HomeNDC LookupIngredientsLidocaine Hydrochloride › 59088-0350-03
Lidotral Five Percent Lidocaine Hydrochloride 50 mg/mL Spray, 30 mL — NDC 59088-0350-03 package photo

Lidotral Five Percent Lidocaine Hydrochloride 50 mg/mL Spray, 30 mL

by PureTek Corporation · 30 mL in 1 BOTTLE, SPRAY (59088-350-03)
NDC 59088-0350-03
🏷️ FDA NDC (as labeled) 59088-350-03 billing pads the product segment with a zero
Rx only On market Non-controlled
🗂️ Data synced Jul 24, 2026 · sources: openFDA · FDA label (DailyMed) · FDA Orange & Purple Book · First Databank · CMS NADAC, ASP, Medicare & Medicaid · RxNorm
📋 All sources & update times →
⚠️
Other active recalls for Lidocaine Hydrochloride (different manufacturers) — 6 · tap to view
These affect other manufacturers’ products for the same ingredient — not necessarily the exact NDC on this page.
Class II · Jul 16, 2026 — Presence of Particulate Matter: Hair was found in products (Fresenius Kabi USA, LLC) · FDA recall D-0726-2026
Class II · Jun 8, 2026 — Lack of Assurance of Sterility (Asclemed USA Inc.) · FDA recall D-0658-2026
Class II · Apr 2, 2026 — Lack of Assurance of Sterility (Huons Co., Ltd.) · FDA recall D-0529-2026
Class II · Apr 2, 2026 — Lack of Assurance of Sterility (Huons Co., Ltd.) · FDA recall D-0532-2026
Class II · Nov 30, 2021 — Superpotent Drug: Minimally superpotent (Teligent Pharma, Inc.) · FDA recall D-0296-2022
Class I · Nov 30, 2021 — Superpotent Drug (Teligent Pharma, Inc.) · FDA recall D-0295-2022
Each entry is an official FDA enforcement report — look up any recall number in the FDA recall database ↗

🆔 Identity & classification

FDA NDC (as labeled) 59088-350-03
Product NDC 59088-350
11-digit billing NDC 59088035003
NCPDP billing unit ML — per mL (volume)
RxCUI 1545290, 2684036
UNII V13007Z41A
UPC 0359088350034
SPL Set ID 1a156ffe-1ec9-d2f9-e063-6394a90a3381
Established class (EPC) Amide Local Anesthetic; Antiarrhythmic
Physiologic effect Local Anesthesia
Chemical class Amides
DEA schedule Non-controlled
Marketing category UNAPPROVED DRUG OTHER
Marketing status On market
FDA listing status Listed (active directory)
Marketing start 2024-06-04
Route TOPICAL
Dosage form SPRAY
Substance LIDOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Why two NDCs? The FDA registers this code as 59088-350-03 — a 5-3-2 layout, and that's what's printed on the package and shown on DailyMed. For insurance claims, every NDC is standardized to a uniform 11-digit 5-4-2 format by adding a zero to the product segment → 59088-0350-03. Same drug, same package — only the format differs.
Where does this data come from?
Identifiers from the FDA openFDA NDC Directory and Structured Product Labeling; RxCUI from RxNorm (NLM); GPI from Medi-Span; GCN / HIC / AHFS / legend from First Databank.

🏷️ RxNorm drug class

This medicine belongs to the Antiarrhythmic class.

Pharmacologic class Antiarrhythmic, Amide Local Anesthetic
Drug family (ATC) Antiarrhythmics, class Ib, Local anesthetics, Anesthetics for topical use
Where does this data come from?
Therapeutic classes from RxNorm RxClass (U.S. National Library of Medicine) — Established Pharmacologic Class (FDA), ATC drug family (WHO) and mechanism of action, matched by this product’s RxCUI.

🏭 Manufacturer & labeler

LabelerPureTek Corporation
Labeler code59088
First marketedJun 2024
Product typeHuman Prescription Drug
Portfolio178 products on file
The labeler markets the product; the application holder owns the FDA approval. They’re often the same company but can differ (e.g. a repackager or an authorized generic). A mailing address / phone appears here when the manufacturer includes it in the product’s FDA label (not all do).
Where does this data come from?
Labeler, application holder and registered establishment from the FDA openFDA NDC Directory and Drugs@FDA; address/contact from the product’s FDA label.

