Circulation Support Alcohol Free Ingredients & Drug Interactions
by Hawaii Pharm
What is this page for?
First and foremost: checking Circulation Support Alcohol Free against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.
Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy
Circulation Support Alcohol Free is a dietary supplement by Hawaii Pharm with 3 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for high blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart health.Based on those ingredients, 1,479 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated major. The ingredients most likely to interact are Ginkgo Leaf Extract, Dry, Eleuthero Root Extract, Dry, Garlic Bulb Extract, Dry. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.
Check Your Meds Against Circulation Support Alcohol Free by Hawaii Pharm
Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Circulation Support Alcohol Free by Hawaii Pharm — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.
AI summaries are generated from our interaction database for education only — always confirm with your pharmacist. How we use AI
Ask the Pharmacist
A licensed pharmacist will answer your question by email — free, usually within 24 hours.
Got it — thank you!
A licensed pharmacist will answer within 24 hours. Keep an eye on your email (worth checking spam, just in case).
HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Circulation Support Alcohol Free by Hawaii Pharm
Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.
What’s inside
Low disclosure
This product contains three active ingredients in a proprietary blend. Garlic bulb extract provides concentrated garlic compounds, ginkgo leaf extract comes from the ginkgo tree, and eleuthero root extract comes from an adaptogenic herb (eleutherococcus).
The product is formulated as a liquid (alcohol-free) with glycerin and water as inactive ingredients.
Does it work?
Moderate evidence
The evidence for these ingredients in supporting circulation is limited. Garlic shows possibly effective evidence for atherosclerosis, diabetes, hypertension, and a couple of liver conditions.
Ginkgo is possibly effective for hearing loss, stroke recovery, anxiety, premenstrual syndrome, dementia, and schizophrenia — most of which don't directly relate to circulation support. Eleuthero has possibly effective evidence only for genital herpes and insufficient evidence for other claimed uses like fatigue or bone health.
We don't hold effectiveness data for the proprietary blend itself, so we can't confirm what benefit you'd see from this specific combination.
How safe is it?
Well-documented data
Garlic is generally well tolerated when taken by mouth, but supplement doses can cause stomach upset, bad breath, body odor, flatulence, and nausea. There's also a rare risk of increased bleeding.
Ginkgo leaf extract is generally well tolerated for up to six years, but it may increase bleeding risk — it's one of the concerning ingredients here. Common side effects include dizziness and stomach upset.
Eleuthero root is generally well tolerated for short-term use, but long-term safety data is limited. It can cause diarrhea, nausea, headache, and nervousness, and in some people it may raise blood pressure or cause heart palpitations, especially at higher doses.
Meds to double-check
Major interaction found
Check before taking if you use blood thinners or antiplatelet drugs (like warfarin or aspirin) — ginkgo and garlic both raise bleeding risk. Also run any blood pressure medications, diabetes drugs, heart medications (especially digoxin), cholesterol drugs, anxiety or depression medications, HIV drugs, or immunosuppressants through the checker.
Because these three ingredients affect multiple liver enzymes, they can alter levels of many other drugs.
The bottom line
Scorecard at a glanceFormula with limited ingredient disclosure with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Major medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.
This product combines three ingredients with overlapping concerns: bleeding risk and multiple drug interactions. If you take blood thinners, diabetes medications, blood pressure drugs, heart medications, or HIV treatments, you need to check with your pharmacist before starting.
Even if you're not on medications, the combination's effects on circulation haven't been well established in our data.
Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI
Assessment coverage: 3 of 3 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Sep 25, 2023.
This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed
General information
Key facts about Circulation Support Alcohol Free, straight from the product label.
| Brand | Hawaii Pharm |
|---|---|
| Barcode (UPC) | 840253661302 |
| Net contents | 4 Fluid Ounce(s); 120 mL |
| Market status | On market |
| Date entered into DSLD | Sep 25, 2023 |
| DSLD ID | 300545 |
| Product type | Botanical |
| Supplement form | Liquid |
| Dietary claims / uses | All Other, Structure/Function |
| Intended target group(s) | Adult (18 - 50 Years), Gluten Free |
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.
Supplement Facts
The label details for Circulation Support Alcohol Free by Hawaii Pharm, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.
Supplement Facts
| Ingredient | Amount | % DV |
|---|---|---|
| Proprietary Extract Blend | 1156 mg | -- |
| Garlic Bulb Extract, Dry | 0 NP | -- |
| Ginkgo Leaf Extract, Dry | 0 NP | -- |
| Eleuthero Root Extract, Dry | 0 NP | -- |
Other ingredients: Glycerin, Water
Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Brand IP Statement(s)
Hawaii Pharm Herbal Extract Highest quality since 2008
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions
Suggested use: Shake well before using. For adults add about 20-30 drops (0.7-1 mL, one full squeeze of the dropper bulb) to some juice or water, up to 4 times a day.
Precautions
Warning: We recommend to seek expert medical advice before taking.
Do not use if you are allergic to any ingredients.
Consult your physician before giving to children under 18, during pregnancy, if nursing or taking medications.
Consult your physician before giving to children under 18, during pregnancy, if nursing or taking medications.
May affect the ability to drive and operate machinery. May have contraindications, can cause side effects and adverse reactions. Do not use if seal is broken or missing.
Keep out of the reach of children!
Storage
Store in a cool dry place.
Seals/Symbols
cGMP Made in compliance with cGMP 21 CFR 111 in an FDA registered and inspected facility.
C2H5OH Alcohol free USA Made in United States of America
FDA Disclaimer Statement
This product has not been evaluated by the FDA and is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
General Statements
Scan this QR-code to get 15% discount on your next purchase. Limited time deal.
Formulation
Only natural ingredients Purity is laboratory tested and verified
All the raw materials are gluten-free by their nature No artificial colors, flavors, or preservatives
Not tested on animals
C2H5OH Alcohol free
Made in USA, Hawaii
FDA Statement of Identity
Herbal Supplement
Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.
Circulation Support Alcohol Free by Hawaii Pharm label
The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.
Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.
View the full label (PDF)The Ingredients in Circulation Support Alcohol Free by Hawaii Pharm
These are the 3 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.
Serving size0.7 mL Dosage formLiquid Servings per container120 Amounts shown are per serving.
Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.
Proprietary Extract Blend
Other (inactive) ingredients: Glycerin, Water. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.
Circulation Support Alcohol Free by Hawaii Pharm Drug Interactions
HelloPharmacist Interaction Report
Circulation Support Alcohol Free by Hawaii Pharm contains three active ingredients, and together they interact with a substantial number of medications.
The most serious interaction we've documented is ginkgo with talinolol, a beta-blocker — ginkgo can raise talinolol levels by about 36% when taken consistently, which could cause excessive blood pressure lowering or other unwanted effects.
Read the full breakdown — every affected drug type, severity by severity
Garlic bulb extract and ginkgo both carry Moderate-severity interactions with blood thinners and antiplatelet drugs (including warfarin). Garlic may increase bleeding risk by itself, and both ingredients can thin the blood further.
Garlic also interacts with blood pressure medications (antihypertensive drugs), diabetes medications, and drugs metabolized by certain liver enzymes (CYP3A4 and CYP2E1). Ginkgo has additional Moderate interactions with cholesterol drugs like simvastatin, anxiety medications like alprazolam, the antidepressant trazodone, and HIV medications like efavirenz.
Eleuthero root adds Moderate interactions with blood thinners, diabetes medications, heart medications like digoxin, and several liver enzymes (CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2D6), as well as immune-suppressant drugs. It also carries a Minor interaction with CYP2D6 substrates.
Altogether, these interactions span 1,460 individual medications.
Run your exact prescriptions through the medication checker below before starting this product.
Check your own medications below · Editorial policy · How we use AI
Want to check YOUR meds against Circulation Support Alcohol Free?
Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.
Go to the checkerIngredients driving the most interactions
Individual Drug Interactions
The ingredients in Circulation Support Alcohol Free interact with 1,479 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.
3 of the 3 ingredients in Circulation Support Alcohol Free interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Ginkgo Leaf Extract, Dry Eleuthero Root Extract, Dry Garlic Bulb Extract, Dry
TalinololTalinolol
How Talinolol interacts with Circulation Support Alcohol Free — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Ginkgo Leaf Extract, DryTalinolol Major
Interaction Summary
Taking ginkgo with talinolol seems to increase blood levels of talinolol.
Read the full Ginkgo Leaf Extract, Dry + Talinolol interactionGarlic Bulb Extract, DryAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking garlic with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.
Read the full Garlic Bulb Extract, Dry + Talinolol interaction6-mercaptopurinePurinethol
How 6-mercaptopurine interacts with Circulation Support Alcohol Free — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Eleuthero Root Extract, DryImmunosuppressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eleuthero might interfere with immunosuppressive drugs because of its immunostimulant activity.
Read the full Eleuthero Root Extract, Dry + 6-mercaptopurine interactionAdo-trastuzumab EmtansineKadcyla
How Ado-trastuzumab Emtansine interacts with Circulation Support Alcohol Free — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Garlic Bulb Extract, DryCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, garlic products containing allicin might induce intestinal CYP3A4 and inhibit hepatic CYP3A4.
Read the full Garlic Bulb Extract, Dry + Ado-trastuzumab Emtansine interactionGinkgo Leaf Extract, DryCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, ginkgo might decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Ginkgo Leaf Extract, Dry + Ado-trastuzumab Emtansine interactionEleuthero Root Extract, DryCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eleuthero might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Eleuthero Root Extract, Dry + Ado-trastuzumab Emtansine interactionAbciximabReoPro
How Abciximab interacts with Circulation Support Alcohol Free — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Eleuthero Root Extract, DryAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eleuthero may have antiplatelet effects and may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Eleuthero Root Extract, Dry + Abciximab interactionGarlic Bulb Extract, DryAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Garlic may have antiplatelet effects and may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Garlic Bulb Extract, Dry + Abciximab interactionGinkgo Leaf Extract, DryAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Ginkgo has been shown to increase the risk of bleeding in some people when taken with warfarin.
Read the full Ginkgo Leaf Extract, Dry + Abciximab interactionAbemaciclibVerzenio
How Abemaciclib interacts with Circulation Support Alcohol Free — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Ginkgo Leaf Extract, DryCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, ginkgo might decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Ginkgo Leaf Extract, Dry + Abemaciclib interactionGarlic Bulb Extract, DryCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, garlic products containing allicin might induce intestinal CYP3A4 and inhibit hepatic CYP3A4.
Read the full Garlic Bulb Extract, Dry + Abemaciclib interactionEleuthero Root Extract, DryCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eleuthero might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Eleuthero Root Extract, Dry + Abemaciclib interactionAbiraterone
How Abiraterone interacts with Circulation Support Alcohol Free — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Garlic Bulb Extract, DryCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, garlic products containing allicin might induce intestinal CYP3A4 and inhibit hepatic CYP3A4.
Read the full Garlic Bulb Extract, Dry + Abiraterone interactionGinkgo Leaf Extract, DryCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, ginkgo might decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Ginkgo Leaf Extract, Dry + Abiraterone interactionEleuthero Root Extract, DryCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eleuthero might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Eleuthero Root Extract, Dry + Abiraterone interactionAbiraterone AcetateYonsa, Zytiga
How Abiraterone Acetate interacts with Circulation Support Alcohol Free — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Garlic Bulb Extract, DryCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, garlic products containing allicin might induce intestinal CYP3A4 and inhibit hepatic CYP3A4.
Read the full Garlic Bulb Extract, Dry + Abiraterone Acetate interactionGinkgo Leaf Extract, DryCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, ginkgo might decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Ginkgo Leaf Extract, Dry + Abiraterone Acetate interactionEleuthero Root Extract, DryCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eleuthero might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Eleuthero Root Extract, Dry + Abiraterone Acetate interactionAbrocitinibCibinqo
How Abrocitinib interacts with Circulation Support Alcohol Free — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Ginkgo Leaf Extract, DryCytochrome P450 2c19 (cyp2c19) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 2c9 (cyp2c9) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, ginkgo might decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C19.
Read the full Ginkgo Leaf Extract, Dry + Abrocitinib interactionEleuthero Root Extract, DryCytochrome P450 2c9 (cyp2c9) Substrates, Anticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eleuthero might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C9.
Read the full Eleuthero Root Extract, Dry + Abrocitinib interactionGarlic Bulb Extract, DryAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Garlic may have antiplatelet effects and may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Garlic Bulb Extract, Dry + Abrocitinib interactionAcalabrutinibCalquence
How Acalabrutinib interacts with Circulation Support Alcohol Free — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Garlic Bulb Extract, DryCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, garlic products containing allicin might induce intestinal CYP3A4 and inhibit hepatic CYP3A4.
Read the full Garlic Bulb Extract, Dry + Acalabrutinib interactionGinkgo Leaf Extract, DryP-glycoprotein Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking ginkgo with P-glycoprotein substrates might increase the levels and adverse effects of these substrates.
