Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Based on 6 of 16 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

BreatheXX Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Viatrexx Bio Incorporated

BreatheXX label
See full label image
Liquid Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 23, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking BreatheXX against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

BreatheXX is a dietary supplement by Viatrexx Bio Incorporated with 16 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for bone health support, antioxidant and enzyme support, filling dietary gaps.Based on those ingredients, 506 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Onion, Star of Bethlehem Flower Essence, Manganese. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against BreatheXX by Viatrexx Bio Incorporated

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with BreatheXX by Viatrexx Bio Incorporated — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
Prefer a human? Send your question to our licensed pharmacists — free, answered by email within 24 hours.

HelloPharmacist Scorecard of BreatheXX by Viatrexx Bio Incorporated

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 11, 2026

What’s inside

Low disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Low

Most active ingredients don't disclose an individual amount — you can't tell how much of each you're getting.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 0 of its 16 active ingredients.
  • “Proprietary Micro Blend of Trace and Essences” is a proprietary blend — the label doesn't break down how much of each component you get.

BreatheXX is a 16-ingredient liquid that includes manganese, choline chloride (from choline chloride), onion, and luffa as active ingredients, alongside flower essences (cherry plum, clematis, impatiens, rock rose, and star of Bethlehem) and animal tissue essences. The product also contains alcohol and structured water as inactive ingredients.

Does it work?

Not established
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Not established

The graded evidence we hold for these ingredients covers different conditions than the ones this product is marketed for, so there's no established rating for its stated use.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: healthy respiratory system.
  • We looked for evidence on: Allergic rhinitis (hay fever), Asthma, Bronchitis, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Respiratory tract infections, Rhinosinusitis — and 3 related terms.
  • The closest evidence on file: Manganese is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Allergic rhinitis (hay fever) (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Manganese is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
  • Also on file: Luffa is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Allergic rhinitis (hay fever), Rhinosinusitis.

Manganese is effective for manganese deficiency, but the evidence is insufficient to support its use for hay fever, osteoporosis, COPD, obesity, or osteoarthritis. Choline has insufficient evidence for athletic performance, bronchitis, age-related cognitive decline, liver health, hay fever, or Alzheimer disease.

Onion appears possibly effective for scarring but possibly ineffective for obesity, with insufficient evidence for alopecia areata, angina, and atherosclerosis. Luffa and the flower essences have insufficient evidence or no established effectiveness in the data we hold.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Manganese Choline Onion Luffa Rock Rose Star Of Bethlehem

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 4 of the 6 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 6 of 6.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 6 of 6.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Manganese is well tolerated in normal dietary amounts, but high-dose supplements carry serious risks including neurotoxicity and Parkinson-like symptoms; one case of severe manganese poisoning caused irreversible neurological damage and liver injury. Choline is well tolerated at appropriate doses but can cause fishy body odor, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea at doses above 3.5 grams daily.

Onion as a food is generally well tolerated, though concentrated supplements are less studied; rare cases of anaphylaxis and severe allergic reactions have been reported. Luffa lacks safety data for internal use and is best avoided during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Star of Bethlehem contains toxic cardiac glycosides and is likely unsafe in pregnancy; it can cause serious heart rhythm disturbances, headache, and visual disturbances.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Manganese Choline Onion Luffa Rock Rose Star Of Bethlehem

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 4 of the 6 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Manganese, Choline, Onion, Star Of Bethlehem.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; diabetes medications; heart-rhythm medications; lithium.
  • For scale: 506 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Check before starting if you take digoxin (Lanoxin) or other heart medications, corticosteroids, diuretics, stimulant laxatives, macrolide or tetracycline antibiotics, quinine, diabetes medications, blood thinners (anticoagulants) or antiplatelet drugs like aspirin, antipsychotic drugs, quinolone antibiotics, lithium, or atropine.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFormula with limited ingredient disclosure with no established evidence rating for its marketed use. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This product combines several ingredients with real drug interactions — particularly with heart medications, diabetes drugs, and blood thinners — plus star of Bethlehem, which carries cardiac toxicity concerns. If you take any prescription medications, especially for your heart, blood sugar, or blood clotting, check them against this product with our tool before you start.

Talk to your pharmacist or doctor first if you're pregnant or breastfeeding, or if you take high-dose manganese.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 6 of 16 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated May 23, 2024.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about BreatheXX, straight from the product label.