🩺 Clinical

📗 Our plain-language guide HelloPharmacist
  • It's best to avoid using two lidocaine products at the same time unless your doctor says it's okay. When you use multiple products containing a local anesthetic, the total amount a...
  • Can I use a lidocaine patch and a lidocaine cream at the same time?
  • No — please don't do this. Heat significantly increases how much lidocaine is absorbed through your skin, which can push drug levels in your blood higher than they should be. Stick...
  • Can I put a heating pad on the area where I applied a lidocaine patch?
📖 Read our full Lidocaine guide →
Where does this data come from?
Plain-language summary from MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine); supplement & herbal interactions and nutrient depletion data from the Natural Medicines database; our full guide is HelloPharmacist editorial content.

🧪 Inactive Ingredients / Excipients

Inactive ingredients, also called excipients, are components of the drug product other than the active ingredient. They may include fillers, dyes, coatings, preservatives, flavors, or other formulation ingredients.

💡 Tap an ingredient (hover on desktop) to see what it is and why it’s used.

  • UNII 3K9958V90M
    A liquid solvent derived from fermentation or chemical synthesis. In medicines, alcohol dissolves active ingredients, helps preserve the product, and improves how the body absorbs certain drugs.
  • UNII LU49E6626Q
    A synthetic organic compound used as a pH buffer and neutralizing agent in medicines. It helps maintain the proper acidity level in liquid formulations to improve stability and comfort.
  • UNII LKG8494WBH
    Benzyl alcohol is a clear liquid used as a preservative and solvent in medicines. It helps prevent bacterial and fungal growth and dissolves other ingredients to create uniform liquid formulations.
  • UNII WV9CM0O67Z
    Panthenol is a humectant and skin-conditioning agent derived from pantothenic acid. It's added to medicines to help retain moisture and soothe skin irritation.
  • UNII B697894SGQ
    Polyethylene glycol 400 is a clear, thick liquid made from petroleum-derived polymers. It acts as a solvent and humectant in medicines, helping dissolve active ingredients and retain moisture in the formulation.
  • UNII 8LGU7VM393
    Rosemary leaf oil is a natural aromatic oil extracted from rosemary plants. It's used in medicines as a flavoring agent and preservative to help protect the product from spoilage.
  • UNII 059QF0KO0R
    Water is a liquid solvent that dissolves and mixes ingredients together in liquid medicines, syrups, and injections. It helps distribute the active drug evenly throughout the product.

7 inactive ingredients listed in the exact product block matched to this NDC.

Where does this data come from?
Data sourced from official FDA Structured Product Labeling (SPL) via DailyMedingredient classCode="IACT" elements from the exact product block matched by this NDC. Label-section narrative from DailyMed / the openFDA label index is shown separately when available.

Inactive ingredient FAQ

Are inactive ingredients the same for every manufacturer?
No. Inactive ingredients can differ by manufacturer, dosage form, strength, and package / product version.
Why might an inactive ingredient be missing?
Some SPLs do not provide a complete structured inactive-ingredient list, and older or unusual labels may only include the information in narrative text.
Can inactive ingredients matter?
Yes. They can matter for allergies, intolerances, dyes, gluten / lactose concerns, preservatives, and formulation differences — but confirm with a pharmacist or the manufacturer when it’s clinically important.

💲 Pricing

A drug doesn't have one price. Each row is a different public payment system, and none is what you'd pay at the counter — that depends on your insurance. The ⓘ on each row explains what it measures.

