Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Based on 2 of 4 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Astaxanthin 4000 Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by ProCaps

Astaxanthin 4000 label
See full label image
Softgel Capsule Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Astaxanthin 4000 against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Astaxanthin 4000 is a dietary supplement by ProCaps with 4 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for general antioxidant support, skin and hair care, heart health.Based on those ingredients, 791 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Vitamin E, Astaxanthin. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Astaxanthin 4000 by ProCaps

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Astaxanthin 4000 by ProCaps — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Astaxanthin 4000 by ProCaps

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 11, 2026

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 5 of its 5 active ingredients.
  • “Total Omega-3 Fatty Acids” is listed as a grouped ingredient — the label gives one combined amount (100 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.
  • “Ahiflower Oil” is listed as a grouped ingredient — the label gives one combined amount (160 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.
  • “Vitamin E” is listed as a grouped ingredient — the label gives one combined amount (45 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.

Astaxanthin 4000 contains five active ingredients. D-Gamma-Tocopherol (a form of vitamin E) and Astaxanthin are the two we have the most data on.

The product also includes Gamma-Linolenic Acid, Alpha-Linolenic Acid, and Stearidonic Acid, plus Ahiflower Oil and Total Omega-3 Fatty Acids — those last three are blend containers whose individual components include the fatty acids listed separately. The softgel capsule itself is the only inactive ingredient.

Does it work?

Moderate evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Moderate

Some clinical evidence supports this product's ingredients for its stated purpose, but it isn't conclusive.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: antioxidant support and protective health.
  • We looked for evidence on: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), Aging skin, Atherosclerosis, Cardiovascular disease (CVD), Cataracts, Dry eye — and 4 related terms.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Vitamin E is rated "Possibly Effective" for Exercise-induced muscle damage (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Vitamin E is rated "Possibly Ineffective" for Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), Atherosclerosis, Cataracts.
  • Also on file: Vitamin E is rated "Likely Ineffective" for Cardiovascular disease (CVD).

The effectiveness evidence we hold is for D-Gamma-Tocopherol (vitamin E) only: it's effective for vitamin E deficiency and a rare genetic condition called ataxia with vitamin E deficiency (AVED), and possibly effective for Alzheimer disease, beta-thalassemia, G6PD deficiency (a blood disorder), and intracranial hemorrhage. For astaxanthin, the evidence we hold doesn't establish effectiveness for age-related cognitive decline, macular degeneration, aging skin, Alzheimer disease, athletic performance, or carpal tunnel syndrome — those all have insufficient evidence to rate.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Vitamin E Astaxanthin

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 2 of the 2 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 2 of 2.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 2 of 2.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

D-Gamma-Tocopherol (vitamin E) is generally well-tolerated at usual dietary amounts, but high-dose long-term supplements may raise your risk of bleeding and other harms. High doses can increase bleeding risk due to effects on clotting factors and platelets, and there's some concern about hemorrhagic stroke in male smokers taking synthetic vitamin E for years, though other studies didn't show that risk.

Serious bleeding complications are rare but possible. Astaxanthin is generally well-tolerated in studies, though long-term safety data are limited.

The most common side effects reported were abdominal pain, diarrhea, and red-colored stools — a small number of trial participants experienced increased bowel movements or red stools at 6 mg daily, and abdominal pain was reported at higher doses (40 mg daily). For pregnancy and breastfeeding: vitamin E from food and prenatal vitamins is appropriate, but avoid high-dose supplements in pregnancy unless your doctor directs it; while breastfeeding, normal dietary amounts are fine, but check with your doctor before taking high-dose supplements.

We don't have safety data for astaxanthin in pregnancy or breastfeeding, so it's best to avoid it unless your doctor advises otherwise.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Vitamin E Astaxanthin

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 2 of the 2 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Vitamin E, Astaxanthin.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; immunosuppressants / transplant drugs; cancer treatments.
  • For scale: 792 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before taking this product, double-check with your pharmacist if you're on blood thinners or antiplatelet drugs — the vitamin E in it increases bleeding risk (Moderate). Also check if you take chemotherapy drugs (alkylating agents or antitumor antibiotics), cyclosporine, warfarin, selumetinib, or medications broken down by your liver's CYP3A4 or CYP2B6 enzyme systems — vitamin E and astaxanthin may affect how these work.