Brand Viatrexx Bio Incorporated
Barcode (UPC) 041910019508
Net contents 1.7 Ounce(s); 50 mL
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD May 23, 2024
DSLD ID 309865
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Liquid
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years), Gluten Free, Dairy Free, Sugar Free
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for BreatheXX by Viatrexx Bio Incorporated, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
1 Spray(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
5 Spray(s)
Servings per container
300
UPC/BARCODE
041910019508
IngredientAmount% DV
Sea Salt0 NP--
Manganese0 NP--
Choline Chloride0 NP--
Proprietary Micro Blend of Trace and Essences0 NP--
Onion0 NP--
Ammonium Carbonate0 NP--
Luffa0 NP--
Cherry Plum Flower Essence0 NP--
Clematis Flower Essence0 NP--
Impatiens Flower Essence0 NP--
Rock Rose Flower Essence0 NP--
Star of Bethlehem Flower Essence0 NP--
Sus scrofa Adrenal Essence0 NP--
Sus scrofa Lung Essence0 NP--
Sus scrofa Mucosa Essence0 NP--
Sus scrofa Peyer's Patches Essence0 NP--
Sus scrofa Thymus Essence0 NP--

Other ingredients: Alcohol, Water, Structured

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Formulation

BreatheXX encourages a healthy respiratory system.

Free of: gluten, wheat, yeast, corn, dairy, soy, sugar & artificial colors/flavors.

Organic alcohol used/Certified organic or wildcrafted sources used whenever possible.

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested Use: As a dietary supplement, 1-5 spray(s) under the tongue, 1-3 time(s) a day or as recommended by your healthcare practitioner.

Precautions

Caution: Do not exceed recommended dose.

Pregnant or nursing mothers, children under the age of 18 and individuals with a known medical condition should consult with a healthcare practitioner before taking this or any dietary supplement.

Pregnant or nursing mothers, children under the age of 18 and individuals with a known medical condition should consult with a healthcare practitioner before taking this or any dietary supplement. Keep out of reach of children.

Do not use if safety seal is damaged or missing.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

BreatheXX by Viatrexx Bio Incorporated label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

BreatheXX label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in BreatheXX by Viatrexx Bio Incorporated

These are the 16 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size1 Spray(s) Dosage formLiquid Servings per container300 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Proprietary Micro Blend of Trace and Essences

0 NP per serving

Other (inactive) ingredients: Alcohol, Water, Structured. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

BreatheXX by Viatrexx Bio Incorporated Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against BreatheXX?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
506Drugs
490 Moderate 16 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Onion 275
Star of Bethlehem Flower Essence 156
Manganese 83
Choline Chloride 16

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in BreatheXX interact with 506 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

4 of the 16 ingredients in BreatheXX interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Onion Star of Bethlehem Flower Essence Manganese Choline Chloride

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in BreatheXX with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Onion5 drug types · 275 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, concomitant use of anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs with onion might increase the risk of bleeding.
In vitro research shows that onion inhibits platelet aggregation.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antidiabetes Drugs

Concomitant use of antidiabetes drugs with onion may increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Animal research and clinical research shows that taking onion can lower blood glucose levels. Monitor blood glucose levels closely.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Aspirin

Concomitant use of aspirin with onion may worsen onion allergy.
In one case report, a patient with a mild onion allergy reported worsening allergy, including swelling and severe urticaria, after taking aspirin.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2E1 (Cyp2E1) Substrates

Theoretically, taking onion might increase the levels and clinical effects of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.
Animal research shows that taking onion powder inhibits CYP2E1. However, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Lithium

Onion is thought to have diuretic properties. Theoretically, due to these potential diuretic effects, onion might reduce excretion and increase levels of lithium. The dose of lithium might need to be decreased.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Onion full monograph & interactions

Star of Bethlehem Flower Essence7 drug types · 156 drugs

Corticosteroids

Theoretically, taking star of Bethlehem with prolonged corticosteroid therapy might increase the risk of toxicity.
Star of Bethlehem contains cardiac glycosides. Concomitant use of corticosteroids with star of Bethlehem can increase the therapeutic and adverse effects of long-term corticosteroid use due to potassium depletion and electrolyte imbalance.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Digoxin (Lanoxin)

Theoretically, taking star of Bethlehem in combination with digoxin might have additive effects and increase the risk of toxicity.
Star of Bethlehem contains cardiac glycosides with effects similar to digoxin.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Diuretic Drugs

Theoretically, taking diuretics with star of Bethlehem might increase the risk of toxicity.
Star of Bethlehem contains cardiac glycosides. Theoretically, concomitant use of potassium-depleting diuretics and star of Bethlehem can increase the risk of cardiac glycoside toxicity due to potassium depletion.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Macrolide Antibiotics

Theoretically, taking macrolide antibiotics with star of Bethlehem might increase the risk of cardiac glycoside toxicity.
Star of Bethlehem contains cardiac glycosides. Macrolide antibiotics appear to increase the gastrointestinal absorption of oral digoxin. Theoretically, concomitant use of macrolide antibiotics might increase the absorption of the cardiac glycosides found in star of Bethlehem and increase the risk of adverse effects.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Quinine

Theoretically, taking quinine with star of Bethlehem might increase the risk of cardiac glycoside toxicity.
Star of Bethlehem contains cardiac glycosides. Quinine may reduce the clearance of oral digoxin. Theoretically, concomitant use of quinine might reduce the clearance of cardiac glycosides found in star of Bethlehem and increase the risk of adverse effects.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Stimulant Laxatives

Theoretically, excessive use of stimulant laxatives with star of Bethlehem might increase the risk of toxicity.
Star of Bethlehem contains cardiac glycosides. Excessive use of stimulant laxatives can cause diarrhea, resulting in potassium depletion. This might increase the risk of cardiac glycoside toxicity.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Tetracycline Antibiotics

Theoretically, taking tetracycline antibiotics with star of Bethlehem might increase the risk of cardiac glycoside toxicity.
Star of Bethlehem contains cardiac glycosides similar to digitalis. Tetracycline antibiotics appear to increase the gastrointestinal absorption of oral digoxin. Theoretically, concomitant use of tetracycline antibiotics might increase the absorption of the cardiac glycosides found in star of Bethlehem and increase the risk of adverse effects.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Star of Bethlehem Flower Essence full monograph & interactions

Manganese3 drug types · 83 drugs

Antipsychotic Drugs

Theoretically, the risk for manganese toxicity might increase when taken with antipsychotic drugs.
Hallucinations and behavioral changes have been reported in a patient with liver disease who was taking haloperidol and manganese. Researchers speculate that taking manganese along with haloperidol, phenothiazine-derivatives, or other antipsychotic medications might increase the risk of manganese toxicity in some patients.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Quinolone Antibiotics

Theoretically, manganese might reduce the absorption of quinolone antibiotics.
Manganese is a multivalent cation. Interactions resulting in reduced quinolone absorption have been reported between quinolones and other multivalent cations, such as calcium and iron.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Tetracycline Antibiotics

Theoretically, manganese might reduce the absorption of tetracycline antibiotics.
Manganese is a multivalent cation. Interactions resulting in reduced tetracycline absorption have been reported between tetracyclines and other multivalent cations, such as calcium and iron.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Manganese full monograph & interactions

Choline Chloride1 drug type · 16 drugs

Atropine

Theoretically, choline might decrease the effects of atropine in the brain.
Animal research shows that administering choline one hour before administering atropine can attenuate atropine-induced decreases in brain levels of acetylcholine. Theoretically, concomitant use of choline and atropine may decrease the effects of atropine.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Choline Chloride full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for BreatheXX, from the product label.

Viatrexx Bio Incorporated

See all Viatrexx Bio Incorporated products
Name
Viatrexx
Phone Number
1.888.743.6652
Web Address
Viatrexx.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

BreatheXX by Viatrexx Bio Incorporated: Common Questions

Does BreatheXX by Viatrexx Bio Incorporated interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, BreatheXX has a known interaction with 506 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
BreatheXX contains 16 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Is manganese in this product safe?
Manganese is safe in normal dietary amounts, but high-dose supplements can be harmful — especially over time. The adverse effects data include rare cases of serious neurotoxicity and irreversible Parkinson-like symptoms with long-term high-dose use. If you're taking more than you'd get from food, talk with your pharmacist.
What does the choline chloride do?
Choline supports various body functions, though the data we hold don't show strong evidence for the conditions BreatheXX may be marketed for. At high doses above 3.5 grams daily, it can cause side effects like fishy body odor, nausea, and diarrhea.
Is this safe during pregnancy or breastfeeding?
Several ingredients lack pregnancy and breastfeeding safety data. Star of Bethlehem is likely unsafe in pregnancy. Luffa is best avoided internally during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Manganese safety while breastfeeding is unclear — the data show conflicting ratings. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist before using BreatheXX if you're pregnant or nursing.
Why are there so many flower essences in here?
Flower essences like rock rose and clematis are very dilute preparations. Most lack strong human safety or effectiveness studies. Star of Bethlehem is the exception — it contains cardiac glycosides, which are toxic compounds that can affect your heart, especially when combined with certain medications.
What are the Sus scrofa essences?
These are animal-derived essences from pig tissues (adrenal, lung, mucosa, Peyer's patches, thymus). We don't have interaction or safety data on file for them, so we can't tell you how they behave with medications or in pregnancy.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if BreatheXX is safe with your meds?

Our pharmacists answer your medication & supplement questions — free.

Ask a pharmacist

Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

BreatheXX label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind BreatheXX’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Manganese

Interacts with 83 drugs

Manganese is an essential trace mineral your body needs in small amounts for bone formation, metabolism, and antioxidant defense, and most people get enough from a normal diet. Supplements m...

Read the full Manganese monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Choline

Interacts with 16 drugs

Choline is an essential nutrient your body needs for liver function, brain health, and nerve signaling, and many people get enough from foods like eggs, meat, and fish. Supplements may help...

Read the full Choline monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Onion

Interacts with 275 drugs

Onion is a common food with a long history in traditional medicine, and it contains antioxidants like quercetin and sulfur compounds. Eating onion as part of a balanced diet is safe for most...

Read the full Onion monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Luffa

Luffa is a tropical gourd best known as the source of the natural loofah bath sponge, and its extracts appear in homeopathic and traditional remedies for congestion and allergies. Good-quali...

Read the full Luffa monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Rock Rose

Rock Rose usually refers to plants in the Cistus family, taken as a tea or extract and traditionally used for colds, sore throats, and as an antimicrobial; it is also a Bach flower remedy us...

Read the full Rock Rose monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Star Of Bethlehem

Interacts with 156 drugs

Star of Bethlehem is a small flowering plant best known as one of the ingredients in Bach flower remedies, where it is used for emotional shock and grief. There is no solid scientific eviden...

Read the full Star Of Bethlehem monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

BreatheXX's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 74 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Manganese 21 references
  1. Hansten PD, Horn JR. Hansten and Horn's Drug Interactions Analysis and Management. Vancouver, CAN:Appl Therapeut, 1999.
  2. Barrington WW, Angle CR, Willcockson NK, et al. Autonomic function in manganese alloy workers. Environ Res 1998;78:50-8. PubMed
  3. Hauser RA, Zesiewicz TA, Martinez C, et al. Blood manganese correlates with brain magnetic resonance imaging changes in patients with liver disease. Can J Neurol Sci 1996;23:95-8. PubMed
  4. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2002.
  5. Lee JW. Manganese intoxication. Arch Neurol 2000;57:597-9.. PubMed
  6. Powers KM, Smith-Weller T, Franklin GM, et al. Parkinson's disease risks associated with dietary iron, manganese, and other nutrient intakes. Neurology 2003;60:1761-6.. PubMed
  7. McMillan, D. E. A brief history of the neurobehavioral toxicity of manganese: some unanswered questions. Neurotoxicology 1999;20(2-3):499-507.
  8. Gerber, G. B., Leonard, A., and Hantson, P. Carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and teratogenicity of manganese compounds. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2002;42(1):25-34. PubMed
  9. Jiang, Y. and Zheng, W. Cardiovascular toxicities upon manganese exposure. Cardiovasc.Toxicol 2005;5(4):345-354. PubMed
  10. Mehta, R. and Reilly, J. J. Manganese levels in a jaundiced long-term total parenteral nutrition patient: potentiation of haloperidol toxicity? Case report and literature review. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr 1990;14(4):428-430. PubMed
  11. Nemery, B. Metal toxicity and the respiratory tract. Eur Respir.J 1990;3(2):202-219. DOI
  12. Vanek VW, Borum P, Buchman A, et al. A.S.P.E.N. position paper: recommendations for changes in commercially available parenteral multivitamin and multi-trace element products. Nutr Clin Pract. 2012;27:440-491.doi: 10.1177/0884533612446706 PubMed
  13. Schuh MJ. Possible Parkinson's disease induced by chronic manganese supplement ingestion. Consult Pharm. 2016;31(12):698-703. doi: 10.4140/TCP.n.2016.698. PubMed
  14. Baker B, Ali A, Isenring L. Recommendations for manganese supplementation to adult patients receiving long-term home parenteral nutrition: an analysis of the supporting evidence. Nutr Clin Pract 2016;31(2):180-5. doi: 10.1177/0884533615591600. PubMed
  15. Ho CSH, Ho RCM, Quek AML. Chronic manganese toxicity associated with voltage-gated potassium channel complex antibodies in a relapsing neuropsychiatric disorder. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018;15(4). pii: E783. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15040783. PubMed
  16. Yamamoto M, Sakurai K, Eguchi A, et al.; Japan Environment and Children's Study Group: Association between blood manganese level during pregnancy and birth size: the Japan environment and children's study (JECS). Environ Res 2019;172:117-26. PubMed
  17. Li D, Ge X, Liu Z, et al. Association between long-term occupational manganese exposure and bone quality among retired workers. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020;27(1):482-9. PubMed
  18. Martin KV, Sucharew H, Dietrich KN, et al. Co-exposure to manganese and lead and pediatric neurocognition in East Liverpool, Ohio. Environ Res 2021;202:111644. PubMed
  19. Racette BA, Nelson G, Dlamini WW, et al. Depression and anxiety in a manganese-exposed community. Neurotoxicology 2021;85:222-33. PubMed
  20. Ruiz-Azcona L, Fernández-Olmo I, Expósito A, et al. Impact of environmental airborne manganese exposure on cognitive and motor functions in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021;18(8):4075. PubMed
  21. Uyar E, Gurkas E, Aksu AU, et al. Can therapeutic plasma exchange be life-saving in life-threatening manganese intoxication?. Transfus Apher Sci 2022;61(4):103417. PubMed

See these in context on the Manganese monograph →

Choline 14 references
  1. Yates AA, Schlicker SA, Suitor CW. Dietary reference intakes: The new basis for recommendations for calcium and related nutrients, B vitamins, and choline. J Am Diet Assoc 1998;98:699-706. PubMed
  2. Cho E, Willett WC, Colditz GA, et al. Dietary choline and betaine and the risk of distal colorectal adenoma in women. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007;99:1224-31. PubMed
  3. Schmidt, C., Abicht, A., Krampfl, K., Voss, W., Stucka, R., Mildner, G., Petrova, S., Schara, U., Mortier, W., Bufler, J., Huebner, A., and Lochmuller, H. Congenital myasthenic syndrome due to a novel missense mutation in the gene encoding choline acetyl
  4. Tamminga, C., Smith, R. C., Chang, S., Haraszti, J. S., and Davis, J. M. Depression associated with oral choline. Lancet 10-23-1976;2(7991):905. PubMed
  5. Wood, J. L. and Allison, R. G. Effects of consumption of choline and lecithin on neurological and cardiovascular systems. Fed.Proc. 1982;41(14):3015-3021.
  6. Growdon, J. H. and Gelenberg, A. J. Choline and lecithin administration to patients with tardive dyskinesia. Trans.Am.Neurol.Assoc. 1978;103:95-99.
  7. Smith, C. M., Swash, M., Exton-Smith, A. N., Phillips, M. J., Overstall, P. W., Piper, M. E., and Bailey, M. R. Choline therapy in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 8-5-1978;2(8084):318. PubMed
  8. Morrison, L. M. and W. F. Gonzales. Choline in coronary atherosclerosis. Amer.Heart J. 1950;39:729.
  9. Christie, J. G. Blackburn 1. M. Glen A. I. M. Zeisel S. Shering A. & Yates C. M. Effects of choline and lecithin on CSF choline levels and on cognitive functioning in patients with presenile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Nutrition and the brain 1979;5
  10. Sidhu N, Davies S, Nadarajah A, et al. Oral choline supplementation for postoperative pain. Br J Anaesth 2013;111(2):249-55. PubMed
  11. Wozniak JR, Fuglestad AJ, Eckerle JK, et al. Choline supplementation in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders has high feasibility and tolerability. Nutr Res. 2013;33(11):897-904. PubMed
  12. Wozniak JR, Fuglestad AJ, Eckerle JK, et al. Choline supplementation in children with fetal alcohol disorders: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102(5): 1113-25.
  13. Ross RG, Hunter SK, McCarthy L, et al. Perinatal choline effects on neonatal pathophysiology related to later schizophrenia risk. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170(3):290-8. PubMed
  14. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Choline. Dietary Reference Intakes: Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B-6, Vitamin B-12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press; 1998:390-422.