Price systemPer mLPer package
Retail pharmacies payNADAC · weekly Not in the retail survey — common for institutional, discontinued, or low-volume packs.
Medicaid paysCMS SDUD · 12 mo No recent Medicaid claims on file for this NDC — rare and low-volume NDCs are suppressed in the public data.
Medicare drug plans payPart D · quarterly No Part D plan price is available for this NDC in our data.
ℹ️
No price is published for this exact package yet. CMS surveys NADAC per package size, so a different pack of the same drug often has one.
Where does this data come from?
NADAC (National Average Drug Acquisition Cost) is the CMS weekly pharmacy-acquisition-cost survey — what pharmacies pay. ASP (Average Sales Price) is the CMS Medicare Part B drug-payment file, published quarterly. Medicaid pays is computed by us from CMS State Drug Utilization Data (total reimbursed ÷ units, trailing 12 months) — gross of rebates and inclusive of dispensing fees, so it reflects what Medicaid paid, not an acquisition cost. Medicare drug plans pay is the median negotiated point-of-sale unit cost across plans listing this NDC in the CMS quarterly Prescription Drug Plan pricing files, before rebates. The VA pays is the federal contract price (FSS, and the statutory Big 4 ceiling where listed) from the VA National Acquisition Center pharmaceutical price file. All are free public government data; each measures a different payer, so the figures are not directly comparable.

🔁 Therapeutic equivalents

ProductLabelerPackNADAC/unitTEStatusPrice vs. this
Lidotral Five Percent 50 mg/mLthis 59088-0350-03 PureTek 30 ml FDA listed
Bravado Labs Numbing 5 g/100g 70171-0400-01 Prodigy 1 bottle FDA listed
Uber Numb 50 mg/mL 71131-0050-04 UBERScientific, 118.29 ml FDA listed
RECOVERY Numbing 5.9 g/118mL 76348-0980-04 Renu 118 ml FDA listed
The Solution 2.0 5 g/100mL 82617-0102-12 SCALP 60 ml FDA listed
About this product: other versions of the same ingredient, strength and form are listed above, least expensive first, with FDA equivalence ratings where available.
Where does this data come from?
Equivalents are other NDCs of the same ingredient, form and route from the openFDA NDC Directory, ranked least-expensive-first by NADAC. Therapeutic-equivalence (AB) ratings come from the FDA Orange Book; biologics use the FDA Purple Book for biosimilar & interchangeable status.

Availability & generic status

🏛️
2024
On the market since
Jun 2024
📍
2026
Currently FDA-listed
2 years listed
🔒
·
No generic listed yet
brand only
ℹ️No FDA-approved generic found

We did not find an FDA-approved generic match for this exact strength, form and route.

Where does this data come from?
Patents and exclusivity from the FDA Orange Book (small-molecule drugs), refreshed from public FDA data. Generic launch timing is an estimate, not a guarantee.

📦 Packaging — all sizes for this product

Package NDCDescription Marketing startStatus
59088-0350-03 You're viewing this 30 mL in 1 BOTTLE, SPRAY (59088-350-03) 2024-06-04 Active

🧭 About this NDC listing & data coverage

Finished prescription product Marketed without an FDA application

Listed without an FDA application

This product's marketing category indicates it is marketed without an approved FDA application (no NDA, ANDA, or BLA on file). Having an NDC does not by itself establish FDA approval — the NDC Directory is a listing system, not an approval decision. Approval-linked data such as Orange Book therapeutic-equivalence ratings therefore does not apply.

What data is (and isn’t) available for this NDC — tap to expand
NDC identity (package / product / labeler codes) ✓ Available
Labeler ✓ Available
Product & package description ✓ Available
Marketing category & status ✓ Available
Active ingredient / dosage form / route ✓ Available
FDA label (SPL via DailyMed) ✓ Available
Package photos ✓ Available
Inactive ingredients (structured) ✓ Available
NADAC pharmacy acquisition price (CMS) — Not published for this NDC CMS publishes NADAC only for NDCs reported in its retail-pharmacy survey.
Orange Book / therapeutic-equivalence data — Not published for this NDC Applies only to products approved under an NDA/ANDA; many listings are out of scope.
HCPCS J-code billing crosswalk — Not published for this NDC Most self-administered / retail products have no J-code — that is normal.
Medicaid utilization (CMS SDUD) — Not published for this NDC CMS reports utilization only for NDCs with Medicaid claims above its privacy threshold.
“Not published” reflects what the public FDA / CMS / NLM sources provide for this exact package code — it is a property of the data feeds, not a judgment about the product.