Read the full Ginkgo Leaf Extract, Dry + Acalabrutinib interactionEleuthero Root Extract, DryCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, P-glycoprotein Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eleuthero might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Eleuthero Root Extract, Dry + Acalabrutinib interactionAcarboseGlucobay, Prandase, Precose
How Acarbose interacts with Circulation Support Alcohol Free — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Eleuthero Root Extract, DryAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eleuthero might have additive effects when used with antidiabetes drugs.
Read the full Eleuthero Root Extract, Dry + Acarbose interactionGarlic Bulb Extract, DryAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking garlic with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Read the full Garlic Bulb Extract, Dry + Acarbose interactionGinkgo Leaf Extract, DryAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking ginkgo with antidiabetes drugs might alter the response to antidiabetes drugs.
Read the full Ginkgo Leaf Extract, Dry + Acarbose interactionAcebutololRhotral, Sectral
How Acebutolol interacts with Circulation Support Alcohol Free — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Garlic Bulb Extract, DryAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking garlic with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.
Read the full Garlic Bulb Extract, Dry + Acebutolol interactionAcenocoumarolSintrom
How Acenocoumarol interacts with Circulation Support Alcohol Free — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Garlic Bulb Extract, DryAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Garlic may have antiplatelet effects and may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Garlic Bulb Extract, Dry + Acenocoumarol interactionEleuthero Root Extract, DryAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eleuthero may have antiplatelet effects and may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Eleuthero Root Extract, Dry + Acenocoumarol interactionGinkgo Leaf Extract, DryAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Ginkgo has been shown to increase the risk of bleeding in some people when taken with warfarin.
Read the full Ginkgo Leaf Extract, Dry + Acenocoumarol interactionAcetaminophenChildren's Tylenol, Children's Tylenol Meltaways, Tylenol, Tylenol Ex Strength
How Acetaminophen interacts with Circulation Support Alcohol Free — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Ginkgo Leaf Extract, DryCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, ginkgo might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Read the full Ginkgo Leaf Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen interactionEleuthero Root Extract, DryCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eleuthero might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Read the full Eleuthero Root Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen interactionGarlic Bulb Extract, DryCytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Garlic might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.
Read the full Garlic Bulb Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen interactionAcetaminophen, AspirinGemnisyn
How Acetaminophen, Aspirin interacts with Circulation Support Alcohol Free — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Garlic Bulb Extract, DryCytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates, Anticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Garlic might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.
Read the full Garlic Bulb Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Aspirin interactionEleuthero Root Extract, DryCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Anticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eleuthero might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Read the full Eleuthero Root Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Aspirin interactionGinkgo Leaf Extract, DryAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Ginkgo has been shown to increase the risk of bleeding in some people when taken with warfarin.
Read the full Ginkgo Leaf Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Aspirin interactionAcetaminophen, Aspirin, CaffeineExcedrin, Excedrin Extra Strength, Excedrin Migraine
How Acetaminophen, Aspirin, Caffeine interacts with Circulation Support Alcohol Free — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Eleuthero Root Extract, DryAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eleuthero may have antiplatelet effects and may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Eleuthero Root Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Aspirin, Caffeine interactionGarlic Bulb Extract, DryAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Garlic may have antiplatelet effects and may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Garlic Bulb Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Aspirin, Caffeine interactionGinkgo Leaf Extract, DryCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Anticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, ginkgo might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Read the full Ginkgo Leaf Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Aspirin, Caffeine interactionAcetaminophen, Brompheniramine, PhenylpropanolamineDimetapp Cold and Flu
How Acetaminophen, Brompheniramine, Phenylpropanolamine interacts with Circulation Support Alcohol Free — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Ginkgo Leaf Extract, DryCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Seizure Threshold Lowering Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, ginkgo might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Read the full Ginkgo Leaf Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Brompheniramine, Phenylpropanolamine interactionEleuthero Root Extract, DryCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eleuthero might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Read the full Eleuthero Root Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Brompheniramine, Phenylpropanolamine interactionGarlic Bulb Extract, DryCytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Garlic might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.
Read the full Garlic Bulb Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Brompheniramine, Phenylpropanolamine interactionAcetaminophen, ButalbitalAxocet, Bancap, Bucet, Butex Forte, Esgic CF, Orbivan CF +5 more
How Acetaminophen, Butalbital interacts with Circulation Support Alcohol Free — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Garlic Bulb Extract, DryCytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Garlic might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.
Read the full Garlic Bulb Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Butalbital interactionEleuthero Root Extract, DryCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eleuthero might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Read the full Eleuthero Root Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Butalbital interactionGinkgo Leaf Extract, DryCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, ginkgo might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Read the full Ginkgo Leaf Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Butalbital interactionAcetaminophen, Butalbital, CaffeineEsgic, Esgic Plus, Fiogesic, Fioricet, Repan, Tecnal +1 more
How Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine interacts with Circulation Support Alcohol Free — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Ginkgo Leaf Extract, DryCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, ginkgo might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Read the full Ginkgo Leaf Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine interactionEleuthero Root Extract, DryCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eleuthero might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Read the full Eleuthero Root Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine interactionGarlic Bulb Extract, DryCytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Garlic might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.
Read the full Garlic Bulb Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine interactionAcetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine, CodeineEsgic with Codeine, Fioricet w/ Codeine
How Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine, Codeine interacts with Circulation Support Alcohol Free — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Garlic Bulb Extract, DryCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, garlic products containing allicin might induce intestinal CYP3A4 and inhibit hepatic CYP3A4.
Read the full Garlic Bulb Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine, Codeine interactionGinkgo Leaf Extract, DrySeizure Threshold Lowering Drugs, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking ginkgo with drugs that lower the seizure threshold might increase the risk for convulsions.
Read the full Ginkgo Leaf Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine, Codeine interactionEleuthero Root Extract, DryCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 2d6 (cyp2d6) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eleuthero might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Read the full Eleuthero Root Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine, Codeine interactionAcetaminophen, Butalbital, CodeineBancap w/ Codeine
How Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine interacts with Circulation Support Alcohol Free — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Eleuthero Root Extract, DryCytochrome P450 2d6 (cyp2d6) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eleuthero might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2D6.
Read the full Eleuthero Root Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine interactionGinkgo Leaf Extract, DrySeizure Threshold Lowering Drugs, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking ginkgo with drugs that lower the seizure threshold might increase the risk for convulsions.
Read the full Ginkgo Leaf Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine interactionGarlic Bulb Extract, DryCytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Garlic might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.
Read the full Garlic Bulb Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine interactionAcetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine PhosphatePhrenilin #3
How Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine Phosphate interacts with Circulation Support Alcohol Free — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Ginkgo Leaf Extract, DryCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Seizure Threshold Lowering Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, ginkgo might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Read the full Ginkgo Leaf Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine Phosphate interactionEleuthero Root Extract, DryCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 2d6 (cyp2d6) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eleuthero might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Read the full Eleuthero Root Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine Phosphate interactionGarlic Bulb Extract, DryCytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Garlic might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.
Read the full Garlic Bulb Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine Phosphate interactionAcetaminophen, Caffeine, Chlorpheniramine, Hydrocodone, PhenylephrineHycomine Compound
How Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Chlorpheniramine, Hydrocodone, Phenylephrine interacts with Circulation Support Alcohol Free — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Ginkgo Leaf Extract, DrySeizure Threshold Lowering Drugs, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking ginkgo with drugs that lower the seizure threshold might increase the risk for convulsions.
Read the full Ginkgo Leaf Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Chlorpheniramine, Hydrocodone, Phenylephrine interactionGarlic Bulb Extract, DryCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, garlic products containing allicin might induce intestinal CYP3A4 and inhibit hepatic CYP3A4.
Read the full Garlic Bulb Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Chlorpheniramine, Hydrocodone, Phenylephrine interactionEleuthero Root Extract, DryCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 2d6 (cyp2d6) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eleuthero might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Read the full Eleuthero Root Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Chlorpheniramine, Hydrocodone, Phenylephrine interactionAcetaminophen, Caffeine, CodeineGesic C15, Gesic C30, Gesic C8, Lenoltec 1, Lenoltec 2, Lenoltec 3 +1 more
How Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine interacts with Circulation Support Alcohol Free — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Eleuthero Root Extract, DryCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 2d6 (cyp2d6) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eleuthero might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Eleuthero Root Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine interactionGarlic Bulb Extract, DryCytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Garlic might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.
Read the full Garlic Bulb Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine interactionGinkgo Leaf Extract, DrySeizure Threshold Lowering Drugs, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking ginkgo with drugs that lower the seizure threshold might increase the risk for convulsions.
Read the full Ginkgo Leaf Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine interactionAcetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine, SalicylamideCodalan No.1, Codalan No.2, Codalan No.3
How Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine, Salicylamide interacts with Circulation Support Alcohol Free — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Ginkgo Leaf Extract, DryCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, ginkgo might decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Ginkgo Leaf Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine, Salicylamide interactionEleuthero Root Extract, DryCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 2d6 (cyp2d6) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eleuthero might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Read the full Eleuthero Root Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine, Salicylamide interactionGarlic Bulb Extract, DryCytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Garlic might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.
Read the full Garlic Bulb Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine, Salicylamide interactionAcetaminophen, Caffeine, DihydrocodeineDHC Plus, Panlor DC, Panlor SS
How Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Dihydrocodeine interacts with Circulation Support Alcohol Free — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Garlic Bulb Extract, DryCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, garlic products containing allicin might induce intestinal CYP3A4 and inhibit hepatic CYP3A4.
Read the full Garlic Bulb Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Dihydrocodeine interactionGinkgo Leaf Extract, DrySeizure Threshold Lowering Drugs, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking ginkgo with drugs that lower the seizure threshold might increase the risk for convulsions.
Read the full Ginkgo Leaf Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Dihydrocodeine interactionEleuthero Root Extract, DryCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 2d6 (cyp2d6) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eleuthero might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Read the full Eleuthero Root Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Dihydrocodeine interactionAcetaminophen, Caffeine, IsomethepteneMigralam
How Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Isometheptene interacts with Circulation Support Alcohol Free — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Eleuthero Root Extract, DryCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eleuthero might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Eleuthero Root Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Isometheptene interactionGarlic Bulb Extract, DryCytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Garlic might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.
Read the full Garlic Bulb Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Isometheptene interactionGinkgo Leaf Extract, DryCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, ginkgo might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Read the full Ginkgo Leaf Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Isometheptene interactionAcetaminophen, Caffeine, PyrilamineMidol Max Strength Menstrual
How Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Pyrilamine interacts with Circulation Support Alcohol Free — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Ginkgo Leaf Extract, DryCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, ginkgo might decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Ginkgo Leaf Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Pyrilamine interactionEleuthero Root Extract, DryCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eleuthero might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Read the full Eleuthero Root Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Pyrilamine interactionGarlic Bulb Extract, DryCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, garlic products containing allicin might induce intestinal CYP3A4 and inhibit hepatic CYP3A4.
Read the full Garlic Bulb Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Pyrilamine interactionAcetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine Maleate, Dextromethorphan HbrVicks Formula 44M Cough, Cold & Flu Relief
How Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine Maleate, Dextromethorphan Hbr interacts with Circulation Support Alcohol Free — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Garlic Bulb Extract, DryCytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Garlic might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.
Read the full Garlic Bulb Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine Maleate, Dextromethorphan Hbr interactionGinkgo Leaf Extract, DrySeizure Threshold Lowering Drugs, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking ginkgo with drugs that lower the seizure threshold might increase the risk for convulsions.
Read the full Ginkgo Leaf Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine Maleate, Dextromethorphan Hbr interactionEleuthero Root Extract, DryCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 2d6 (cyp2d6) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eleuthero might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Read the full Eleuthero Root Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine Maleate, Dextromethorphan Hbr interactionAcetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Codeine, PhenylephrineColrex
How Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Codeine, Phenylephrine interacts with Circulation Support Alcohol Free — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Eleuthero Root Extract, DryCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 2d6 (cyp2d6) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eleuthero might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Eleuthero Root Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Codeine, Phenylephrine interactionGarlic Bulb Extract, DryCytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Garlic might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.
Read the full Garlic Bulb Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Codeine, Phenylephrine interactionGinkgo Leaf Extract, DrySeizure Threshold Lowering Drugs, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking ginkgo with drugs that lower the seizure threshold might increase the risk for convulsions.
Read the full Ginkgo Leaf Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Codeine, Phenylephrine interactionAcetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, DextromethorphanCoricidin II Extra Strength Cold and Flu
How Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Dextromethorphan interacts with Circulation Support Alcohol Free — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Ginkgo Leaf Extract, DryCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, ginkgo might decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Ginkgo Leaf Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Dextromethorphan interactionEleuthero Root Extract, DryCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 2d6 (cyp2d6) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, eleuthero might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Read the full Eleuthero Root Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Dextromethorphan interactionGarlic Bulb Extract, DryCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 2e1 (cyp2e1) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, garlic products containing allicin might induce intestinal CYP3A4 and inhibit hepatic CYP3A4.