See these in context on the Choline monograph →

Onion 26 references
  1. Gruenwald J, Brendler T, Jaenicke C. PDR for Herbal Medicines. 1st ed. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company, Inc., 1998.
  2. Brinker F. Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 2nd ed. Sandy, OR: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1998.
  3. Bruynzeel DP. Bulb dermatitis. Dermatological problems in the flower bulb industries. Contact Dermatitis 1997;37:70-7.
  4. Eberhard P, Gall HM, Muller I, Moller R. Dramatic augmentation of a food allergy by acetylsalicylic acid. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;105:844 PubMed
  5. Teyssier, C., Amiot, M. J., Mondy, N., Auger, J., Kahane, R., and Siess, M. H. Effect of onion consumption by rats on hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes. Food Chem.Toxicol. 2001;39(10):981-987. PubMed
  6. Moneret-Vautrin, D. A., Morisset, M., Lemerdy, P., Croizier, A., and Kanny, G. Food allergy and IgE sensitization caused by spices: CICBAA data (based on 589 cases of food allergy). Allerg.Immunol.(Paris) 2002;34(4):135-140.
  7. van Ketel, W. G. and de Haan, P. Occupational eczema from garlic and onion. Contact Dermatitis 1978;4(1):53-54. PubMed
  8. Mathew, P. T. and Augusti, K. T. Hypoglycaemic effects of onion, Allium cepa Linn. on diabetes mellitus - a preliminary report. Indian J.Physiol Pharmacol. 1975;19(4):213-217.
  9. Campos, K. E., Diniz, Y. S., Cataneo, A. C., Faine, L. A., Alves, M. J., and Novelli, E. L. Hypoglycaemic and antioxidant effects of onion, Allium cepa: dietary onion addition, antioxidant activity and hypoglycaemic effects on diabetic rats. Int J Food S
  10. Bajaj, J. S., Shaker, R., and Hogan, W. J. Esophageal veggie spasms: a food-specific cause of chest distress. Am.J Gastroenterol. 2004;99(7):1396-1398. PubMed
  11. El Demerdash, F. M., Yousef, M. I., and El Naga, N. I. Biochemical study on the hypoglycemic effects of onion and garlic in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Food Chem.Toxicol. 2005;43(1):57-63. PubMed
  12. Hubbard, G. P., Wolffram, S., de Vos, R., Bovy, A., Gibbins, J. M., and Lovegrove, J. A. Ingestion of onion soup high in quercetin inhibits platelet aggregation and essential components of the collagen-stimulated platelet activation pathway in man: a pil
  13. Kook, S., Kim, G. H., and Choi, K. The antidiabetic effect of onion and garlic in experimental diabetic rats: meta-analysis. J Med Food 2009;12(3):552-560. PubMed
  14. Sharma, K. K., Gupta, R. K., Gupta, S., and Samuel, K. C. Antihyperglycemic effect of onion: effect on fasting blood sugar and induced hyperglycemia in man. Indian J.Med.Res. 1977;65(3):422-429.
  15. Jain, R. C., Vyas, C. R., and Mahatma, O. P. Letter: Hypoglycaemic action of onion and garlic. Lancet 12-29-1973;2(7844):1491.
  16. Jain, R. C. and Vyas, C. R. Letter: Hypoglycaemia action of onion on rabbits. Br.Med.J. 6-29-1974;2(5921):730. PubMed
  17. Veien, N. K., Hattel, T., Justesen, O., and Norholm, A. Causes of eczema in the food industry. Derm.Beruf.Umwelt. 1983;31(3):84-86.
  18. Tjokroprawiro, A., Pikir, B. S., Budhiarta, A. A., Pranawa, Soewondo, H., Donosepoetro, M., Budhianto, F. X., Wibowo, J. A., Tanuwidjaja, S. J., Pangemanan, M., and . Metabolic effects of onion and green beans on diabetic patients. Tohoku J Exp Med 1983; PubMed
  19. Brenner, S. and Wolf, R. Possible nutritional factors in induced pemphigus. Dermatology 1994;189(4):337-339. PubMed
  20. Roussos AP, Hirsch AR. Alliaceous migraines. Headache 2014;54(2):378-82. PubMed
  21. Akash MS, Rehman K, Chen S. Spice plant Allium cepa: dietary supplement for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutrition 2014;30(10):1128-37. PubMed
  22. Ebrahimi-Mamaghani M, Saghafi-Asl M, Pirouzpanah S, Asghari-Jafarabadi M. Effects of raw red onion consumption on metabolic features in overweight or obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Obstet Gynaecol Res PubMed
  23. Eldin IM, Ahmed EM, HM AE. Preliminary study of the clinical hypoglycemic effects of Allium cepa (red onion) in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients. Environmental health insights 2010;4:71. PubMed
  24. Albanesi M, Pasculli C, Giliberti L, et al. Immunological characterization of onion (Allium cepa) allergy. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2019;36(1):98-103. PubMed
  25. Armentia A, Martín-Armentia S, Pineda F, et al. Allergic hypersensitivity to garlic and onion in children and adults. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2019. pii: S0301-0546(19)30091-6. PubMed
  26. Nishimura M, Muro T, Kobori M, Nishihira J. Effect of daily ingestion of quercetin-rich onion powder for 12 weeks on visceral fat: A randomised, double-Blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Nutrients. 2019 Dec 28;12(1):91. PubMed

