables. Int.J.Food Sci.Nutr. 1995;46(4):327-334. PubMed
- Schreiber, J., Muller, E., Becker, W. M., Zabel, P., Schlaak, M., and Amthor, M. [Spinach powder-induced exogenous allergic alveolitis]. Pneumologie 1998;52(1):61-65.
Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.
DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.
© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC