Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Vision Defense Eye Health Formula Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Swanson

Vision Defense Eye Health Formula label
See full label image
Softgel Capsule Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Vision Defense Eye Health Formula against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Vision Defense Eye Health Formula is a dietary supplement by Swanson with 5 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for eye health, age-related macular degeneration, cataract prevention.Based on those ingredients, 907 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are AstaPure Astaxanthin, Mirtoselect Bilberry extract, TrueBroc Broccoli extract. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

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Check Your Meds Against Vision Defense Eye Health Formula by Swanson

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Vision Defense Eye Health Formula by Swanson — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Vision Defense Eye Health Formula by Swanson

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 11, 2026

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 5 of its 5 active ingredients.
  • “Ultra Potent Antioxidant Blend” is a proprietary blend — the label doesn't break down how much of each component you get.

Vision Defense contains five active ingredients designed to support eye health. Lutein and zeaxanthin are carotenoid pigments that concentrate in the macula (the central part of your retina) and help filter damaging blue light.

The formula also includes astaxanthin (from AstaPure), a potent antioxidant, bilberry extract (Mirtoselect), and broccoli extract (TrueBroc). The remaining ingredients are inactive — oils, gelatin capsule material, and preservatives that hold the formula together.

The product's inactive ingredients include sunflower oil, olive oil, glycerin, beeswax, maltodextrin, sunflower lecithin, gelatin, purified water, caramel color, and rosemary extract.

Does it work?

Moderate evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Moderate

Some clinical evidence supports this product's ingredients for its stated purpose, but it isn't conclusive.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: supports eye health against blue light exposure.
  • We looked for evidence on: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), Asthenopia (eye strain), Cataracts, Dry eye, Myopia, Night vision — and 3 related terms.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Lutein is rated "Possibly Effective" for Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Lutein is rated "Possibly Effective" for Cataracts.
  • Also on file: Zeaxanthin is rated "Possibly Effective" for Age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

The evidence differs by ingredient. Lutein is possibly effective for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and cataracts, making it a solid choice for those concerned about age-related vision decline.

Zeaxanthin is also possibly effective for AMD. However, astaxanthin, bilberry, and broccoli extract all lack sufficient reliable evidence to rate their effectiveness for the eye-health purposes this formula targets — the science on these ingredients for vision support isn't established in the data we hold.

Bilberry is listed as possibly ineffective for night vision specifically.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Lutein Zeaxanthin Astaxanthin Bilberry Broccoli

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 4 of the 5 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 5 of 5.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 5 of 5.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Lutein from supplement doses is generally well tolerated, though the data on high-dose lutein supplements (as opposed to food amounts) is limited — use caution and check with your doctor. Astaxanthin is generally well tolerated in studies, but long-term safety data are limited; the most common side effects are abdominal pain, diarrhea, and red-colored stools.

Zeaxanthin and broccoli extract are generally well tolerated at typical doses. Bilberry is well tolerated as a food or juice, though gastrointestinal side effects like flatulence and abdominal discomfort have been reported in some trials, and it may cause dark discoloration of stools and tongue.

For pregnancy, lutein, zeaxanthin, bilberry, and broccoli extract all carry a "Likely Safe" rating. Astaxanthin has insufficient data and should be avoided during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

For breastfeeding, lutein and bilberry are rated "Likely Safe," but astaxanthin should be avoided, and zeaxanthin and broccoli extract have limited data — check with your doctor or pharmacist for personalized advice if you're nursing.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Lutein Zeaxanthin Astaxanthin Bilberry Broccoli

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 4 of the 5 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Bilberry, Astaxanthin, Broccoli, Zeaxanthin.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; diabetes medications.
  • For scale: 908 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before taking this formula, double-check any blood thinners or antiplatelet drugs (like warfarin or aspirin) — bilberry may increase bleeding risk. If you take diabetes medications, the zeaxanthin and bilberry could theoretically increase low blood sugar risk.

Also check any drugs metabolized through your liver's CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, or CYP3A4 pathways, as broccoli and astaxanthin may reduce their effectiveness. If you take erlotinib (Tarceva), the bilberry may interfere with it.

Use the medication checker on this page for your complete medication list.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This formula may help if you're concerned about age-related macular degeneration or cataracts, thanks to its lutein and zeaxanthin. However, if you take blood thinners, diabetes medications, or certain drugs metabolized by your liver, you need to check your exact medications with our tool first — interactions are documented.

Talk to your pharmacist before starting, especially if you're pregnant, breastfeeding, or on prescription medications.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 5 of 5 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Feb 25, 2019.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Vision Defense Eye Health Formula, straight from the product label.

Brand Swanson
Barcode (UPC) 087614210322
Net contents 60 Softgel(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Feb 25, 2019
DSLD ID 199405
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Softgel Capsule
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Vision Defense Eye Health Formula by Swanson, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
1 Softgel(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
1 Softgel(s)
UPC/BARCODE
087614210322
IngredientAmount% DV
Lutein20 mg--
AstaPure Astaxanthin4 mg--
Zeaxanthin4 mg--
Ultra Potent Antioxidant Blend0 NP--
Mirtoselect Bilberry extract50 mg--
TrueBroc Broccoli extract50 mg--

Other ingredients: Sunflower Oil, Gelatin, Glycerin, extra virgin Olive Oil, purified Water, Beeswax, Maltodextrin, Sunflower Lecithin, Caramel color, Rosemary extract

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
General Statements

Supports eye health against over exposure to blue light from digital devices Science-Backed Quality Since 1969

Fights Eye Fatigue and Eye Strain

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested use: As a dietary supplement, take one softgel per day with food and water.

Brand IP Statement(s)

AstaPure is a registered trademark of Algatechnologies Ltd. Lutemax 2020 is a trademark of OmniActive Health Technologies Ltd. Mirtoselect is a registered trademark of Indena, S.p.A., Italy. TrueBroc is a registered trademark of Brassica Protection Products LLC.

Precautions

Warning: For adults only.

Consult your physician if pregnant, nursing, taking medication, or have a medical condition.

Keep out of reach of children.

Do not use if seal is broken.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

Formula

20 mg Lutein from Lutemax 2020

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

General

SWU1032 Rev 1 09 24 18

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Vision Defense Eye Health Formula by Swanson label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Vision Defense Eye Health Formula label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Vision Defense Eye Health Formula by Swanson

These are the 5 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size1 Softgel(s) Dosage formSoftgel Capsule Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Lutein

No known
interactions
20 mg per serving Form: Lutemax 2020

Lutein is a plant-based antioxidant pigment that concentrates in the eye, and the best evidence suggests it (often combined with zeaxanthin) may help...

Lutein monograph & interactions

Zeaxanthin

Interacts with
86 drugs
4 mg per serving Form: Lutemax 2020, Zeaxanthin Isomers

Zeaxanthin is a carotenoid pigment that, along with lutein, concentrates in the macula of the eye and may help support long-term eye health. The stron...

Zeaxanthin monograph & interactions

Ultra Potent Antioxidant Blend

0 NP per serving

Other (inactive) ingredients: Sunflower Oil, Gelatin, Glycerin, Extra virgin Olive Oil, Purified Water, Beeswax, Maltodextrin, Sunflower Lecithin, Caramel color, Rosemary extract. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Vision Defense Eye Health Formula by Swanson Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Vision Defense Eye Health Formula?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
907Drugs
907 Moderate

Ingredients driving the most interactions

AstaPure Astaxanthin 671
Mirtoselect Bilberry extract 275
TrueBroc Broccoli extract 187
Zeaxanthin 86

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Vision Defense Eye Health Formula interact with 907 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

4 of the 5 ingredients in Vision Defense Eye Health Formula interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. AstaPure Astaxanthin Mirtoselect Bilberry extract TrueBroc Broccoli extract Zeaxanthin

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Vision Defense Eye Health Formula with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

AstaPure Astaxanthin2 drug types · 671 drugs

Cytochrome P450 2B6 (Cyp2B6) Substrates

Theoretically, astaxanthin may decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2B6.
In vitro research shows that astaxanthin induces cytochrome CYP2B6 enzyme activity in human hepatocytes. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, astaxanthin may decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
In vitro research shows that astaxanthin induces CYP3A4 enzyme activity in human hepatocytes. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
AstaPure Astaxanthin full monograph & interactions

Mirtoselect Bilberry extract4 drug types · 275 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, bilberry fruit extract might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
In vitro, animal, and clinical research suggest that anthocyanidin extracts from bilberry can inhibit platelet aggregation.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, bilberry leaf or fruit extract may increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Animal research suggests that bilberry leaf extract might have blood glucose-lowering activity. Also, one small clinical trial in patients with type 2 diabetes shows that taking bilberry fruit extract 470 mg as a single dose prior to an oral glucose tolerance test lowers plasma glucose levels when compared with placebo.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2E1 (Cyp2E1) Substrates

Theoretically, bilberry fruit extract might decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.
Animal research shows that exposure to small concentrations of bilberry extract in drinking water for around one month increased CYP2E1 activity by 31%. However, exposure over a 2-month period did not increase CYP2E1 activity. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Erlotinib (Tarceva)

Theoretically, bilberry fruit extract might reduce the efficacy of erlotinib.
In vitro research suggests that bilberry fruit extract and its constituents, delphinidin and delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, inhibit the activity of erlotinib. This interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Mirtoselect Bilberry extract full monograph & interactions

TrueBroc Broccoli extract2 drug types · 187 drugs

Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Theoretically, broccoli might reduce the levels and effects of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Pharmacokinetic research in humans shows that eating 500 grams of fresh broccoli daily for 6-12 days can increase CYP1A2 activity by 10% to 200%. Induction of CYP1A2 activity by broccoli is attributed to its glucosinolate constituents.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 2A6 (Cyp2A6) Substrates

Theoretically, broccoli might reduce the levels and effects of drugs metabolized by CYP2A6.
Pharmacokinetic research in humans shows that eating 500 grams of broccoli daily for 6 days increases CYP2A6 activity by 135% to 550%. Induction of CYP2A6 activity is attributed to its glucosinolate constituents.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
TrueBroc Broccoli extract full monograph & interactions

Zeaxanthin1 drug type · 86 drugs

Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, taking zeaxanthin with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
In an animal diabetic model, zeaxanthin has hypoglycemic effects. However, population research has found that increasing intake of dietary zeaxanthin plus lutein does not decrease the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Zeaxanthin full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Vision Defense Eye Health Formula, from the product label.

Swanson

See all Swanson products
Name
Swanson Health Products
City
Fargo
State
ND
ZipCode
58104
Phone Number
1-800-437-4148
Web Address
www.swansonvitamins.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Vision Defense Eye Health Formula by Swanson: Common Questions

Does Vision Defense Eye Health Formula by Swanson interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Vision Defense Eye Health Formula has a known interaction with 907 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Vision Defense Eye Health Formula contains 5 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Is this safe to take while I'm pregnant?
Most ingredients — lutein, zeaxanthin, bilberry, and broccoli extract — are rated "Likely Safe" in pregnancy. However, astaxanthin has insufficient safety data and should be avoided. Because the label includes a blend with unspecified components, talk with your doctor or pharmacist before starting to make sure it's right for your situation.
Can I take this while breastfeeding?
Lutein and bilberry are rated "Likely Safe" while nursing. Astaxanthin should be avoided. Zeaxanthin and broccoli extract have limited breastfeeding data — check with your doctor or pharmacist for personalized guidance.
What does astaxanthin do in this formula?
Astaxanthin is an antioxidant that theoretically supports eye health, but we don't hold reliable evidence that it works for vision support specifically. It's generally well tolerated, though some people experience abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, or red-colored stools.
Will bilberry help my night vision?
Bilberry is listed as possibly ineffective for night vision, so this formula is not the right choice if that's your main goal. The bilberry is included for other potential eye-health benefits, though evidence is limited.
What side effects should I expect?
Most people tolerate this formula well. Bilberry may cause dark-colored or blackish stools and tongue discoloration, which are harmless. Astaxanthin can cause abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, or red-tinted stools. Broccoli extract at high doses may cause loose stools or stomach cramping. Start with the recommended dose and talk to your pharmacist if side effects persist.
Is this safe for long-term use?
Long-term safety data are limited for astaxanthin and bilberry extracts in particular. Lutein doses up to 20 mg daily have not caused adverse effects in studies. It's a good idea to discuss long-term use with your doctor or pharmacist, especially if you're on other medications.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Vision Defense Eye Health Formula label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Vision Defense Eye Health Formula’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Lutein

Lutein is a plant-based antioxidant pigment that concentrates in the eye, and the best evidence suggests it (often combined with zeaxanthin) may help slow progression of age-related macular...

Read the full Lutein monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Zeaxanthin

Interacts with 86 drugs

Zeaxanthin is a carotenoid pigment that, along with lutein, concentrates in the macula of the eye and may help support long-term eye health. The strongest evidence relates to slowing progres...

Read the full Zeaxanthin monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Astaxanthin

Interacts with 671 drugs

Astaxanthin is a reddish carotenoid pigment with strong antioxidant activity in the lab, and it is widely promoted for skin, eye, heart, and exercise benefits. Early human studies are promis...

Read the full Astaxanthin monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Bilberry

Interacts with 275 drugs

Bilberry is a blueberry-like fruit rich in antioxidant plant compounds called anthocyanins, and it has a long history of traditional use for eye health, circulation, and mild diarrhea. While...

Read the full Bilberry monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Broccoli

Interacts with 187 drugs

Broccoli is a nutritious cruciferous vegetable rich in fiber, vitamins, and plant compounds like sulforaphane that have drawn scientific interest for health benefits. Eating broccoli as food...

Read the full Broccoli monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Vision Defense Eye Health Formula's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 28 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Lutein 2 references
  1. Brown L, Rimm EB, Seddon JM, et al. A prospective study of carotenoid intake and risk of cataract extraction in US men. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:517-24. PubMed
  2. Chasan-Taber L, Willett WC, Seddon JM, et al. A prospective study of carotenoid and vitamin A intakes and risk of cataract extraction in US women. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:509-16. PubMed

See these in context on the Lutein monograph →

Astaxanthin 3 references
  1. Kupcinskas L, Lafolie P, Lignell A, et al. Efficacy of the natural antioxidant astaxanthin in the treatment of functional dyspepsia in patients with or without Helicobacter pylori infection: A prospective, randomized, double blind, and placebo-controlled
  2. Kistler, A., Liechti, H., Pichard, L., Wolz, E., Oesterhelt, G., Hayes, A., and Maurel, P. Metabolism and CYP-inducer properties of astaxanthin in man and primary human hepatocytes. Arch.Toxicol. 2002;75(11-12):665-675. PubMed
  3. Choi HD, Youn YK, Shin WG. Positive effects of astaxanthin on lipid profiles and oxidative stress in overweight subjects. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2011;66:363-369. PubMed

See these in context on the Astaxanthin monograph →

Zeaxanthin 4 references
  1. Montonen J, Knekt P, Jarvinen R, Reunanen A. Dietary antioxidant intake and risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27:362-6. PubMed
  2. Leermakers ET, Darweesh SK, Baena CP, et al. The effects of lutein on cardiometabolic health across the life course: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2016;103(2):481-94. PubMed
  3. Kou L, Du M, Zhang C, Dai Z, Li X, Zhang B. The Hypoglycemic, Hypolipidemic, and Anti-Diabetic Nephritic Activities of Zeaxanthin in Diet-Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Sprague Dawley Rats. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017;182(3):944-955. PubMed
  4. Xu X, Zhao X, Berde Y, Low YL, Kuchan MJ. Milk and Plasma Lutein and Zeaxanthin Concentrations in Chinese Breast-Feeding Mother-Infant Dyads With Healthy Maternal Fruit and Vegetable Intake. J Am Coll Nutr 2019;38(2):179-184. PubMed