Read the full Garlic Bulb Extract, Dry + Acetaminophen, Chlorpheniramine, Dextromethorphan interactionEach ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects
For each ingredient in Circulation Support Alcohol Free with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.
Ginkgo Leaf Extract, Dry
Talinolol
Taking ginkgo with talinolol seems to increase blood levels of talinolol.
There is some evidence that using ginkgo leaf extract 120 mg orally three times daily for 14 days can increase levels of talinolol by 36% in healthy male individuals. However, single doses of ginkgo do not seem to affect talinolol pharmacokinetics.
Alprazolam (Xanax)
Theoretically, ginkgo might decrease the levels and clinical effects of alprazolam.
In clinical research, ginkgo extract (Ginkgold) 120 mg twice daily seems to decrease alprazolam levels by about 17%. However, ginkgo does not appear to decrease the elimination half-life of alprazolam. This suggests that ginkgo is more likely to decrease absorption of alprazolam rather than induce hepatic metabolism of alprazolam.
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs
Ginkgo has been shown to increase the risk of bleeding in some people when taken with warfarin. Theoretically, ginkgo might increase the risk of bleeding if used with other anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Several pharmacodynamic studies suggest that ginkgo inhibits platelet aggregation. It is thought that the ginkgo constituent, ginkgolide B, displaces platelet-activating factor (PAF) from its binding sites, decreasing blood coagulation. Several case reports have documented serious bleeding events in patients taking ginkgo. However, population and clinical studies have produced mixed results. Some evidence shows that short-term use of ginkgo leaf does not significantly reduce platelet aggregation and blood clotting. A study in healthy males who took a specific ginkgo leaf extract (EGb 761) 160 mg twice daily for 7 days found no change in prothrombin time. An analysis of a large medical record database suggests that ginkgo increases the risk of a bleeding adverse event by 38% when taken concurrently with warfarin. It has been suggested that ginkgo has to be taken for at least 2-3 weeks to have a significant effect on platelet aggregation. However, a meta-analysis of 18 studies using standardized ginkgo extracts, 80-480 mg daily for up to 32 weeks, did not find a significant effect on platelet aggregation, fibrinogen concentration, or PT/aPTT. In addition, a single dose of ginkgo plus clopidogrel or ticlopidine does not seem to significantly increase bleeding time or platelet aggregation. Also, taking ginkgo leaf extract daily for 8 days in conjunction with rivaroxaban does not affect anti-factor Xa activity; however, this study did not evaluate bleeding time.
Anticonvulsants
Theoretically, ginkgo might reduce the effectiveness of anticonvulsants.
Ginkgo seeds contain ginkgotoxin. Large amounts of ginkgotoxin can cause neurotoxicity and seizure. Ginkgotoxin is present in much larger amounts in ginkgo seeds than leaves. Ginkgo leaf extract contains trace amounts of ginkgotoxin. The amount of ginkgotoxin in ginkgo leaf and leaf extract seems unlikely to cause toxicity. However, there are anecdotal reports of seizure occurring after use of ginkgo leaf both in patients without a history of seizure disorder and in those with previously well-controlled epilepsy.
Antidiabetes Drugs
Theoretically, taking ginkgo with antidiabetes drugs might alter the response to antidiabetes drugs.
Ginkgo leaf extract seems to alter insulin secretion and metabolism, and might affect blood glucose levels in people with type 2 diabetes. The effect of ginkgo seems to differ depending on the insulin and treatment status of the patient. In diet-controlled diabetes patients with hyperinsulinemia, taking ginkgo does not seem to significantly affect insulin or blood glucose levels. In patients with hyperinsulinemia who are treated with oral hypoglycemic agents, taking ginkgo seems to decrease insulin levels and increase blood glucose following an oral glucose tolerance test. Researchers speculate that this could be due to ginkgo-enhanced hepatic metabolism of insulin. In patients with pancreatic exhaustion, taking ginkgo seems to stimulate pancreatic beta-cells, resulting in increased insulin and C-peptide levels, but with no significant change in blood glucose levels in response to an oral glucose tolerance test.
Atorvastatin (Lipitor)
Theoretically, ginkgo might decrease the levels and clinical effects of atorvastatin.
In humans, intake of ginkgo extract appears to increase atorvastatin clearance, reducing the area under the curve of atorvastatin by 10% to 14% and the maximum concentration by 29%. However, this interaction does not appear to affect cholesterol synthesis and absorption. Further, a model in rats with hyperlipidemia suggests that administering ginkgo extract does not impact blood levels of atorvastatin and leads to lower total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides when compared with rats given atorvastatin alone.
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates
Theoretically, ginkgo might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Laboratory research suggests that ginkgo leaf extract can mildly inhibit CYP1A2 enzymes. However, clinical research suggests ginkgo might not affect CYP1A2. Until more is known, use ginkgo cautiously in patients taking drugs metabolized by these enzymes.
Cytochrome P450 2C19 (Cyp2C19) Substrates
Theoretically, ginkgo might decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C19.
Some clinical research shows that a specific ginkgo leaf extract (Remembrance, Herbs Product LTD) 140 mg twice daily can induce CYP2C19 enzymes and potentially decrease levels of drugs metabolized by these enzymes. However, other clinical research shows that taking ginkgo 120 mg twice daily for 12 days has no effect on levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C19.
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (Cyp2C9) Substrates
Theoretically, ginkgo might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C9.
In vitro, a specific standardized extract of ginkgo leaf (EGb 761) inhibits CYP2C9 activity . The terpenoid (ginkgolides) and flavonoid (quercetin, kaempferol, etc.) constituents seem to be responsible for this effect. Most ginkgo extracts contain some amount of these constituents. Therefore, other ginkgo leaf extracts might also inhibit the CYP2C9 enzyme. However, clinical research suggests that ginkgo might not have a significant effect on CYP2C9 in humans. Ginkgo does not seem to significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of CYP2C9 substrates diclofenac or tolbutamide.
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates
Theoretically, ginkgo might decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
There is conflicting evidence about whether ginkgo induces or inhibits CYP3A4. Ginkgo does not appear to affect hepatic CYP3A4. However, it is not known if ginkgo affects intestinal CYP3A4. Preliminary clinical research suggests that taking ginkgo does not significantly affect levels of donepezil, lopinavir, or ritonavir, which are all CYP3A4 substrates. Other clinical research also suggests ginkgo does not significantly affect CYP3A4 activity. However, there are two case reports of decreased efavirenz concentrations and increased viral load in patients taking ginkgo. It is suspected that terpenoids from the ginkgo extract reduced drug levels by inducing cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4).
Efavirenz (Sustiva)
Theoretically, ginkgo might decrease the levels and clinical effects of efavirenz.
There are two case reports of decreased efavirenz concentrations and increased viral load in patients taking ginkgo. In one case, an HIV-positive male experienced over a 50% decrease in efavirenz levels over the course of 14 months while taking ginkgo extract. HIV-1 RNA copies also increased substantially, from less than 50 to more than 1500. It is suspected that terpenoids from the ginkgo extract reduced drug levels by inducing cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). In another case report, a patient stable on antiviral therapy including efavirenz for 10 years, had an increase in viral load from <50 copies/mL to 1350 copies/mL after 2 months of taking a combination of supplements including ginkgo. After stopping ginkgo, the viral load was again controlled with the same antiviral therapy regimen.
Ibuprofen (Advil, Others)
Theoretically, ginkgo might increase the risk of bleeding when used with ibuprofen.
Ginkgo might have antiplatelet effects and has been associated with several case reports of spontaneous bleeding. In one case, a 71-year-old male had taken a specific ginkgo extract (Gingium, Biocur) 40 mg twice daily for 2.5 years. About 4 weeks after starting ibuprofen 600 mg daily he experienced a fatal intracerebral hemorrhage. However, the antiplatelet effects of ginkgo have been questioned. A meta-analysis and other studies have not found a significant antiplatelet effect with standardized ginkgo extracts, 80 mg to 480 mg taken daily for up to 32 weeks.
P-Glycoprotein Substrates
Theoretically, taking ginkgo with P-glycoprotein substrates might increase the levels and adverse effects of these substrates.
A small clinical study in healthy volunteers shows that using ginkgo leaf extract 120 mg orally three times daily for 14 days can increase levels of the P-glycoprotein substrate, talinolol, by 36% in healthy male individuals. However, single doses of ginkgo do not have the same effect.
Risperidone (Risperdal)
Theoretically, taking ginkgo with risperidone might increase the levels and adverse effects of risperidone.
A single case of priapism has been reported for a 26-year-old male with schizophrenia who used risperidone 3 mg daily along with ginkgo extract 160 mg daily. Risperidone is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 and CYP3A4. CYP3A4 activity might be affected by ginkgo. Theoretically, ginkgo may inhibit the metabolism of risperidone and increase the risk of adverse effects.
Rosiglitazone (Avandia)
Theoretically, ginkgo might decrease the levels and clinical effects of rosiglitazone.
Animal research shows that ginkgo leaf extract orally 100 or 200 mg/kg daily for 10 days alters the pharmacodynamics of rosiglitazone in a dose-dependent manner. The 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg doses reduce the area under the concentration time curve (AUC) of rosiglitazone by 39% and 52%, respectively, and the half-life by 28% and 39%, respectively. It is hypothesized that these changes may be due to induction of cytochrome P450 2C8 by ginkgo.
Seizure Threshold Lowering Drugs
Theoretically, taking ginkgo with drugs that lower the seizure threshold might increase the risk for convulsions.
Ginkgo seeds contain ginkgotoxin. Large amounts of ginkgotoxin can cause neurotoxicity and seizure. Ginkgotoxin is present in much larger amounts in ginkgo seeds than leaves. Ginkgo leaf extract contains trace amounts of ginkgotoxin. The amount of ginkgotoxin in ginkgo leaf and leaf extract seems unlikely to cause toxicity. However, there are anecdotal reports of seizure occurring after use of ginkgo leaf both in patients without a history of seizure disorder and in those with previously well-controlled epilepsy.
Simvastatin (Zocor)
Theoretically, ginkgo might decrease the levels and clinical effects of simvastatin.
Clinical research shows that taking ginkgo extract can reduce the area under the curve and maximum concentration of simvastatin by 32% to 39%. However, ginkgo extract does not seem to affect the cholesterol-lowering ability of simvastatin.
Sofosbuvir (Sovaldi)
Theoretically, ginkgo might increase the levels and clinical effects of sofosbuvir.
Animal research in rats shows that giving a ginkgo extract 25 mg/kg orally daily for 14 days increases the area under the concentration time curve (AUC) after a single sofosbuvir dose of 40 mg/kg by 11%, increases the half-life by 60%, and increases the plasma concentration at 4 hours by 38%. This interaction appears to be related to the inhibition of intestinal P-glycoprotein by ginkgo.
Tacrolimus (Prograf)
Theoretically, ginkgo might increase the blood levels of tacrolimus.
In vitro evidence suggests that certain biflavonoids in ginkgo leaves (i.e. amentoflavone, ginkgetin, bilobetin) may inhibit the metabolism of tacrolimus by up to 50%. This interaction appears to be time-dependent and due to inhibition of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 by these bioflavonoids. In rats given tacrolimus 1 mg/kg orally, amentoflavone was shown to increase the area under the concentration time curve (AUC) of tacrolimus by 3.8-fold.
Trazodone (Desyrel)
Theoretically, ginkgo might increase the levels and clinical effects of trazodone.
In a case report, an Alzheimer patient taking trazodone 20 mg twice daily and ginkgo leaf extract 80 mg twice daily for four doses became comatose. The coma was reversed by administration of flumazenil (Romazicon). Coma might have been induced by excessive GABA-ergic activity. Ginkgo flavonoids are thought to have GABA-ergic activity and act directly on benzodiazepine receptors. Ginkgo might also increase metabolism of trazodone to active GABA-ergic metabolites, possibly by inducing cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) metabolism.
Warfarin (Coumadin)
Ginkgo has been shown to increase the risk of bleeding in some people when taken with warfarin.
Several pharmacodynamic studies suggest that ginkgo inhibits platelet aggregation. It is thought that the ginkgo constituent, ginkgolide B, displaces platelet-activating factor (PAF) from its binding sites, decreasing blood coagulation. Several case reports have documented serious bleeding events in patients taking ginkgo. Information from a medical database suggests that when taken concurrently with warfarin, ginkgo increases the risk of a bleeding adverse event by 38%. There is also some evidence that ginkgo leaf extract can inhibit cytochrome P450 2C9, an enzyme that metabolizes warfarin. This could result in increased warfarin levels. However, population and clinical research has produced mixed results. Clinical research in healthy people suggests that ginkgo has no effect on INR, or the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of warfarin. A meta-analysis of 18 studies using standardized ginkgo extracts, 80 mg to 480 mg daily for up to 32 weeks, did not find a significant effect on platelet aggregation, fibrinogen concentration, or PT/aPTT. There is also some preliminary clinical research that suggests ginkgo might not significantly increase the effects of warfarin in patients that have a stable INR.