Questions about this listing

Is this NDC FDA-approved?
An NDC listing does not by itself establish FDA approval — the NDC Directory records that a product is listed with FDA, not that it was reviewed and approved. This listing's marketing category is "Unapproved Drug Other". Products approved under an application carry an NDA, ANDA, or BLA number.
Why is there no price listed?
The pricing shown on our NDC pages comes from CMS NADAC, a voluntary survey of retail community pharmacy invoices. CMS does not publish a NADAC for every NDC — packages outside the retail survey (institutional and hospital products, bulk packages, discontinued items, and many OTC items) may never receive one. A missing price reflects the survey's scope, not this product's actual cost, and does not mean the product is free or unavailable.
Is the NDC printed on the package the same as the 11-digit billing NDC?
Yes, they identify this exact package in different formats. The FDA registers it as 59088-350-03, which is what is printed on the packaging and shown on DailyMed. Insurance claims use a fixed 11-digit 5-4-2 format, so the short segment is padded with a leading zero: 59088-0350-03, written without dashes as 59088035003. The Identity section at the top of this page lists every form of this code.
What do the three segments of this NDC mean?
In 59088-0350-03, the first segment (59088) is the labeler code FDA assigned to PureTek Corporation; the middle segment (0350) identifies this specific product — its ingredient, strength, and dosage form; and the last segment (03) identifies this exact package size and type. Together they name one specific package of one specific product.
Is this package still being marketed?
Yes, per the latest FDA NDC Directory data on this page: this package is listed as actively marketed, with no marketing end date reported by PureTek Corporation. Listing status can change — the directory data on this page refreshes weekly.
Who lists this product with the FDA?
PureTek Corporation is the labeler of record for this NDC — the company under whose FDA-assigned code the package is listed. The labeler may be the manufacturer itself or a distributor marketing the product under its own code.
Do I need a prescription for this product?
This NDC is listed with FDA as a prescription product, so it is dispensed under a prescriber's order. Your pharmacist can tell you whether any over-the-counter forms of the same medication exist.
This page identifies an FDA-listed package (the NDC) and reports public regulatory and pricing data about the listing. It is reference information, not a medical recommendation — talk to your pharmacist or prescriber about your own medication.
Where does this data come from?
Listing facts (marketing category, packager status, marketing dates) from the FDA openFDA NDC Directory; label availability from DailyMed; pricing coverage from CMS NADAC; equivalence scope from the FDA Orange Book.

📄 Full prescribing information FDA SPL

The complete FDA label for this product — the official prescribing information, verbatim, section by section. Jump with a chip, search within the label, or expand everything.
🎯 Indications and Usage 23 words

INDICATIONS For the temporary relief of pain and itching associated with minor burns, sunburn, minor cuts, scrapes, insect bites, and minor skin irritation.

⏱️ Dosage and Administration 73 words

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Spray to the affected area(s) two or three times daily or as directed by a licensed healthcare practitioner. Apply Lidotral® 5% Spray to intact skin to cover the most painful area. Smaller areas of treatment are recommended in a debilitated patient, or a patient with impaired elimination.

When Lidotral® 5% Spray is used concomitantly with other products containing local anesthetic agents, the amount absorbed from all formulations must be considered.

Contraindications 44 words

CONTRAINDICATIONS Tuberculosis or fungal lesions of the skin vaccinia, varicella and acute herpes simplex and in persons who have shown hypersensitivity to any of its components. Lidocaine is contraindicated in patients with a known history of hypersensitivity to local anesthetics of the amide type.

⚠️ Warnings 130 words

WARNINGS For external use only. Not for ophthalmic use. EXCESSIVE DOSING Excessive dosing by applying Lidotral® 5% Spray to larger areas or for longer than the recommended wearing time could result in increased absorption of lidocaine and high blood concentrations, leading to serious adverse effects (see ADVERSE REACTIONS, Systemic Reactions).

Lidocaine toxicity could be expected at lidocaine blood concentrations above 5 mcg/mL. The blood concentration of lidocaine is determined by the rate of systemic absorption and elimination. Longer duration of application, application of more than the recommended number of patches, smaller patients, or impaired elimination may all contribute to increasing the blood concentration of lidocaine.

With recommended dosing, the average peak blood concentration is about 0.13 mcg/ mL, but concentrations higher than 0.25 mcg/mL have been observed in some individuals.

🤒 Adverse Reactions ~1 min read

ADVERSE REACTIONS ADVERSE REACTIONS Application Site Reactions Even though adverse reactions are rare, a very small percentage of patients experience an unpleasant burning sensation, redness, warmth, or stinging. It is advisable to apply a small amount on the forearm prior to first use. If any of these effects persists or worsens, contact your physician or pharmacist immediately.

This medication is not absorbed systemically but if any serious side effects (i.e. rash, itching/swelling, severe dizziness) are experienced, discontinue use immediately and contact your pharmacist or physician. This is not a complete list of all side effects that may occur. You may report side effects to the FDA at 800-FDA-1088 or at http://www.fda.gov/medwatch.

Allergic Reactions Allergic and anaphylactoid reactions associated with lidocaine, although rare, can occur. They are characterized by angioedema, bronchospasm, dermatitis, dyspnea, hypersensitivity, laryngospasm, pruritus, shock, and urticaria. If they occur, they should be managed by conventional means.

The detection of sensitivity by skin testing is of doubtful value. Other Adverse Events Due to the nature and limitation of spontaneous reports in post marketing surveillance, causality has not been established for additional reported adverse events including: Asthenia, confusion, disorientation, dizziness, headache, hyperesthesia, hypoesthesia, lightheadedness, metallic taste, nausea, nervousness, pain exacerbated, paresthesia, somnolence, taste alteration, vomiting, visual disturbances such as blurred vision, flushing, tinnitus, and tremor.

Systemic (Dose-Related) Reactions Systemic adverse reactions following appropriate use of lidocaine is unlikely, due to the small dose absorbed (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Pharmacokinetics). Systemic adverse effects of lidocaine are similar in nature to those observed with other amide local anesthetic agents, including CNS excitation and/or depression (light-headedness, nervousness, apprehension, euphoria, confusion, dizziness, drowsiness, tinnitus, blurred or double vision, vomiting, sensations of heat, cold or numbness, twitching, tremors, convulsions, unconsciousness, respiratory depression and arrest).

Excitatory CNS reactions may be brief or not occur at all, in which case the first manifestation may be drowsiness merging into unconsciousness. Cardiovascular manifestations may include bradycardia, hypotension and cardiovascular collapse leading to arrest.

🔄 Drug Interactions 58 words

Drug Interactions Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Lidotral® 5% Spray should be used with caution in patients receiving Class I antiarrhythmic drugs (such as tocainide and mexiletine) since the toxic effects are additive and potentially synergistic. Local Anesthetics: When Lidotral® 5% Spray is used concomitantly with other products containing local anesthetic agents, the amount absorbed from all formulations must be considered.

🤰 Pregnancy 114 words

Pregnancy Teratogenic Effects: Pregnancy Category B. Lidocaine has not been studied in pregnancy. Reproduction studies with lidocaine have been performed in rats at doses up to 30 mg/kg subcutaneously and have revealed no evidence of harm to the fetus due to lidocaine.

There are, however, no adequate and well- controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, lidocaine should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. Labor and Delivery Lidocaine has not been studied in labor and delivery.

Lidocaine is not contraindicated in labor and delivery. Should lidocaine be used concomitantly with other products containing lidocaine, total doses contributed by all formulations must be considered.

🧒 Pediatric Use 12 words

Pediatric Use Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.

🆘 Overdosage 153 words

OVERDOSAGE Lidocaine overdose from cutaneous absorption is rare, but could occur. If there is any suspicion of lidocaine overdose (see ADVERSE REACTIONS, Systemic Reactions), drug blood concentration should be checked. The management of overdose includes close monitoring, supportive care, and symptomatic treatment.

Dialysis is of negligible value in the treatment of acute overdose with lidocaine. In the absence of massive topical overdose or oral ingestion, evaluation of symptoms of toxicity should include consideration of other etiologies for the clinical effects, or over dosage from other sources of lidocaine or other local anesthetics. The oral LD50 of lidocaine HCl is 459 (346 to 773) mg/kg (as the salt) in non-fasted female rats and 214 (159 to 324) mg/kg (as the salt) in fasted female rats, which are equivalent to roughly 4000 mg and 2000 mg, respectively, in a 60 to 70 kg man based on the equivalent surface area dosage conversion factors between species.