See these in context on the Zeaxanthin monograph →

Bilberry 14 references
  1. Cignarella A, Nastasi M, Cavalli E, Puglisi L. Novel lipid-lowering properties of Vaccinium myrtillus L. leaves, a traditional antidiabetic treatment, in several models of rat dyslipidaemia: a comparison with ciprofibrate. Thromb Res 1996;84:311-22. PubMed
  2. Morazzoni P, Magistretti MJ. Activity of Myrtocyan, an anthosyanoside complex from Vaccinium myrtillus (VMA), on platelet aggregation and adhesiveness. Fitoterapia 1990;61:13-21.
  3. Erlund, I., Koli, R., Alfthan, G., Marniemi, J., Puukka, P., Mustonen, P., Mattila, P., and Jula, A. Favorable effects of berry consumption on platelet function, blood pressure, and HDL cholesterol. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87(2):323-331. PubMed
  4. Hawrelak, J. A. and Myers, S. P. Effects of two natural medicine formulations on irritable bowel syndrome symptoms: a pilot study. J Altern Complement Med 2010;16(10):1065-1071. PubMed
  5. Morazzoni P and Magistretti MJ. Effects of Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides on prostacyclin-like activity in rat arterial issue. Fitoterapia 1986;57:11-14.
  6. Pulliero G, Montin S, Bettini V, and et al. Ex vivo study of the inhibitory effects of Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides on human platelet aggregation. Fitoterapia 1989;60:69-75.
  7. Bottecchia D. Preliminary report on the inhibitory effect of vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides on platelet aggregation and clot retraction. Fitoterapia 1987;48:3-8.
  8. Fdez, M., Zaragoza, F., and Alvarez, P. In vitro platelet aggregation effects of anthocyanosides of vaccinium myrtilus L. Anales de la Real Academia de Farmacia 1983;49:79-90.
  9. Biedermann L, Mwinyi J, Scharl M, Frei P, Zeitz J, Kullak-Ublick GA, et al. Bilberry ingestion improves disease activity in mild to moderate ulcerative colitis-an open pilot study. 2013 May;7(4):271-9. PubMed
  10. Hoggard N, Cruickshank M, Moar KM, Bestwick C, Holst J, Russell W, et al. A single supplement of a standardized bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) extract (36% wet weight anthocyanins) modifies glycaemic response in individuals with type 2 diabetes control
  11. Aichinger G, Pahlke G, Nagel LJ, Berger W, Marko D. Bilberry extract, its major phenolic compounds, and soy isoflavone genistein antagonize the cytostatic drug erlotinib in human epithelial cells. Food Funct 2016;7(8):3628-36.
  12. Prokop J, Lněničková K, Cibicek N, et al. Effect of bilberry extract (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) on drug-metabolizing enzymes in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2019;129:382-90. PubMed
  13. Chan SW, Chu TTW, Choi SW, Benzie IFF, Tomlinson B. Impact of short-term bilberry supplementation on glycemic control, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and antioxidant status in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. Phytother Res 2021. Online ahead o PubMed
  14. Bøhn SK, Myhrstad MCW, Thoresen M, et al. Bilberry/red grape juice decreases plasma biomarkers of inflammation and tissue damage in aged men with subjective memory impairment -a randomized clinical trial. BMC Nutr 2021;7(1):75. PubMed

See these in context on the Bilberry monograph →

Broccoli 5 references
  1. Kristal AR, Lampe JW. Brassica vegetables and prostate cancer risk: a review of the epidemiological evidence. Nutr Cancer 2002;42:1-9. PubMed
  2. Chakrabarti A, Prais L, Foulds IS. Allergic contact dermatitis to broccoli. Br J Dermatol 2003;148:172-3. PubMed
  3. Hakooz, N. and Hamdan, I. Effects of dietary broccoli on human in vivo caffeine metabolism: a pilot study on a group of Jordanian volunteers. Curr Drug Metab 2007;8(1):9-15. PubMed
  4. Kall MA, Vang O, Clausen J. Effects of dietary broccoli on human drug metabolising activity. Cancer Lett. 1997;114(1-2):169-70. PubMed
  5. Bauman JE, Hsu CH, Centuori S, et al. Randomized Crossover Trial Evaluating Detoxification of Tobacco Carcinogens by Broccoli Seed and Sprout Extract in Current Smokers. Cancers (Basel). 2022;14(9):2129. Published 2022 Apr 24. PubMed

See these in context on the Broccoli monograph →

Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.

DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

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