Nifedipine (Procardia)
Theoretically, taking ginkgo with oral, but not intravenous, nifedipine might increase levels and adverse effects of nifedipine.
Animal research and some clinical evidence suggests that taking ginkgo leaf extract orally in combination with oral nifedipine might increase nifedipine levels and cause increased side effects, such as headaches, dizziness, and hot flushes. However, taking ginkgo orally does not seem to affect the pharmacokinetics of intravenous nifedipine.
Omeprazole (Prilosec)
Theoretically, taking ginkgo with omeprazole might decrease the levels and clinical effects of omeprazole.
Clinical research shows that a specific ginkgo leaf extract (Remembrance, Herbs Product LTD) 140 mg twice daily can induce cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19 enzymes and decrease levels of omeprazole by about 27% to 42%.
Eleuthero Root Extract, Dry
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs
Theoretically, eleuthero may have antiplatelet effects and may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
In vitro and animal research shows that a constituent of eleuthero, dihydroxybenzoic acid, appears to inhibit platelet aggregation. Concomitant use with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs might increase the risk of bleeding. This effect has not been reported in humans.
Antidiabetes Drugs
Theoretically, eleuthero might have additive effects when used with antidiabetes drugs.
Animal research suggests that certain constituents of eleuthero have hypoglycemic activity in both healthy and diabetic animals. A small study in adults with type 2 diabetes also shows that taking eleuthero for 3 months can lower blood glucose levels. However, one very small study in healthy individuals shows that taking powdered eleuthero 3 grams, 40 minutes prior to a 75-gram oral glucose tolerance test, significantly increases postprandial blood glucose levels when compared with placebo. These contradictory findings might be due to patient-specific variability and variability in active ingredient ratios.
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates
Theoretically, eleuthero might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
In vitro and animal research suggest that standardized extracts of eleuthero inhibit CYP1A2. This effect has not been reported in humans.
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (Cyp2C9) Substrates
Theoretically, eleuthero might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C9.
In vitro and animal research suggest that standardized extracts of eleuthero might inhibit CYP2C9. This effect has not been reported in humans.
Digoxin (Lanoxin)
Eleuthero might increase serum digoxin levels and increase the risk of side effects.
In one case report, a 74-year-old male who was stabilized on digoxin presented with an elevated serum digoxin level after starting an eleuthero supplement, without symptoms of toxicity. After stopping the supplement, serum digoxin levels returned to normal. It is not clear whether this was due to a pharmacokinetic interaction or to interference with the digoxin assay. Although the product was found to be free of digoxin and digitoxin, it was not tested for other contaminants.
Immunosuppressants
Theoretically, eleuthero might interfere with immunosuppressive drugs because of its immunostimulant activity.
Animal and in vitro research shows that eleuthero extracts have immunomodulatory effects, including increasing cellular and humoral activity.
P-Glycoprotein Substrates
Theoretically, eleuthero might increase levels of P-glycoprotein substrates.
In vitro research suggests that eleuthero can inhibit the multi-drug transporter protein, P-glycoprotein. However, it is too soon to tell if this is clinically important. This interaction has not been reported in humans.
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (Cyp2D6) Substrates
Theoretically, eleuthero might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2D6.
In vitro and animal research suggest that standardized extracts of eleuthero might inhibit CYP2D6. However, research in healthy human volunteers has found that taking eleuthero 485 mg twice daily for 14 days does not inhibit CYP2D6 drug metabolism.
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates
Theoretically, eleuthero might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
In vitro and animal research suggest that standardized extracts of eleuthero might inhibit CYP3A4. However, research in healthy human volunteers has found that taking eleuthero 485 mg twice daily for 14 days does not inhibit CYP3A4 drug metabolism.
Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptide Substrates (Oatp)
Theoretically, eleuthero might decrease levels of drugs metabolized by OATP.
In vitro research suggests that eleuthero inhibits OATP2B1, which might reduce the bioavailability of oral drugs that are substrates of OATP2B1. Due to the weak inhibitory effect identified in this study, this interaction is not likely to be clinically significant.
Garlic Bulb Extract, Dry
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs
Garlic may have antiplatelet effects and may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Raw garlic and a variety of garlic extracts have antiplatelet activity and can increase prothrombin time.
Antidiabetes Drugs
Theoretically, taking garlic with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Clinical research suggests that garlic and garlic extract lower blood glucose levels in healthy and diabetic individuals.
Antihypertensive Drugs
Theoretically, taking garlic with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.
In human research, both garlic and garlic extracts have blood pressure-lowering effects.
Atazanavir (Reyataz)
Theoretically, garlic might decrease levels and effects of atazanavir.
In a case report, a patient consuming six stir-fried garlic cloves three times weekly developed suboptimal atazanavir levels and increases in HIV viral load. While the exact cause of this interaction is unclear, there is speculation that garlic might decrease the intestinal absorption of atazanavir or increase its metabolism by inducing cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). Until more is known, advise patients not to consume large amounts of garlic while taking atazanavir.
Cytochrome P450 2E1 (Cyp2E1) Substrates
Garlic might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.
Clinical research suggests garlic oil can inhibit the activity of CYP2E1 by 39%. Use garlic oil cautiously in patients taking drugs metabolized by these enzymes.
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates
Theoretically, garlic products containing allicin might induce intestinal CYP3A4 and inhibit hepatic CYP3A4. This may increase or decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Some human research suggests that garlic may induce INTESTINAL CYP3A4, reducing levels of drugs metabolized by this enzyme. This is primarily based on a study showing that taking a specific allicin-containing garlic product (GarliPure Maximum Allicin Formula, Natrol Inc.) twice daily for 3 days reduces saquinavir levels by approximately 50%. It is speculated that the allicin constituent induced CYP3A4 in the gut mucosa. Another study shows that giving docetaxel intravenously, bypassing the CYP3A4 enzymes in the gut mucosa, along with the same specific garlic product for 12 consecutive days, does not affect docetaxel levels. Conversely, there is concern that garlic may inhibit HEPATIC CYP3A4. In a single case report, increased tacrolimus levels and liver injury occurred in a liver transplant patient after taking a specific garlic supplement (Garlicin Cardio, Nature's Way) at up to three times the manufacturer recommended dose for 7 days. Several other studies have evaluated the impact of other garlic formulations on CYP3A4 substrates and have found no effect. Most of the products in these studies provided little or no allicin.
Isoniazid
Theoretically, garlic might decrease levels of isoniazid.
Animal research suggests that an aqueous extract of garlic reduces isoniazid levels by about 65%. Garlic reduced the maximum concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC), but not the half-life, of isoniazid. This suggests that garlic extract might inhibit isoniazid absorption across the intestinal mucosa; however, the exact mechanism of this potential interaction is not known.
Protease Inhibitors (Pis)
Theoretically, garlic products containing allicin might decrease levels of PIs.
Protease inhibitors are metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) isoenzymes. There is concern that garlic products containing allicin might induce intestinal CYP3A4, reducing plasma levels of protease inhibitors. This is primarily based on a study showing that taking a specific garlic product (GarliPure Maximum Allicin Formula, Natrol Inc.) twice daily for 3 days reduces levels of saquinavir, a PI, by approximately 50%. It is speculated that the allicin constituent induce CYP3A4 in the gut mucosa. Several studies have evaluated the impact of other garlic formulations on CYP3A4 substrates and have found no effect. Most of the products in these studies provided little or no allicin.
Saquinavir (Fortovase, Invirase)
Theoretically, garlic containing allicin might decrease levels of saquinavir.
Saquinavir is a substrate of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) isoenzymes. There is concern that garlic products containing allicin might induce intestinal CYP3A4 and cause subtherapeutic levels of saquinavir. This is primarily based on a pharmacokinetic study showing that taking a specific garlic product (GarliPure Maximum Allicin Formula, Natrol Inc.) twice daily for 3 days reduces saquinavir levels by approximately 50%. It is speculated that the allicin constituent induces CYP3A4 in the gut mucosa. Several pharmacokinetic studies have evaluated the impact of other garlic formulations on CYP3A4 substrates and have found no effect. Most of the products in these studies provided little or no allicin. Until more is known about this potential interaction, use garlic containing allicin cautiously in patients taking saquinavir.
Sofosbuvir (Sovaldi)
Theoretically, taking garlic with sofosbuvir might decrease its effectiveness.
Animal research in rats shows that giving aged garlic extract 120 mg/kg orally daily for 14 days decreases the area under the concentration time curve (AUC) after a single sofosbuvir dose of 40 mg/kg by 36%, increases the clearance by 63%, and decreases the plasma concentrations at 1 and 8 hours by 35% and 58%, respectively. This interaction is hypothesized to be due to induction of intestinal P-glycoprotein expression by garlic.
Tacrolimus (Prograf)
Theoretically, garlic might increase levels of tacrolimus.
In one case report, a liver transplant patient taking tacrolimus experienced increased tacrolimus levels and liver injury after taking a specific garlic supplement (Garlicin Cardio, Nature's Way) at up to three times the manufacturer recommended dose for 7 days. It is speculated that garlic inhibited hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), which increased plasma levels of tacrolimus.
Warfarin (Coumadin)
Theoretically, garlic might increase the risk of bleeding with warfarin.
Raw garlic and a variety of garlic extracts have antiplatelet activity and can increase prothrombin time. In addition, there is a report of two patients who experienced an increase in a previously stabilized international normalized ratio (INR) with concomitant garlic and warfarin use. However, this report has been subsequently debated due to limited clinical information. Other clinical studies have not identified an effect of garlic on INR, warfarin pharmacokinetics, or bleeding risk. More evidence is needed to determine the safety of using garlic with warfarin.
Brand information
Manufacturer and brand details for Circulation Support Alcohol Free, from the product label.
Hawaii Pharm
See all Hawaii Pharm products- Name
- Hawaii Pharm LLC
- Street Address
- 510 Sumner St. Ste. 613
- City
- Honolulu
- State
- HI
- ZipCode
- 96817
- Phone Number
- 888-854-2924
- Web Address
- www.hawaiipharm.com
Circulation Support Alcohol Free by Hawaii Pharm: Common Questions
Does Circulation Support Alcohol Free by Hawaii Pharm interact with any medications?
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Where does this information come from?
Will this help my circulation?
What are the main side effects I should watch for?
Can I take this if I'm pregnant?
Can I take this while breastfeeding?
Why does this have so many drug interactions?
Is there anything in here I'm allergic to?
Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy
Not sure if Circulation Support Alcohol Free is safe with your meds?
Our pharmacists answer your medication & supplement questions — free.
Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.
The Full Monographs Behind Circulation Support Alcohol Free’s Ingredients
Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.
Garlic
Interacts with 989 drugsGarlic is a common food and supplement that may modestly help with blood pressure and cholesterol, though the evidence is mixed and effects are usually small. It is generally safe in food am...
Read the full Garlic monograph → Herb & supplement monographGinkgo
Interacts with 1,266 drugsGinkgo is one of the world's most popular herbal supplements, mostly taken to support memory and circulation. The evidence for these uses is mixed and generally weak, and it is not proven to...
Read the full Ginkgo monograph → Herb & supplement monographEleuthero
Interacts with 1,140 drugsEleuthero is an herb traditionally used as an 'adaptogen' to fight fatigue, boost energy, and help the body handle stress. The scientific evidence behind these uses is limited and mixed, so...
Read the full Eleuthero monograph →Sources & How We Checked
Circulation Support Alcohol Free's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.
- NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) — The official product label on file for this supplement.
- Natural Medicines (Therapeutic Research Center) — Evidence-graded clinical reference behind the ingredient interaction data.
Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.
The 275 references behind this product’s interaction data
Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.
Garlic 154 references
- Silagy CA, Neil HA. A meta-analysis of the effect of garlic on blood pressure. J Hypertens 1994;12:463-8. DOI
- McMahon FG, Vargas R. Can garlic lower blood pressure? A pilot study. Pharmacotherapy 1993;13:406-7. DOI
- Auer W, Eiber A, Hertkorn E, et al. Hypertension and hyperlipidaemia: garlic helps in mild cases. Br J Clin Pract Suppl 1990;69:3-6.
- Garty BZ. Garlic burns. Pediatrics 1993;91:658-9.
- Rose KD, Croissant PD, Parliament CF, Levin MB. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma with associated platelet dysfunction from excessive garlic ingestion: a case report. Neurosurg 1990;26:880-2. PubMed
- Burnham BE. Garlic as a possible risk for postoperative bleeding. Plast Reconstr Surg 1995;95:213.
- Sunter WH. Warfarin and garlic. Pharm J 1991;246:722.
- Berthold HK, Sudhop T, von Bergmann K. Effect of a garlic oil preparation on serum lipoproteins and cholesterol metabolism. JAMA 1998;279:1900-2.
- Steiner M, Khan AH, Holbert D, Lin RI. A double-blind crossover study in moderately hypercholesterolemic men that compared the effect of aged garlic extract and placebo administration on blood lipids. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;64:866-70. PubMed
- Steiner M, Lin RS. Changes in platelet function and susceptibility of lipoproteins to oxidation associated with administration of aged garlic extract. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1998;31:904-8. PubMed
- Gwilt PR, Lear CL, Tempero MA, et al. The effect of garlic extract on human metabolism of acetaminophen. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1994;3:155-60.