Check niacin use as well, since vitamin E may reduce its cholesterol benefit.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This product is for people interested in antioxidant support, but the vitamin E content means you need to check it carefully against any blood thinners, chemotherapy drugs, or certain other medications you take. If you're pregnant, breastfeeding, or taking warfarin, cyclosporine, or cancer medications, talk with your pharmacist or doctor before starting it.

The astaxanthin portion hasn't been studied enough for us to say what it does, and we have limited long-term safety data for it.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 2 of 5 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Apr 22, 2021.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Astaxanthin 4000, straight from the product label.

Brand ProCaps
Barcode (UPC) 712524
Net contents 360 Easy-To-Swallow Capsule(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Apr 22, 2021
DSLD ID 248392
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Softgel Capsule
Dietary claims / uses Nutrient, All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Astaxanthin 4000 by ProCaps, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
1 Softgel(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
1 Softgel(s)
Servings per container
360
UPC/BARCODE
712524
IngredientAmount% DV
Gamma-Linolenic Acid13 mg--
Total Omega-3 Fatty Acids100 mg--
Alpha-Linolenic Acid77 mg--
Stearidonic Acid34 mg--
Ahiflower Oil160 mg--
D-Gamma-Tocopherol40 mg--
Vitamin E45 mg--
Astaxanthin4000 mcg--

Other ingredients: Soft-Gelatin Capsule

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested use consume one or more capsules daily or as recommended by your physician. As with any dietary supplement, this product is most effective as part of a healthy diet and active lifestyle. For questions about the use of this product, call 800.332.7799.

Formulation

For over 40 years unsurpassed purity, quality and efficacy 100% solar production Zero carbon footprint

All solar

Contains no additives or common allergens of any kind.

General Statements

We remain uniquely committed to you and the planet. You have my unwavering promise. Andrew Lessman, founder Questions?/reorders? 800.800.1200 www.ProCapsLabs.com www.HSN.com 800.944.9999 www.QVC.com 800.345.1515

Formula

4000 mcg Natural Astaxanthin Ultra-protective carotenoid

Andrew Lessman's Astaxanthin 4000 provides a pure, concentrated source of Astaxanthin – one of Mother Nature's most powerful and protective anti-oxidant carotenoids. Astaxanthin is derived from aquatic algae and is responsible for the rich reddish-pink color observed in many marine species, including salmon, crab, lobster, shrimp, krill and even the flamingo, whose diet is abundant in Astaxanthin-producing algae. Astaxanthin can be found in fish and shellfish that consume Astaxanthin-rich organisms; however, its most pure and abundant source is the microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis, which is the natural source used to make this product. Astaxanthin has been consumed for centuries, but has only recently gained recognition for its extensive health benefits. Recent research shows Astaxanthin to possess antioxidant power many times greater than Beta-Carotene, Lutein, Lycopene and Zeaxanthin. Astaxanthin helps protect cell structures from oxidative damage and it can cross the blood-brain barrier to deliver its benefits to the delicate tissues of the brain and nervous system. It is most well known for the protective benefits it provides to the delicate structures of the eye, enhancing visual accommodation, acuity and eye function. Astaxanthin's wide-ranging benefits also extend to the heart, liver, breast and immune system. To assure you the greatest benefits possible, we enhance our pure, natural Astaxanthin with the unique balance of plant-based Omega-3 fatty acids from Ahiflower Oil.

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

Brand IP Statement(s)

Ahiflower is a registered trademark of Technology Crops, LLC.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Astaxanthin 4000 by ProCaps label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Astaxanthin 4000 label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Astaxanthin 4000 by ProCaps

These are the 4 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size1 Softgel(s) Dosage formSoftgel Capsule Servings per container360 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Ahiflower Oil

160 mg per serving
  • › Gamma-Linolenic Acid
  • › Total Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Vitamin E

Interacts with
764 drugs
45 mg per serving Form: Tocopherol

Vitamin E is an essential fat-soluble vitamin and antioxidant that most people get in adequate amounts from a normal diet. Supplements can help correc...

Vitamin E monograph & interactions

Astaxanthin

Interacts with
671 drugs
4000 mcg per serving Form: Haematococcus pluvialis oil

Astaxanthin is a reddish carotenoid pigment with strong antioxidant activity in the lab, and it is widely promoted for skin, eye, heart, and exercise...