See these in context on the Onion monograph →

Luffa 3 references
  1. Leung AY, Foster S. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics. 2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
  2. Weiser, M., Gegenheimer, L. H., and Klein, P. A randomized equivalence trial comparing the efficacy and safety of Luffa comp.-Heel nasal spray with cromolyn sodium spray in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Forsch Komplementarmed 1999;6(3):142- PubMed
  3. Adler, M. Efficacy and safety of a fixed-combination homeopathic therapy for sinusitis. Adv Ther 1999;16(2):103-111.

See these in context on the Luffa monograph →

Rock Rose 2 references
  1. Herbs at a Glance — NIH National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) Source
  2. Herbal and Dietary Supplements — MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine) Source

See these in context on the Rock Rose monograph →

Star Of Bethlehem 8 references
  1. Blumenthal M, ed. The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Trans. S. Klein. Boston, MA: American Botanical Council, 1998.
  2. Ellenhorn MJ, et al. Ellenhorn's Medical Toxicology: Diagnoses and Treatment of Human Poisoning. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1997.
  3. Gruenwald J, Brendler T, Jaenicke C. PDR for Herbal Medicines. 1st ed. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company, Inc., 1998.
  4. Burnham TH, ed. Drug Facts and Comparisons, Updated Monthly. Facts and Comparisons, St. Louis, MO.
  5. Waud RA. The action of Ornithogalum umbellatum on the heart. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1954;111:147-51. DOI
  6. Vogelsang A. Ornithogalum umbellatum in the treatment of congestive heart failure: progress report. J Am Geriatr Soc 1961;9:1096-9.
  7. Vogelsang A. Clinical trial of Ornithogalum umbellatum on the human heart; preliminary report. Can Med Assoc J 1955;73:295-6.
  8. Smith JA, Paterson GR. Rhodexin A and rhodexoside in Ornithogalum umbellatum. J Pharm Pharmacol 1967;19:221-5.

See these in context on the Star Of Bethlehem monograph →

Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.

DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

Keep exploring
Supplement interaction checker › Check any supplement or product against your medications Drug–drug interactions › Check two or more of your medications against each other Browse medications A–Z › Every drug we've checked against herbs & supplements NDC & pricing lookup › Find a drug’s NDCs, packaging and costs Ask a pharmacist › Free, personal answer from our licensed team