- Rahman K, Billington D. Dietary supplementation with aged garlic extract inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation in humans. J Nutr 2000;130:2662-5. PubMed
- Bloch AS. Pushing the Envelope of Nutrition Support: Complementary Therapies. Nutrition 2000;16:236-9. PubMed
- Steiner M, Li W. Aged garlic extract, a modulator of cardiovascular risk factors: a dose-finding study on the effects of AGE on platelet functions. J Nutr 2001;131:980S-4S. PubMed
- Mader FH. Treatment of hyperlipidaemia with garlic-powder tablets. Evidence from the German Association of General Practitioners' multicentric placebo-controlled double-blind study. Arzneimittelforschung 1990;40:1111-6.
- Vorberg G, Schneider B. Therapy with garlic: results of a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Br J Clin Pract Symp Suppl 1990;69:7-11.
- Simons LA, Balasubramaniam S, von Konigsmark M, et al. On the effect of garlic on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in mild hypercholesterolaemia. Atherosclerosis 1995;113:219-25. PubMed
- Neil HA, Silagy CA, Lancaster T, et al. Garlic powder in the treatment of moderate hyperlipidaemia: a controlled trial and meta-analysis. J R Coll Physicians Lond 1996;30:329-34. DOI
- Koscielny J, Klussendorf D, Latza R, et al. The antiatherosclerotic effect of Allium sativum. Atherosclerosis 1999;144:237-49. PubMed
- Kiesewetter H, Jung F, Jung EM, et al. Effects of garlic coated tablets in peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Clin Investig 1993;71:383-6. PubMed
- Kiesewetter H, Jung F, Jung EM, et al. Effect of garlic on platelet aggregation in patients with increased risk of juvenile ischaemic attack. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1993;45:333-6. PubMed
- Legnani C, Frascaro M, Guazzaloca G, et al. Effects of a dried garlic preparation on fibrinolysis and platelet aggregation in healthy subjects. Arzneimittelforschung 1993;43:119-22.
- Mennella JA, Johnson A, Beauchamp GK. Garlic ingestion by pregnant women alters the odor of amniotic fluid. Chem Senses 1995;20:207-9. PubMed
- Mennella JA, Beauchamp GK. Maternal diet alters the sensory qualities of human milk and the nursling's behavior. Pediatrics 1991;88:737-44. DOI
- Mennella JA, Beauchamp GK. The effects of repeated exposure to garlic-flavored milk on the nursling's behavior. Pediatr Res 1993;34:805-8. PubMed
- Cronin E. Dermatitis of the hands in caterers. Contact Dermatitis 1987;17:265-9. PubMed
- Lee TY, Lam TH. Contact dermatitis due to topical treatment with garlic in Hong Kong. Contact Dermatitis 1991;24:193-6. PubMed
- Bruynzeel DP. Bulb dermatitis. Dermatological problems in the flower bulb industries. Contact Dermatitis 1997;37:70-7.
- Stevinson C, Pittler MH, Ernst E. Garlic for treating hypercholesterolemia: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Ann Intern Med 2000;133:420-9. PubMed
- Ackermann RT, Mulrow CD, Ramirez G, et al. Garlic shows promise for improving some cardiovascular risk factors. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:813-24. PubMed
- Piscitelli SC, Burstein AH, Welden N, et al. The effect of garlic supplements on the pharmacokinetics of saquinavir. Clin Infect Dis 2002;34:234-8. PubMed
- Ziaei S, Hantoshzadeh S, Rezasoltani P, Lamyian M. The effect of garlic tablet on plasma lipids and platelet aggregation in nulliparous pregnants at high risk of preeclampsia. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2001;99:201-6.. PubMed
- Markowitz JS, Devane CL, Chavin KD, et al. Effects of garlic (Allium sativum L.) supplementation on cytochrome P450 2D6 and 3A4 activity in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003;74:170-7.. PubMed
- Josling P. Preventing the common cold with a garlic supplement: a double-blind, placebo-controlled survey. Adv Ther 2001;18:189-93. PubMed
- Gurley BJ, Gardner SF, Hubbard MA, et al. Cytochrome P450 phenotypic ratios for predicting herb-drug interactions in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002;72:276-87.. PubMed
- Farnsworth N, Bingel A, Cordell G, et al. Potential value of plants as sources of new antifertility agents I. J Pharm Sci 1975;64:535-98. DOI
- Carden SM, Good WV, Carden PA, Good RM. Garlic and the strabismus surgeon. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2002;30:303-4. PubMed
- Kanerva L, Estlander T, Jolanki R. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from spices. Contact Dermatitis 1996;35:157-62. PubMed
- Dehghani F, Merat A, Panjehshahin MR, Handjani F. Healing effect of garlic extract on warts and corns. Int J Dermatol 2005;44:612-5. PubMed
- Dhamija P, Malhotra S, Pandhi P. Effect of oral administration of crude aqueous extract of garlic on pharmacokinetic parameters of isoniazid and rifampicin in rabbits. Pharmacology 2006;77:100-4. PubMed
- Macan H, Uykimpang R, Alconcel M, et al. Aged garlic extract may be safe for patients on warfarin therapy. J Nutr 2006;136(3 Suppl):793S-795S. PubMed
- Hubbard VG, Goldsmith P. Garlic-fingered chefs. Contact Dermatitis 2005;52:165-6. PubMed
- Mohammed Abdul MI, Jiang X, Williams KM, et al. Pharmacodynamic interaction of warfarin with cranberry but not with garlic in healthy subjects. Br J Pharmacol 2008;154:1691-700. PubMed
- Ried K, Frank OR, Stocks NP, et al. Effect of garlic on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2008;8:13. PubMed
- Cox MC, Low J, Lee J, et al. Influence of garlic (Allium sativum) on the pharmacokinetics of docetaxel. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:4636-40.
- van der Walt, A., Lopata, A. L., Nieuwenhuizen, N. E., and Jeebhay, M. F. Work-related allergy and asthma in spice mill workers - The impact of processing dried spices on IgE reactivity patterns. Int Arch.Allergy Immunol. 2010;152(3):271-278. PubMed
- Huang, J., Frohlich, J., and Ignaszewski, A. P. The impact of dietary changes and dietary supplements on lipid profile. Can J Cardiol 2011;27(4):488-505. PubMed
- Hasani-Ranjbar, S., Nayebi, N., Moradi, L., Mehri, A., Larijani, B., and Abdollahi, M. The efficacy and safety of herbal medicines used in the treatment of hyperlipidemia; a systematic review. Curr.Pharm.Des 2010;16(26):2935-2947. PubMed
- Eming, S. A., Piontek, J. O., Hunzelmann, N., Rasokat, H., and Scharffetter-Kachanek, K. Severe toxic contact dermatitis caused by garlic. Br J Dermatol. 1999;141(2):391-392. PubMed
- Seuri, M., Taivanen, A., Ruoppi, P., and Tukiainen, H. Three cases of occupational asthma and rhinitis caused by garlic. Clin Exp.Allergy 1993;23(12):1011-1014. PubMed
- Rafaat, M. and Leung, A. K. Garlic burns. Pediatr Dermatol. 2000;17(6):475-476.
- Vaes, L. P. and Chyka, P. A. Interactions of warfarin with garlic, ginger, ginkgo, or ginseng: nature of the evidence. Ann Pharmacother 2000;34(12):1478-1482. PubMed
- Hviid, K. and Alsbjorn, B. ["Burns" caused by local application of garlic]. Ugeskr.Laeger 12-11-2000;162(50):6853-6854.
- Baruchin, A. M., Sagi, A., Yoffe, B., and Ronen, M. Garlic burns. Burns 2001;27(7):781-782.
- Pereira, F., Hatia, M., and Cardoso, J. Systemic contact dermatitis from diallyl disulfide. Contact Dermatitis 2002;46(2):124. PubMed
- Hughes, T. M., Varma, S., and Stone, N. M. Occupational contact dermatitis from a garlic and herb mixture. Contact Dermatitis 2002;47(1):48. PubMed
- Dillon, S. A., Burmi, R. S., Lowe, G. M., Billington, D., and Rahman, K. Antioxidant properties of aged garlic extract: an in vitro study incorporating human low density lipoprotein. Life Sci. 2-21-2003;72(14):1583-1594. PubMed
- Groppo, F. C., Ramacciato, J. C., Simoes, R. P., Florio, F. M., and Sartoratto, A. Antimicrobial activity of garlic, tea tree oil, and chlorhexidine against oral microorganisms. Int.Dent.J. 2002;52(6):433-437. PubMed
- Lachter, J., Babich, J. P., Brookman, J. C., and Factor, A. Y. Garlic: a way out of work. Mil.Med 2003;168(6):499-500. DOI
- Hjorth, N. and Roed-Petersen, J. Occupational protein contact dermatitis in food handlers. Contact Dermatitis 1976;2(1):28-42. PubMed
- van Ketel, W. G. and de Haan, P. Occupational eczema from garlic and onion. Contact Dermatitis 1978;4(1):53-54. PubMed
- McFadden, J. P., White, I. R., and Rycroft, R. J. Allergic contact dermatitis from garlic. Contact Dermatitis 1992;27(5):333-334. PubMed
- Tanamai, J., Veeramanomai, S., and Indrakosas, N. The efficacy of cholesterol-lowering action and side effects of garlic enteric coated tablets in man. J Med Assoc.Thai. 2004;87(10):1156-1161.
- Ashraf, R., Aamir, K., Shaikh, A. R., and Ahmed, T. Effects of garlic on dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Ayub.Med Coll.Abbottabad. 2005;17(3):60-64.
- Laing, M. E., Barry, J., Buckley, A. M., and Murphy, G. M. Immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions to food and latex in a chef. Contact Dermatitis 2006;55(3):193-194. PubMed
- Friedman, T., Shalom, A., and Westreich, M. Self-inflicted garlic burns: our experience and literature review. Int.J Dermatol. 2006;45(10):1161-1163. PubMed
- van Doorn, M. B., Espirito Santo, S. M., Meijer, P., Kamerling, I. M., Schoemaker, R. C., Dirsch, V., Vollmar, A., Haffner, T., Gebhardt, R., Cohen, A. F., Princen, H. M., and Burggraaf, J. Effect of garlic powder on C-reactive protein and plasma lipids
- Ekeowa-Anderson, A. L., Shergill, B., and Goldsmith, P. Allergic contact cheilitis to garlic. Contact Dermatitis 2007;56(3):174-175. PubMed
- Gadkari JV, Joshi VD. Effect of ingestion of raw garlic on serum cholesterol level, clotting time and fibrinolytic activity in normal subjects. J Postgrad.Med 1991;37:128-131.
- McFadden, J. P., White, J. M., Basketter, D. A., and Kimber, I. Reduced allergy rates in atopic eczema to contact allergens used in both skin products and foods: atopy and the 'hapten-atopy hypothesis'. Contact Dermatitis 2008;58(3):156-158. PubMed
- Lembo, G., Balato, N., Patruno, C., Auricchio, L., and Ayala, F. Allergic contact dermatitis due to garlic (Allium sativum). Contact Dermatitis 1991;25(5):330-331.
- Bordel-Gomez, M. T. and Miranda-Romero, A. Sensitivity to diallyl disulfide in a Spanish population. Contact Dermatitis 2008;59(2):125-126. PubMed
- Reinhart, K. M., Coleman, C. I., Teevan, C., Vachhani, P., and White, C. M. Effects of garlic on blood pressure in patients with and without systolic hypertension: a meta-analysis. Ann.Pharmacother. 2008;42(12):1766-1771. PubMed
- Bagga, S., Thomas, B. S., and Bhat, M. Garlic burn as self-inflicted mucosal injury--a case report and review of the literature. Quintessence.Int. 2008;39(6):491-494.
- Shakeel, M., Trinidade, A., McCluney, N., and Clive, B. Complementary and alternative medicine in epistaxis: a point worth considering during the patient's history. Eur.J.Emerg.Med. 2010;17(1):17-19. PubMed
- Smyth, A. R., Cifelli, P. M., Ortori, C. A., Righetti, K., Lewis, S., Erskine, P., Holland, E. D., Givskov, M., Williams, P., Camara, M., Barrett, D. A., and Knox, A. Garlic as an inhibitor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing in cystic fibrosis--a p
- Russell, J. E. Chinese complementary therapy for stress causing bilateral chemical burns to the feet. Emerg.Med.J. 2010;27(10):787. PubMed
- Adachi, A. [Two cases of eosinophilic gastroenteritis whose causative allergens are usefully diagnosed by patch test]. Arerugi 2010;59(5):545-551.