Astaxanthin monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: Soft-Gelatin Capsule. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Astaxanthin 4000 by ProCaps Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Astaxanthin 4000?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
791Drugs
790 Moderate 1 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Vitamin E 764
Astaxanthin 671

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Astaxanthin 4000 interact with 791 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

2 of the 4 ingredients in Astaxanthin 4000 interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Vitamin E Astaxanthin

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Astaxanthin 4000 with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Vitamin E8 drug types · 764 drugs

Alkylating Agents

Theoretically, antioxidant effects of vitamin E might reduce the effectiveness of alkylating agents.
There's concern that antioxidants could reduce the activity of chemotherapy drugs which generate free radicals, such as cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, carmustine, busulfan, and thiotepa. However, some researchers theorize that antioxidants might make chemotherapy more effective by reducing oxidative stress that might interfere with apoptosis (cell death) of cancer cells. More evidence is needed to determine what effect, if any, antioxidants such as vitamin E have on chemotherapy. Advise patients to consult their oncologist before using vitamin E supplements, especially in high doses.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Concomitant use of vitamin E and anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents might increase the risk of bleeding.
Vitamin E seems to inhibit of platelet aggregation and antagonize the effects of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. These effects appear to be dose-dependent, and are probably only likely to be clinically significant with doses of at least 800 units daily. Mixed tocopherols, such as those found in food, might have a greater antiplatelet effect than alpha-tocopherol. RRR alpha-tocopherol (natural vitamin E) 1000 IU daily antagonizes vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. Advise patients to avoid high doses of vitamin E, especially in people with low vitamin K intake or other risk factors for bleeding.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Antitumor Antibiotics

Theoretically, antioxidant effects of vitamin E might reduce the effectiveness of antitumor antibiotics.
There's concern that antioxidants could reduce the activity of antitumor antibiotic drugs such as doxorubicin, which generate free radicals. However, some researchers theorize that antioxidants might make chemotherapy more effective by reducing oxidative stress that might interfere with apoptosis (cell death) of cancer cells. More evidence is needed to determine what effect, if any, antioxidants such as vitamin E have on chemotherapy involving antitumor antibiotics. Advise patients to consult their oncologist before using vitamin E supplements, especially in high doses.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune)

A specific form of vitamin E might increase absorption and levels of cyclosporine.
There is some evidence that one specific formulation of vitamin E (D-alpha-tocopheryl-polyethylene glycol-1000 succinate, TPGS, tocophersolan, Liqui-E) might increase absorption of cyclosporine. This vitamin E formulation forms micelles which seems to increase absorption of cyclosporine by 40% to 72% in some patients. However, this interaction is unlikely to occur with the usual forms of vitamin E.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, vitamin E might induce metabolism of CYP3A4, possibly reducing the levels CYP3A4 substrates.
Vitamin E appears to bind with the nuclear receptor, pregnane X receptor (PXR), which results in increased expression of CYP3A4. Although the clinical significance of this is not known, use caution when considering concomitant use of vitamin E and other drugs affected by these enzymes.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Selumetinib (Koselugo)

Taking selumetinib with vitamin E can result in a total daily dose of vitamin E that exceeds safe limits and therefore might increase the risk of bleeding.
Selumetinib contains 48-54 IU vitamin E per capsule. The increased risk of bleeding with vitamin E appears to be dose-dependent. Be cautious when using selumetinib in combination with supplemental vitamin E, especially in patients at higher risk of bleed, such as those with chronic conditions and those taking antiplatelet drugs.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Using vitamin E with warfarin might increase the risk of bleeding.
Due to interference with production of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors, use of more than 400 IU of vitamin E daily with warfarin might increase prothrombin time (PT), INR, and the risk of bleeding,. At a dose of 1000 IU per day, vitamin E can antagonize vitamin K-dependent clotting factors even in people not taking warfarin. Limited clinical evidence suggests that doses up to 1200 IU daily may be used safely by patients taking warfarin, but this may not be applicable in all patient populations.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Niacin

Vitamin E might decrease the beneficial effects of niacin on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels.
A combination of niacin and simvastatin (Zocor) effectively raises high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels in people with coronary disease and low HDL levels. Clinical research shows that taking a combination of antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, and selenium) along with niacin and simvastatin (Zocor) attenuates this rise in HDL, specifically the HDL-2 and apolipoprotein A1 fractions, by more than 50%. Vitamin E alone combined with a statin does not seem to decrease HDL levels. It is not known whether the adverse effect on HDL is due to one of the other antioxidants or to the combination. It also is not known whether it will occur in other patient populations.