🧬 Clinical Pharmacology ~2 min read

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Pharmacodynamics Lidocaine is a common local anesthetic that relieves itching, burning, and pain. Topically, it blocks both initiation and conduction or nerve impulses by decreasing ionic flux through the neuronal membrane. Since it penetrates the skin, it creates an anesthetic effect by not just preventing pain signals from propagating to the brain out by stopping them before they begin.

Pharmacokinetics Absorption: Lidocaine- Lidocaine may be absorbed following topical administration to mucous membranes, its rate and extent of absorption depending upon the specific site of application, duration of exposure, concentration and total dosage. In general, the rate of absorption of local anesthetic agents following topical application occurs most rapidly after intratracheal administration. Lidocaine is also well-absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, but little intact drug appears in the circulation because of biotransformation in the liver.

Lidocaine is metabolized rapidly by the liver and metabolites and unchanged drug are excreted by the kidneys. Biotransformation includes oxidative N-dealkylation, ring hydroxylation, cleavage of the amide linkage and conjugation. N-dealkylation, a major pathway of biotransformation, yields the metabolites monoethylglycinexylidide and glycinexylidide.

The pharmacological/ toxicological actions of these metabolites are similar to, but less potent than, those of lidocaine. Approximately 90% of lidocaine administered is excreted in the form of various metabolites and less than 10% is excreted unchanged. The primary metabolite in urine is a conjugate of 4-hydroxy-2, 6-dimethylaniline.

The plasma binding of lidocaine is dependent on drug concentration and the fraction bound decreases with increasing concentration. At concentrations of 1 to 4 g of free base per mL, 60 to 80 percent of lidocaine is protein bound. Binding is also dependent on the plasma concentration of the alpha-1-acid glycoprotein.

Lidocaine crosses the blood-brain and placental barriers, presumably by passive diffusion. Studies of lidocaine metabolism following intravenous bolus injections have shown that the elimination half-life of this agent is typically 1.5 to 2 hours. Because of the rapid rate at which lidocaine is metabolized, any condition that affects liver function may alter lidocaine kinetics.

The half-life may be prolonged two-fold or more in patients with liver dysfunction. Renal dysfunction does not affect lidocaine kinetics, but may increase the accumulation of metabolites. Factors such as acidosis and the use of CNS stimulants and depressants affect the CNS levels of lidocaine required to produce overt systemic effects.

Objective adverse manifestations become increasingly apparent with increasing venous plasma levels above 6 g free base per mL. In the rhesus monkey, arterial blood levels of 18-21 g/mL have been shown to be threshold for convulsive activity. Excretion: Lidocaine- Lidocaine and its metabolites are excreted by the kidneys.

Less than 10% of lidocaine is excreted unchanged. The half-life of lidocaine elimination from the plasma following IV administration is 81 to 149 minutes (mean 107 ± 22 SD, n = 15). The systemic clearance is 0.33 to

0.90L/min (mean 0.64 ±

0.18SD, n = 15).

📦 How Supplied / Storage and Handling 40 words

HOW SUPPLIED Lidotral® 5% Spray (Lidocaine HCl 5%) is supplied in a 1 fl. oz. (30 mL) amber PET bottle with a screw cap sprayer (NDC 59088-350-03) Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature].

📋 Description 88 words

DESCRIPTION Lidotral® 5% Spray contains 50 mg of Lidocaine HCl per gram in a vehicle of Aminomethyl Propanol, Aqua (Purified Water), Benzyl Alcohol, Ethyl Alcohol, DL-Panthenol, PEG-8, Rosmarinus Officinalis (Rosemary) Leaf Oil, Fragrance. Lidocaine HCI is chemically designated as acetamide, 2-(diethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl), and has the following structure: Lidotral® 5% Spray is a combination of ingredients with analgesics and anesthetic properties used in a unique way to maximize its pain-relieving effects to aid in addition to other therapies.

This offers long lasting relief for a variety of pain conditions. Drug

Source: FDA Structured Product Labeling, mirrored from DailyMed / openFDA. Prefer the government’s original formatting? View this label on DailyMed ↗
For educational and professional reference only — not medical advice. Pricing reflects published NADAC and CMS ASP (free public data) and may differ from your acquisition cost; always verify before billing or dispensing.