- Ried, K., Frank, O. R., and Stocks, N. P. Aged garlic extract lowers blood pressure in patients with treated but uncontrolled hypertension: a randomised controlled trial. Maturitas 2010;67(2):144-150. PubMed
- Hansanugrum, A. and Barringer, S. A. Effect of milk on the deodorization of malodorous breath after garlic ingestion. J.Food Sci. 8-1-2010;75(6):C549-C558. PubMed
- Hurley, M. N., Forrester, D. L., and Smyth, A. R. Antibiotic adjuvant therapy for pulmonary infection in cystic fibrosis. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2010;(10):CD008037. PubMed
- Nahas, R. and Balla, A. Complementary and alternative medicine for prevention and treatment of the common cold. Can.Fam.Physician 2011;57(1):31-36.
- Takeuchi, S., Matsuzaki, Y., Ikenaga, S., Nishikawa, Y., Kimura, K., Nakano, H., and Sawamura, D. Garlic-induced irritant contact dermatitis mimicking nail psoriasis. J.Dermatol. 2011;38(3):280-282. PubMed
- Davis, L. E., Shen, J. K., and Cai, Y. Antifungal activity in human cerebrospinal fluid and plasma after intravenous administration of Allium sativum. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. 1990;34(4):651-653. PubMed
- Ashraf, R., Khan, R. A., and Ashraf, I. Garlic (Allium sativum) supplementation with standard antidiabetic agent provides better diabetic control in type 2 diabetes patients. Pak.J.Pharm.Sci. 2011;24(4):565-570.
- Bakhshi, M., Taheri, J. B., Shabestari, S. B., Tanik, A., and Pahlevan, R. Comparison of therapeutic effect of aqueous extract of garlic and nystatin mouthwash in denture stomatitis. Gerodontology. 2012;29(2):e680-e684. PubMed
- Kianoush, S., Balali-Mood, M., Mousavi, S. R., Moradi, V., Sadeghi, M., Dadpour, B., Rajabi, O., and Shakeri, M. T. Comparison of therapeutic effects of garlic and d-Penicillamine in patients with chronic occupational lead poisoning. Basic Clin.Pharmacol
- Filobbos, G., Chapman, T., and Gesakis, K. Iatrogenic burns from garlic. J.Burn Care Res. 2012;33(1):e21. PubMed
- Nantz, M. P., Rowe, C. A., Muller, C. E., Creasy, R. A., Stanilka, J. M., and Percival, S. S. Supplementation with aged garlic extract improves both NK and gammadelta-T cell function and reduces the severity of cold and flu symptoms: a randomized, double
- Fedder, S. L. Spinal epidural hematoma and garlic ingestion. Neurosurgery 1990;27(4):659. DOI
- Lissiman, E., Bhasale, A. L., and Cohen, M. Garlic for the common cold. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;3:CD006206. PubMed
- Kaplan, B., Schewach-Millet, M., and Yorav, S. Factitial dermatitis induced by application of garlic. Int J Dermatol. 1990;29(1):75-76. PubMed
- Harenberg, J., Giese, C., and Zimmermann, R. Effect of dried garlic on blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, platelet aggregation and serum cholesterol levels in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. Atherosclerosis 1988;74(3):247-249. PubMed
- Parish, R. A., McIntire, S., and Heimbach, D. M. Garlic burns: a naturopathic remedy gone awry. Pediatr.Emerg.Care 1987;3(4):258-260.
- Bojs, G. and Svensson, A. Contact allergy to garlic used for wound healing. Contact Dermatitis 1988;18(3):179-181. PubMed
- Bleumink, E. and Nater, J. P. Contact dermatitis to garlic; crossreactivity between garlic, onion and tulip. Arch.Dermatol.Forsch 8-15-1973;247(2):117-124. PubMed
- Yoshikawa, K., Hadame, K., Saitoh, K., and Hijikata, T. Patch tests with common vegetables in hand dermatitis patients. Contact Dermatitis 1979;5(4):274-275. PubMed
- Bleumink, E., Doeglas, H. M., Klokke, A. H., and Nater, J. P. Allergic contact dermatitis to garlic. Br.J Dermatol. 1972;87(1):6-9. PubMed
- Papageorgiou, C., Corbet, J. P., Menezes-Brandao, F., Pecegueiro, M., and Benezra, C. Allergic contact dermatitis to garlic (Allium sativum L.). Identification of the allergens: the role of mono-, di-, and trisulfides present in garlic. A comparative stu DOI
- anonymous. Garlic in cryptococcal meningitis: a preliminary report of 21 cases. Chin Med J (Engl.) 1980;93(2):123-126.
- Szybejko, J., Zukowski, A., and Herbec, R. [Unusual cause of obturation of the small intestine]. Wiad.Lek. 4-15-1982;35(2):163-164.
- Mitchell, J. C. Contact sensitivity to garlic (Allium). Contact Dermatitis 1980;6(5):356-357. PubMed
- German, K., Kumar, U., and Blackford, H. N. Garlic and the risk of TURP bleeding. Br J Urol 1995;76(4):518. PubMed
- Petry, J. J. Garlic and postoperative bleeding. Plast.Reconstr.Surg 1995;96(2):483-484. PubMed
- Canduela, V., Mongil, I., Carrascosa, M., Docio, S., and Cagigas, P. Garlic: always good for the health? Br J Dermatol. 1995;132(1):161-162. PubMed
- Farrell, A. M. and Staughton, R. C. Garlic burns mimicking herpes zoster. Lancet 4-27-1996;347(9009):1195. PubMed
- Delaney, T. A. and Donnelly, A. M. Garlic dermatitis. Austr J Dermatol 1996;37(2):109-110.
- Ruocco, V., Brenner, S., and Lombardi, M. L. A case of diet-related pemphigus. Dermatology 1996;192(4):373-374. PubMed
- Jain, R. C. Effect of garlic on serum lipids, coagulability and fibrinolytic activity of blood. Am J Clin Nutr 1977;30(9):1380-1381. PubMed
- Rance, F. and Dutau, G. Labial food challenge in children with food allergy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 1997;8(1):41-44. PubMed
- Roberge, R. J., Leckey, R., Spence, R., and Krenzelok, E. J. Garlic burns of the breast. Am J Emerg.Med 1997;15(5):548. PubMed
- Kumar, M. and Berwal, J. S. Sensitivity of food pathogens to garlic (Allium sativum). J Appl.Microbiol. 1998;84(2):213-215. PubMed
- Bimmermann A, Weingart K, and Schwartzkopff W. Allium sativum: Studie zur Wirksamkeit bei Hyperlipoproteinamie. Therapiewoche 1988;38:3885-3890.
- Czerny B and Samochowiec J. Klinische Untersuchungen mit einem Knoblauch-Lezithin-Präparat. Arztezeitschr Naturheilverf 1996;37:126-129.
- Yeh YY, Lin RI, Yeh SM, and et al. Garlic reduces plasma cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic men maintaining habitual diets. In: Ohigashi H, Osawa T, Terao J, and et al. Food Factors for Cancer Prevention. Tokyo, Japan: Springer-Verlag;1997. DOI
- Edelstein AJ and Johnstown PA. Dermatitis caused by garlic. Arch Dermatol 1950;61:111. PubMed
- Fleischer S, Bayerl C, and Jung EG. [Occupational allergic hand dermatitis to garlic in a pizza baker]. Aktuelle Dermatol 1996;22:278-279.
- Gaddoni G, Selvi M, Resta F, and et al. Allergic contact dermatitis to garlic in a cook. Ann Ital Dermatol Clin Sperimentale 1994;48:120-121.
- Ince DI, Sonmez GT, and Ince ML. Effects garlic on aerobic performance. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2000;30(6):557-561.
- Soltani PR. Preecampisia [sic] is an important complication of pregnancy which can result in morbidity and mortality in mother, fetus and the neonate. Journal of Medical Council of Islamic Republic of Iran (J MED COUNC ISLAMIC REPUB IRAN) 2005;23(3):319.
- Gravas S, Tzortzis V Rountas C Melekos MD. Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy and garlic consumption: a lesson to learn. Urol Res. 2010;38(1):61-63. PubMed
- Sunter WH. Warfarin and garlic. Pharm J 1991;246:722.
- Jeyaraj S, Shivaji G, and Jeyaraj SD. Effect of a combined supplementation of fish oil (MEGA-3) with garlic pearls on the serum lipid profile, blood pressure and body mass index of hypercholesterolemic subjects. Heart 2000;83(suppl 2):A4.
- Ashraf R, Khan RA, Ashraf I, Qureshi AA. Effects of Allium sativum (garlic) on systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension. Pak J Pharm Sci 2013;26(5):859-63.
- Duncan A, Mills J. An unusual case of HIV virologic failure during treatment with boosted atazanavir. AIDS 2013;27:1361-2. PubMed
- Ergul B, Cakal B. Dysphagia caused by garlic induced esophagitis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2012;36(6):e134. PubMed
- Karabacak E, Aydin E, Kutlu A, Dogan B. An unusual garlic burn occurring on an unexpected area. BMJ Case Rep 2014. PubMed
- Ma S, Yin J. Anaphylaxis induced by ingestion of raw garlic. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012;9(8):773-5. PubMed
- Mane SK, Jordan PA, Bahna SL. Eosinophilic esophagitis to unsuspected rare food allergen. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2013;111(1):64-5. PubMed
- Ried K, Frank OR, Stocks NP. Aged garlic extract reduces blood pressure in hypertensives: a dose-response trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2013;67(1):64-70. PubMed
- Roussos AP, Hirsch AR. Alliaceous migraines. Headache 2014;54(2):378-82. PubMed
- Watson CJ, Grando D, Fairley CK, et al. The effects of oral garlic on vaginal candida colony counts: a randomised placebo controlled double-blind trial. BJOG 2014;121(4):498-506. PubMed
- Xu S, Heller M, Wu PA, Nambudri VE. Chemical burn caused by topical application of garlic under occlusion. Dermatol Online J 2014;20(1):21261. DOI
- Jalloh MA, Gregory PJ, Hein D, et al. Dietary supplement interactions with antiretrovirals: a systematic review. Int J STD AIDS. 2017 Jan;28(1):4-15. PubMed
- Gallicano K, Foster B, Choudhri S. Effect of short-term administration of garlic supplements on single-dose ritonavir pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2003;55(2):199-202. PubMed
- Hou LQ, Liu YH, Zhang YY. Garlic intake lowers fasting blood glucose: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2015;24(4):575-82.
- Oberle M, Wachs T, Brisson P. Garlic burn to the face. J Spec Oper Med. Winter 2016;16(4):80-81. PubMed
- Ried K. Garlic lowers blood pressure in hypertensive individuals, regulates serum cholesterol, and stimulates immunity: An updated meta-analysis and review. J Nutr. 2016;146(2):389S-396S. PubMed
- Shaikh SA, Tischer S, Choi EK, Fontana RJ. Good for the lung but bad for the liver? Garlic-induced hepatotoxicity following liver transplantation. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2017;42(5):646-648. PubMed
- Suzuki Y, Saito J, Misa K, Fukuhara N, Fukuhara A, Munakata M. A case of black garlic-induced pneumonia as an adverse reaction. Allergol Int. 2016;65(3):353-5. PubMed
- Treudler R, Reuter A, Engin AM, Simon JC. A case of anaphylaxis after garlic ingestion: Is alliinase the only culprit allergen? J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2015;25(5):374-5.
- Woodbury A, Sniecinski R. Garlic-induced surgical bleeding: How much is too much? A Case Rep. 2016;7(12):266-269. PubMed
- Yagami A, Suzuki K, Sano A, et al. Immediate allergy due to raw garlic (Allium sativum L.). J Dermatol. 2015;42(10):1026-7.
- Gandomkar H, Mahmoodzadeh H, Tavakoli H, Fazeli M, Rezaei J. Garlic-induced esophageal perforation: A case series. Asian J Surg. 2020;43(6):696-697. PubMed
- Dev T, Bharti P, Patel U, Bhari N. Chronic paronychia and nail dystrophy: an atypical presentation of allergic contact dermatitis to garlic. Int J Dermatol 2021 Feb 11. doi: 10.1111/ijd.15430. PubMed
- Jafari F, Tabarrai M, Abbassian A, Jafari F, Ayati MH. Effect of Garlic (Allium sativum) Supplementation on Premenstrual Disorders: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2021;2021:9965064. PubMed
- Tomo S, Santos IDS, Cruz TMD, Miyahara GI, Simonato LE. Garlic burn trauma of the oral mucosa in a patient with trigeminal neuralgia: A case report. Dent Traumatol 2022. PubMed
- Wasef AK, Wahdan SA, Saeed NM, El-Demerdash E. Effects of aged garlic and ginkgo biloba extracts on the pharmacokinetics of sofosbuvir in rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2022;43(4):152-62. PubMed
- Sangouni AA, Alizadeh M, Jamalzehi A, Hosseinzadeh M, Parastouei K. Garlic supplementation improves intestinal transit time, lipid accumulation product and cardiometabolic indices in subjects with metabolic syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. Phytoth PubMed
- Taghavi MR, Tavanaei Tamanaei T, Oghazian MB, et al. Effectiveness of fortified garlic extract oral capsules as adjuvant therapy in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019: A triple-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Curr Ther Res Cli PubMed
- Jamaluddin J, Jamil SN. An unexpected reaction to topical garlic medicament - A case report of irritant contact dermatitis successfully managed in primary care. Cureus 2023;15(1):e33657. PubMed
- Nair A, Abdelqader B, Sureshkumar S, Katmawai-Sabbagh S. Hematuria and dietary supplements - A case report on pronounced bleeding following a minimally invasive urological intervention in a patient on long term garlic supplements. Urol Case Rep 2023;50:10 PubMed
- Zhao X, Cheng T, Xia H, Yang Y, Wang S. Effects of Garlic on Glucose Parameters and Lipid Profile: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2024;16(11):1692. PubMed
- Bhat GS, Shastry A. Prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, two-arm study to evaluate the efficacy of coadministration of garlic as a hydrogen sulfide donor and tadalafil in patients with erectile dysfunction not responding to tadalafil alone - A pil
Ginkgo 97 references
- Davydov L, Stirling AL. Stevens-Johnson syndrome with Ginkgo biloba. J Herb Pharmacother 2001;1:65-9. DOI
- Benjamin J, Muir T, Briggs K, Pentland B. A case of cerebral haemorrhage-can Ginkgo biloba be implicated? Postgrad Med J 2001;77:112-3.