Likelihood Possible Evidence A
Vitamin E full monograph & interactions

Astaxanthin2 drug types · 671 drugs

Cytochrome P450 2B6 (Cyp2B6) Substrates

Theoretically, astaxanthin may decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2B6.
In vitro research shows that astaxanthin induces cytochrome CYP2B6 enzyme activity in human hepatocytes. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, astaxanthin may decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
In vitro research shows that astaxanthin induces CYP3A4 enzyme activity in human hepatocytes. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Astaxanthin full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Astaxanthin 4000, from the product label.

ProCaps

See all ProCaps products
Name
ProCaps Labs
City
Henderson
State
NV
ZipCode
89011
Phone Number
800.800.1200
Web Address
www.ProCapsLabs.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Astaxanthin 4000 by ProCaps: Common Questions

Does Astaxanthin 4000 by ProCaps interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Astaxanthin 4000 has a known interaction with 791 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Astaxanthin 4000 contains 4 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
What does astaxanthin actually do?
We don't have strong evidence that astaxanthin works for any condition yet. The research we hold shows insufficient evidence to rate it for age-related cognitive decline, macular degeneration, aging skin, Alzheimer disease, athletic performance, or carpal tunnel syndrome. What astaxanthin does in your body hasn't been established in studies we hold data for.
Can I take this while pregnant or breastfeeding?
The vitamin E in it is safe at food and prenatal vitamin amounts, but skip high-dose supplements in pregnancy unless your doctor says it's okay. While breastfeeding, normal dietary amounts of vitamin E are fine — check with your doctor before taking high-dose supplements. We don't have safety data for astaxanthin in pregnancy or breastfeeding, so it's best to avoid it unless your doctor advises otherwise.
What are the most common side effects?
Vitamin E is generally well-tolerated at usual amounts. Astaxanthin most commonly caused abdominal pain, diarrhea, and red-colored stools in people who took it in studies, though these were uncommon. Serious effects like bleeding are rare but possible with high-dose vitamin E supplements.
Is this safe to take long-term?
High-dose long-term vitamin E supplements may raise your risk of bleeding and other harms — usual dietary amounts are safe. Astaxanthin has limited long-term safety data, so we don't have good evidence for how it holds up over months or years of use. Talk to your pharmacist about your specific situation.
Why do I need to check my medications before taking this?
The vitamin E in this product interacts with blood thinners and several other medications your liver processes, and it may make some chemotherapy drugs or other prescriptions less effective or cause bleeding. Astaxanthin may also affect how some drugs are broken down. Your pharmacist can search your exact medications against this product to see if there's a real conflict.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Astaxanthin 4000 label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Astaxanthin 4000’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Vitamin E

Interacts with 764 drugs

Vitamin E is an essential fat-soluble vitamin and antioxidant that most people get in adequate amounts from a normal diet. Supplements can help correct a true deficiency, but high-dose vitam...

Read the full Vitamin E monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Astaxanthin

Interacts with 671 drugs

Astaxanthin is a reddish carotenoid pigment with strong antioxidant activity in the lab, and it is widely promoted for skin, eye, heart, and exercise benefits. Early human studies are promis...

Read the full Astaxanthin monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Astaxanthin 4000's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 67 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Vitamin E 64 references
  1. Kim JM, White RH. Effect of vitamin E on the anticoagulant response to warfarin. Am J Cardiol 1996;77:545-6. PubMed
  2. Corrigan JJ Jr. The effect of vitamin E on warfarin-induced vitamin K deficiency. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1982;393:361-8. PubMed
  3. Corrigan JJ Jr. Coagulation problems relating to vitamin E. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1979;1:169-73.
  4. Corrigan JJ Jr, Marcus FI. Coagulopathy associated with vitamin E ingestion. JAMA 1974;230:1300-1. DOI
  5. Labriola D, Livingston R. Possible interactions between dietary antioxidants and chemotherapy. Oncology 1999;13:1003-8.
  6. Chang T, Benet LZ, Hebert MF. The effect of water-soluble vitamin E on cyclosporine pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996;59:297-303. PubMed
  7. Pan SH, Lopez RR Jr, Sher LS, et al. Enhanced oral cyclosporine absorption with water-soluble vitamin E early after liver transplantation. Pharmacother 1996;16:59-65. DOI
  8. Anon. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Soprawivenza nell'Infarto miocardico. Lancet 1999;354:447-55. DOI
  9. Chappell LC, Seed PT, Briley AL, et al. Effect of antioxidants on the occurrence of pre-eclampsia in women at increased risk: a randomised trial. Lancet 1999;354:810-6. DOI
  10. Yusuf S, Dagenais G, Pogue J, et al. Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The heart outcomes prevention evaluation study investigators. N Engl J Med 2000;342:154-60. PubMed
  11. Stephens NG, Parsons A, Schofield PM, et al. Randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary disease: Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study. Lancet 1996;347:781-6.
  12. The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1029-35. PubMed
  13. Takahashi O. Haemorrhagic toxicity of a large dose of alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-tocopherols, ubiquinone, beta-carotene, retinol acetate and L-ascorbic acid in the rat. Food Chem Toxicol 1995;33:121-8.
  14. Briggs GB, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1998.
  15. Sano M, Ernesto C, Thomas RG, et al. A controlled trial of selegiline, alpha-tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimer's disease. The Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1216-22. PubMed
  16. Liede KE, Haukka JK, Saxen LM, Heinonen OP. Increased tendency towards gingival bleeding caused by joint effect of alpha-tocopherol supplementation and acetylsalicylic acid. Ann Med 1998;30:542-6.
  17. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000. Available at: http://www.nap.edu/books/0309069351/html/.
  18. Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A, et al. Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1583-93. DOI
  19. Liu M, Wallmon A, Olsson-Mortlock C, et al. Mixed tocopherols inhibit platelet aggregation in humans: potential mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:700-6. PubMed
  20. Sokol RJ, Johnson KE, Karrer FM, et al. Improvement of cyclosporin absorption in children after liver transplantation by means of water-soluble vitamin E. Lancet 1991;338:212-4.. PubMed
  21. Stein JH, Carlsson CM, Papcke-Benson K, et al. The effects of lipid-lowering and antioxidant vitamin therapies on flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery in older adults with hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;38:1806-13.. PubMed
  22. Carlsson CM, Papcke-Benson K, Carnes M, et al. Health-related quality of life and long-term therapy with pravastatin and tocopherol (vitamin E) in older adults. Drugs Aging 2002;19:793-805. . PubMed
  23. Cheung MC, Zhao XQ, Chait A, et al. Antioxidant supplements block the response of HDL to simvastatin-niacin therapy in patients with coronary artery disease and low HDL. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001;21:1320-6. PubMed
  24. Schrogie JJ. Coagulopathy and fat-soluble vitamins (letter). JAMA 1975;232:19. DOI
  25. Celestini A, Pulcinelli FM, Pignatelli P, et al. Vitamin E potentiates the antiplatelet activity of aspirin in collagen-stimulated platelets. Haematologica 2002;87:420-6.
  26. Stampfer MJ, Jakubowski JA, Faigel D, et al. Vitamin E supplementation effect on human platelet function, arachidonic acid metabolism, and plasma prostacyclin levels. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;47:700-6. PubMed
  27. Jandak J, Steiner M, Richardson PD. Alpha-tocopherol, an effective inhibitor of platelet adhesion. Blood 1989;73:141-9. DOI
  28. Freedman JE, Farhat JH, Loscalzo J, Keaney JF. Alpha-tocopherol inhibits aggregation of human platelets by a protein kinase C-dependent mechanism. Circulation 1996;94:2434-40. PubMed
  29. Steiner M. Vitamin E, a modifier of platelet function: rationale and use in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. Nutr Rev 1999;57:306-9. PubMed
  30. Brodkin RH, Bleiberg J. Sensitivity to topically applied vitamin E. Arch Dermatol 1965;92:76-7. DOI
  31. Booth SL, Golly I, Sacheck JM, et al. Effect of vitamin E supplementation on vitamin K status in adults with normal coagulation status. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:143-8. PubMed
  32. Miller ER 3rd, Pastor-Barriuso R, Dalal D, et al. Meta-analysis: High-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. Ann Intern Med 2005;142:60520-53. PubMed
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See these in context on the Vitamin E monograph →

Astaxanthin 3 references
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See these in context on the Astaxanthin monograph →

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DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

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