- Matthews, MK. Association of Ginkgo biloba with intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 1998;50:1934.
- Rowin J, Lewis SL. Spontaneous bilateral subdural hemotomas with chronic Ginkgo biloba ingestion. Neurology 1996;46:1775-6.
- Rosenblatt M, Mindel T. Spontaneous hyphema associated with ingestion of Ginkgo biloba extract. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1108.
- Fessenden JM, Wittenborn W, Clarke L. Gingko biloba: a case report of herbal medicine and bleeding postoperatively from a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Am Surg 2001;67:33-5. DOI
- Gurley BJ, Gardner SF, Hubbard MA. Clinical assessment of potential cytochrome P450-mediated herb-drug interactions. AAPS Ann Mtg & Expo Indianapolis, IN: 2000; Oct 29 - Nov 2:presentation #3460.
- Cohen AJ, Bartlik B. Ginkgo biloba for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction. J Sex Marital Ther 1998;24:139-43. PubMed
- Kudolo GB. The effect of 3-month ingestion of Ginkgo biloba extract on pancreatic beta-cell function in response to glucose loading in normal glucose tolerant individuals. J Clin Pharmacol 2000;40:647-54.
- Heck AM, DeWitt BA, Lukes AL. Potential interactions between alternative therapies and warfarin. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2000;57:1221-7. DOI
- Cesarani A, Meloni F, Alpini D, et al. Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) in the treatment of equilibrium disorders. Adv Ther 1998;15:291-304.
- Galluzzi S, Zanetti O, Binetti G, et al. Coma in a patient with Alzheimer's disease taking low dose trazodone and Ginkgo biloba. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000;68:679-80. DOI
- Budzinski JW, Foster BC, Vandenhoek S, Arnason JT. An in vitro evaluation of human cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition by selected commercial herbal extracts and tinctures. Phytomedicine 2000;7:273-82. PubMed
- Gregory PJ. Seizure associated with Ginkgo biloba? Ann Intern Med 2001;134:344.
- Granger AS. Ginkgo biloba precipitating epileptic seizures. Age Ageing 2001;30:523-5. PubMed
- Kajiyama Y, Fujii K, Takeuchi H, Manabe Y. Ginkgo seed poisoning. Pediatrics 2002;109:325-7. PubMed
- Miwa H, Iijima M, Tanaka S, Mizuno Y. Generalized convulsions after consuming a large amount of gingko nuts. Epilepsia 2001;42:280-1. DOI
- Burschka MA, Hassan HA, Reineke T, et al. Effect of treatment with Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 (oral) on unilateral idiopathic sudden hearing loss in a prospective randomized double-blind study of 106 outpatients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2001;258:213- PubMed
- Miller LG, Freeman B. Possible subdural hematoma associated with Ginkgo biloba. J Herb Pharmacother 2002;2:57-63.
- Kudolo GB, Dorsey S, Blodgett J. Effect of the ingestion of Ginkgo biloba extract on platelet aggregation and urinary prostanoid excretion in healthy and Type 2 diabetic subjects. Thromb Res 2002;108:151-60.. PubMed
- Fong KC, Kinnear PE. Retrobulbar haemorrhage associated with chronic Ginkgo biloba ingestion. Postgrad Med J 2003;79:531-2..
- Gurley BJ, Gardner SF, Hubbard MA, et al. Cytochrome P450 phenotypic ratios for predicting herb-drug interactions in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002;72:276-87.. PubMed
- Kang BJ, Lee SJ, Kim MD, Cho MJ. A placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of Ginkgo biloba for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction. Hum Psychopharmacol 2002;17:279-84.
- Yale SH, Glurich I. Analysis of the inhibitory potential of Ginkgo biloba, Echinacea purpurea, and Serenoa repens on the metabolic activity of cytochrome P450 3A4, 2D6, and 2C9. J Altern Complement Med 2005;11:433-9.
- Yasui-Furukori N, Furukori H, Kaneda A, et al. The effects of Ginkgo biloba extracts on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of donepezil. J Clin Pharmacol 2004;44:538-42.
- Markowitz JS, Donovan JL, Lindsay DeVane C, et al. Multiple-dose administration of Ginkgo biloba did not affect cytochrome P-450 2D6 or 3A4 activity in normal volunteers. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2003;23:576-81. PubMed
- Arenz A, Kelin M, Flehe K, et al. Occurrence of neurotoxic 4'-O-methylpyridoxine in ginkgo biloba leaves, ginkgo medications and Japanese ginkgo food. Planta Med 1996;62:548-51.
- Engelsen J, Nielsen JD, Winther K. Effect of coenzyme Q10 and Ginkgo biloba on warfarin dosage in stable, long-term warfarin treated outpatients. A randomised, double blind, placebo-crossover trial. Thromb Haemost 2002;87:1075-6. DOI
- Gaudineau C, Beckerman R, Welbourn S, Auclair K. Inhibition of human P450 enzymes by multiple constituents of the Ginkgo biloba extract. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 2004;318:1072–8. PubMed
- Kohler S, Funk P, Kieser M. Influence of a 7-day treatment with Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 on bleeding time and coagulation: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study in healthy volunteers. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2004;15:303–9. PubMed
- Jiang X, Williams KM, Liauw WS, et al. Effect of ginkgo and ginger on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2005;59:425-32. PubMed
- Destro MW, Speranzini MB, Cavalheiro Filho C, et al. Bilateral haematoma after rhytidoplasty and blepharoplasty following chronic use of Ginkgo biloba. Br J Plast Surg 2005;58:100-1. PubMed
- Yin OQ, Tomlinson B, Waye MM, et al. Pharmacogenetics and herb-drug interactions: experience with Ginkgo biloba and omeprazole. Pharmacogenetics 2004;14:841-50. PubMed
- Bent S, Goldberg H, Padula A, Avins AL. Spontaneous bleeding associated with Ginkgo biloba: a case report and systematic review of the literature. J Gen Intern Med 2005;20;657-61. DOI
- Meisel C, Johne A, Roots I. Fatal intracerebral mass bleeding associated with Ginkgo biloba and ibuprofen. Atherosclerosis 2003;167:367. PubMed
- Bebbington A, Kulkarni R, Roberts P. Ginkgo biloba: Persistent bleeding after total hip arthroplasty caused by herbal self-medication. J Arthroplasty 2005;20:125-6. .
- Kupiec T, Raj V. Fatal seizures due to potential herb-drug interactions with Ginkgo biloba. J Anal Toxicol 2005:755-8. PubMed
- Hauser D, Gayowski T, Singh N. Bleeding complications precipitated by unrecognized Gingko biloba use after liver transplantation. Transpl Int 2002;15:377-9. DOI
- Mohutsky MA, Anderson GD, Miller JW, Elmer GW. Ginkgo biloba: evaluation of CYP2C9 drug interactions in vitro and in vivo. Am J Ther 2006;13:24-31. PubMed
- Kudolo GB. The effect of 3-month ingestion of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on pancreatic beta-cell function in response to glucose loading in individuals with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Pharmacol 2001;41:600-11.
- Pennisi RS. Acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis induced by the herbal remedy Ginkgo biloba. Med J Aust 2006;184:583-4. PubMed
- Yagmur E, Piatkowski A, Groger A, et al. Bleeding complication under Gingko biloba medication. Am J Hematol 2005;79:343-4. PubMed
- Vale S. Subarachnoid haemorrhage associated with Ginkgo biloba. Lancet 1998;352:36. PubMed
- Aruna D, Naidu MU. Pharmacodynamic interaction studies of Ginkgo biloba with cilostazol and clopidogrel in healthy human subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2007;63:333-8.
- Dugoua JJ, Mills E, Perri D, Koren G. Safety and efficacy of ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) during pregnancy and lactation. Can J Clin Pharmacol 2006;13:e277-84.
- Jiang X, Blair EY, McLachlan AJ. Investigation of the effects of herbal medicines on warfarin response in healthy subjects: a population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling approach. J Clin Pharmacol 2006;46:1370-8. PubMed
- Woelk H, Arnoldt KH, Kieser M, Hoerr R. Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 in generalized anxiety disorder and adjustment disorder with anxious mood: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Psychiatr Res 2007;41:472-80. PubMed
- DeKosky ST, Williamson JD, Fitzpatrick AL, et al. Ginkgo biloba for prevention of dementia. JAMA 2008;300:2253-62.
- Dodge HH, Zitzelberger T, Oken BS, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of ginkgo biloba for the prevention of cognitive decline. Neurology 2008;70(19 Pt 2):1809-17. PubMed
- Wiegman DJ, Brinkman K, Franssen EJ. Interaction of Ginkgo biloba with efavirenz. AIDS 2009;23:1184-5. PubMed
- Kim BH, Kim KP, Lim KS, et al. Influence of Ginkgo biloba extract on the pharmacodynamic effects and pharmacokinetic properties of ticlopidine: An open-label, randomized, two-period, two-treatment, two-sequence, single-dose crossover study in healthy Kor
- Salehi B, Imani R, Mohammadi MR, et al. Ginkgo biloba for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a double blind, randomized controlled trial. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010;34:76-80. PubMed
- Kellermann AJ, Kloft C. Is there a risk of bleeding associated with standardized ginkgo biloba extract therapy? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacotherapy 2011;31:490-502.
- Kuller LH, Ives DG, Fitzpatrick AL, et al. Does Ginkgo biloba reduce the risk of cardiovascular events? Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2010;3:41-7.
- Naccarato M, Yoong D, Gough K. A potential drug-herbal interaction between Ginkgo biloba and efavirenz. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic). 2012;11(2):98-100. doi: 10.1177/1545109711435364. Epub 2012 Feb 9.
- Engelsen, J., Nielsen, J. D., and Hansen, K. F. [Effect of Coenzyme Q10 and Ginkgo biloba on warfarin dosage in patients on long-term warfarin treatment. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial]. Ugeskr.Laeger 4-28-2003;165(18):18
- Parsad, D., Pandhi, R., and Juneja, A. Effectiveness of oral Ginkgo biloba in treating limited, slowly spreading vitiligo. Clin Exp.Dermatol. 2003;28(3):285-287.
- Bal Dit, Sollier C., Caplain, H., and Drouet, L. No alteration in platelet function or coagulation induced by EGb761 in a controlled study. Clin Lab Haematol. 2003;25(4):251-253. PubMed
- Yoshioka, M., Ohnishi, N., Koishi, T., Obata, Y., Nakagawa, M., Matsumoto, T., Tagagi, K., Takara, K., Ohkuni, T., Yokoyama, T., and Kuroda, K. Studies on interactions between functional foods or dietary supplements and medicines. IV. Effects of ginkgo b
- Yoshioka, M., Ohnishi, N., Sone, N., Egami, S., Takara, K., Yokoyama, T., and Kuroda, K. Studies on interactions between functional foods or dietary supplements and medicines. III. Effects of ginkgo biloba leaf extract on the pharmacokinetics of nifedipi
- Lovera, J., Bagert, B., Smoot, K., Morris, C. D., Frank, R., Bogardus, K., Wild, K., Oken, B., Whitham, R., and Bourdette, D. Ginkgo biloba for the improvement of cognitive performance in multiple sclerosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Mult.S PubMed
- Lin, Y. Y., Chu, S. J., and Tsai, S. H. Association between priapism and concurrent use of risperidone and Ginkgo biloba. Mayo Clin Proc 2007;82(10):1289-1290.
- Robertson, S. M., Davey, R. T., Voell, J., Formentini, E., Alfaro, R. M., and Penzak, S. R. Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on lopinavir, midazolam and fexofenadine pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects. Curr Med Res Opin 2008;24(2):591-599. PubMed
- Penzak, S. R., Busse, K. H., Robertson, S. M., Formentini, E., Alfaro, R. M., and Davey, R. T., Jr. Limitations of using a single postdose midazolam concentration to predict CYP3A-mediated drug interactions. J Clin Pharmacol 2008;48(6):671-680. PubMed
- May, B. H., Yang, A. W., Zhang, A. L., Owens, M. D., Bennett, L., Head, R., Cobiac, L., Li, C. G., Hugel, H., Story, D. F., and Xue, C. C. Chinese herbal medicine for Mild Cognitive Impairment and Age Associated Memory Impairment: a review of randomised
- Choi, W. S., Choi, C. J., Kim, K. S., Lee, J. H., Song, C. H., Chung, J. H., Ock, S. M., Lee, J. B., and Kim, C. M. To compare the efficacy and safety of nifedipine sustained release with Ginkgo biloba extract to treat patients with primary Raynaud's phe
- Lei, H. P., Wang, G., Wang, L. S., Ou-yang, D. S., Chen, H., Li, Q., Zhang, W., Tan, Z. R., Fan, L., He, Y. J., and Zhou, H. H. Lack of effect of Ginkgo biloba on voriconazole pharmacokinetics in Chinese volunteers identified as CYP2C19 poor and extensiv
- Russo, V., Stella, A., Appezzati, L., Barone, A., Stagni, E., Roszkowska, A., and Delle, Noci N. Clinical efficacy of a Ginkgo biloba extract in the topical treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2009;19(3):331-336. PubMed
- Fan, L., Tao, G. Y., Wang, G., Chen, Y., Zhang, W., He, Y. J., Li, Q., Lei, H. P., Jiang, F., Hu, D. L., Huang, Y. F., and Zhou, H. H. Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract ingestion on the pharmacokinetics of talinolol in healthy Chinese volunteers. Ann Phar PubMed
- Ozgoli, G., Selselei, E. A., Mojab, F., and Majd, H. A. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of Ginkgo biloba L. in treatment of premenstrual syndrome. J Altern.Complement Med 2009;15(8):845-851.
- Singh, V., Singh, S. P., and Chan, K. Review and meta-analysis of usage of ginkgo as an adjunct therapy in chronic schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2010;13(2):257-271.
- Kim, T. E., Kim, B. H., Kim, J., Kim, K. P., Yi, S., Shin, H. S., Lee, Y. O., Lee, K. H., Shin, S. G., Jang, I. J., and Yu, K. S. Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of ticlopidine between administration of a combined fixed-dose tablet formulation of ticl
- Nicolai, S. P., Gerardu, V. C., Kruidenier, L. M., Prins, M. H., and Teijink, J. A. From the Cochrane library: Ginkgo biloba for intermittent claudication. Vasa 2010;39(2):153-158. PubMed
- Patel, N. Herbal remedies. Br.Dent.J 8-28-2010;209(4):153.
- Pedroso, J. L., Henriques Aquino, C. C., Escorcio Bezerra, M. L., Baiense, R. F., Suarez, M. M., Dutra, L. A., Braga-Neto, P., and Povoas Barsottini, O. G. Ginkgo biloba and cerebral bleeding: a case report and critical review. Neurologist. 2011;17(2):89 PubMed
- Russo, V., Rago, A., Russo, G. M., Calabro, R., and Nigro, G. Ginkgo biloba: an ancient tree with new arrhythmic side effects. J Postgrad.Med 2011;57(3):221.
- Zhou, Y. and Zeng, R. [Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on anticoagulation and blood drug level of warfarin in healthy wolunteers]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2011;36(16):2290-2293. DOI
- Skogh, M. Extracts of Ginkgo biloba and bleeding or haemorrhage. Lancet 10-3-1998;352(9134):1145-1146. PubMed
- Fessenden JM, Wittenborn W, and Clarke L. Ginkgo biloba: a case report of herbal medicine and bleeding postoperatively from a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Am Surg 2001;67(1):33-35.
- Burkard G. [The efficacy and safety of ginkgo biloba extract in dementia]. Fortschr Med [Supp] 1991;109(107):6-8.
- Dai LL, Fan L, Wu HZ, Tan ZR, Chen Y, Peng XD, Shen MX, Yang GP, Zhou HH. Assessment of a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction between simvastatin and Ginkgo biloba extracts in healthy subjects. Xenobiotica 2013;43(10):862-7.
- Guo CX, Pei Q, Yin JY, Peng XD, Zhou BT, Zhao YC, Wu LX, Meng XG, Wang G, Li Q, Ouyang DS, Liu ZQ, Zhang W, Zhou HH. Effects of Ginkgo biloba extracts on pharmacokinetics and efficacy of atorvastatin based on plasma indices. Xenobiotica 2012;42(8):784-90.
- Stoddard GJ, Archer M, Shane-McWhorter L, Bray BE, Redd DF, Proulx J, Zeng-Treitler Q. Ginkgo and Warfarin Interaction in a Large Veterans Administration Population. AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2015 Nov 5;2015:1174-83.
- Jalloh MA, Gregory PJ, Hein D, et al. Dietary supplement interactions with antiretrovirals: a systematic review. Int J STD AIDS. 2017 Jan;28(1):4-15. PubMed
- Carlile PV. Unexplained alveolar hemorrhage associated with ginkgo and ginseng use. J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol. 2015;22(2):170-2. doi: 10.1097/LBR.0000000000000150. PubMed
- Han EJ, Park HL, Kim SH. Allergic Reaction to Ginkgo Nut on FDG PET/CT. Clin Nucl Med. 2016 Sep;41(9):716-7. doi: 10.1097/RLU.0000000000001276. PubMed
- Rho SS, Woo YS, Bahk WM. Ginkgo biloba induced mood dysregulation: a case report. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2018 Jan 15;18(1):14. PubMed
- Aziz TA, Hussain SA, Mahwi TO, Ahmed ZA, Rahman HS, Rasedee A. The efficacy and safety of Ginkgo biloba extract as an adjuvant in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients ineffectively managed with metformin: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
- World Health Organization. WHO pharmaceuticals newsletter: 2020, No. 3. Available at: https://www.who.int/medicines/publications/WHO_Pharmaceuticals_Newslet3_20.pdf?ua=1. Accessed June 23, 2021.
- Health Canada. Ginkgo biloba-containing products and the risk of cardiac arrhythmias. Health Product InfoWatch. February 2021. Available at: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/medeffect-canada/health-product-infowatch/fe
- Wasef AK, Wahdan SA, Saeed NM, El-Demerdash E. Effects of aged garlic and ginkgo biloba extracts on the pharmacokinetics of sofosbuvir in rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2022;43(4):152-62. PubMed
- Xing X, Kong M, Hou Q, Li J, Qian W, Chen X, Li H, Yang C. Effects of ginkgo leaf tablet on the pharmacokinetics of rosiglitazone in rats and its potential mechanism. Pharm Biol. 2022;60(1):1190-7. PubMed
- Hoerr R, Zimmermann A, Seitz F, Dienel A. Single and repeated doses of EGb 761® do not affect pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of rivaroxaban in healthy subjects. Front Pharmacol. 2022 Apr 20;13:868843. PubMed
- Bai J, Zhang C. Metabolic interaction between biflavonoids in Ginkgo biloba leaves and tacrolimus. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2023;44(2):157-164.
- Wang Q, Liu Z, Wang R, et al. Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin in rats with hyperlipidaemia. Food Funct 2023;14(7):3051-3066.
- Burnett CL, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, et al. Safety Assessment of Ginkgo biloba-Derived Ingredients as Used in Cosmetics. Int J Toxicol. 2023 Nov 6:10915818231210792.
- Yao Y, Zhao J, Li C, et al. Ginkgo biloba extract safety: Insights from a real-world pharmacovigilance study of FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS) events. J Ethnopharmacol 2025;337(Pt 3):119010. PubMed
Eleuthero 24 references
- McGuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R, Goldberg A, eds. American Herbal Products Association's Botanical Safety Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, LLC 1997.
- McRae S. Elevated serum digoxin levels in a patient taking digoxin and Siberian ginseng. CMAJ 1996;155:293-5.
- Awang DVC. Siberian ginseng toxicity may be case of mistaken identity (letter). CMAJ 1996;155:1237.
- Mills S, Bone K. Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy. London: Churchill Livingstone, 2000.
- Harkey MR, Henderson GL, Zhou L, et al. Effects of Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) on c-DNA-expressed P450 drug metabolizing enzymes. Alt Ther 2001;7:S14.
- Hikino H, Takahashi M, Otake K, Konno C. Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of eleutherans A, B, C, D, E, F, and G: glycans of Eleutherococcus senticosus roots. J Nat Prod 1986;49:293-7. PubMed
- Yun-Choi HS, Kim JH, Lee JR. Potential inhibitors of platelet aggregation from plant sources, III. J Nat Prod 1987;50:1059-64. PubMed
- Donovan JL, DeVane CL, Chavin KD, et al. Siberian Ginseng (Eleutheroccus senticosus) Effects on CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 Activity in Normal Volunteers. Drug Metab Dispos 2003;31:519-22.. PubMed
- Hartz AJ, Bentler S, Noyes R et al. Randomized controlled trial of Siberian ginseng for chronic fatigue. Psychol Med 2004;34:51-61. PubMed
- Sievenpiper JL, Arnason JT, Leiter LA, Vuksan V. Decreasing, null and increasing effects of eight popular types of ginseng on acute postprandial glycemic indices in healthy humans: the role of ginsenosides. J Am Coll Nutr 2004;23:248-58. PubMed
- Dasgupta A, Wu S, Actor J, et al. Effect of Asian and Siberian ginseng on serum digoxin measurement by five digoxin immunoassays. Significant variation in digoxin-like immunoreactivity among commercial ginsengs. Am J Clin Pathol 2003;119:298-303. DOI
- Takahashi T, Kaku T, Sato T, et al. Effects of Acanthopanax senticosus HARMS extract on drug transport in human intestinal cell line Caco-2. J Nat Med. 2010;64(1):55-62. PubMed
- Fuchikami H, Satoh H, Tsujimoto M, Ohdo S, Ohtani H, Sawada Y. Effects of herbal extracts on the function of human organic anion-transporting polypeptide OATP-B. Drug Metab Dispos 2006;34:577-82. PubMed
- Friedman, J. A., Taylor, S. A., McDermott, W., and Alikhani, P. Multifocal and recurrent subarachnoid hemorrhage due to an herbal supplement containing natural coumarins. Neurocrit.Care 2007;7(1):76-80. PubMed
- Molokovskii, D. S., Davydov, V. V., and Tiulenev, V. V. [The action of adaptogenic plant preparations in experimental alloxan diabetes]. Probl.Endokrinol.(Mosk) 1989;35(6):82-87.
- Schmolz, M. W., Sacher, F., and Aicher, B. The synthesis of Rantes, G-CSF, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12 and IL-13 in human whole-blood cultures is modulated by an extract from Eleutherococcus senticosus L. roots. Phytother.Res 2001;15(3):268-270.
- Huang, D. B., Ran, R. Z., and Yu, Z. F. [Effect of Acanthopanax senticosus injection on the activities of human tumor necrosis factor and natural killer cell in blood in the patients with lung cancer]. Zhongguo Zhong.Yao Za Zhi. 2005;30(8):621-624.
- Niu, H. S., Hsu, F. L., Liu, I. M., and Cheng, J. T. Increase of beta-endorphin secretion by syringin, an active principle of Eleutherococcus senticosus, to produce antihyperglycemic action in type 1-like diabetic rats. Horm.Metab Res 2007;39(12):894-898
- Watanabe, K., Kamata, K., Sato, J., and Takahashi, T. Fundamental studies on the inhibitory action of Acanthopanax senticosus Harms on glucose absorption. J Ethnopharmacol. 10-28-2010;132(1):193-199. PubMed
- Bazaz'ian, G. G., Liapina, L. A., Pastorova, V. E., and Zvereva, E. G. [Effect of Eleutherococcus on the functional status of the anticoagulation system in older animals]. Fiziol.Zh.SSSR Im I.M.Sechenova 1987;73(10):1390-1395.
- Kaloeva, Z. D. [Effect of the glycosides of Eleutherococcus senticosus on the hemodynamic indices of children with hypotensive states]. Farmakol.Toksikol. 1986;49(5):73.
- Martinez, B. and Staba, E. J. The physiological effects of Aralia, Panax and Eleutherococcus on exercised rats. Jpn J Pharmacol 1984;35(2):79-85. DOI
- Medon, P. J., Thompson, E. B., and Farnsworth, N. R. Hypoglycemic effect and toxicity of Eleutherococcus senticosus following acute and chronic administration in mice. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue.Bao. 1981;2(4):281-285.
- Freye E, GLeske J. Siberian ginseng results in beneficial effects on glucose metabolism in diabetes type 2 patients: a double blind placebo-controlled study in comparison to panax ginseng. Int J Clin Nutr. 2013;1(1):11-17.
Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.
DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.
© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC