Major interaction on record — check this product against your medications before combining. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

G.I. Integrity Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Pure Encapsulations

G.I. Integrity label
See full label image
Capsule Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Major
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking G.I. Integrity against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Major

G.I. Integrity is a dietary supplement by Pure Encapsulations with 4 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for muscle recovery and sports performance, gut health and 'leaky gut', recovery from severe illness or injury.Based on those ingredients, 521 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated major. The ingredients most likely to interact are Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) extract, N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine, L-Glutamine. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against G.I. Integrity by Pure Encapsulations

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with G.I. Integrity by Pure Encapsulations — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of G.I. Integrity by Pure Encapsulations

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 30, 2026

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 4 of its 4 active ingredients.
  • No proprietary blends here — you can verify the dose of every single component.

G.I. Integrity contains four active ingredients.

L-glutamine is an amino acid that may support immune and digestive function during stress or recovery. Aloe vera extract is drawn from the plant's gel and latex and has been studied for GI and skin health.

Gamma oryzanol is a compound from rice bran thought to support lipid (fat) levels and skin. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (NAG) is a form of glucosamine, a building block for joint cartilage and the gut lining.

The capsule itself is vegetarian, and the formula includes ascorbyl palmitate (a fat-soluble form of vitamin C) as an inactive ingredient to preserve potency.

Does it work?

Moderate evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Moderate

Some clinical evidence supports this product's ingredients for its stated purpose, but it isn't conclusive.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: Digestive and intestinal integrity support.
  • We looked for evidence on: Constipation, Crohn disease, Diarrhea, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) — and 3 related terms.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Aloe is rated "Possibly Effective" for Constipation (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Glutamine is rated "Possibly Ineffective" for Crohn disease, Radiation-induced diarrhea.
  • Also on file: Aloe is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), Oral mucositis.

Evidence for these ingredients in digestive health is mixed and often limited. L-glutamine is rated effective for sickle cell disease and possibly effective for HIV/AIDS-related muscle wasting, postoperative recovery, and critical illness—but the product isn't marketed for those uses.

Aloe vera gel is possibly effective for constipation, burns, acne, psoriasis, and diabetes, though oral aloe latex carries serious risks. Gamma oryzanol is possibly effective for high cholesterol but has insufficient evidence for athletic performance or eczema.

N-acetyl-D-glucosamine is likely effective for osteoarthritis but has insufficient evidence for aging skin, back pain, or liver health. The evidence we hold doesn't establish that this specific combination supports general digestive integrity.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Glutamine Aloe Gamma-oryzanol Glucosamine

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 3 of the 4 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 4 of 4.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 4 of 4.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

L-glutamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine are generally well tolerated, but both require caution in people with kidney or liver disease—use only under medical supervision. Gamma oryzanol appears well tolerated in studies, though long-term safety isn't well established.

Aloe vera extract, however, carries significant cautions: oral use can cause abdominal pain, cramps, diarrhea, and with long-term overuse, serious potassium loss and heart rhythm problems. A case of severe potassium depletion required hospitalization.

Topical aloe gel is gentler but may cause local burning or contact dermatitis in sensitive skin. Some people report allergic reactions to glucosamine products, including rarely anaphylaxis.

Cases of asthma flare-ups with glucosamine-chondroitin products have also been reported.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Glutamine Aloe Gamma-oryzanol Glucosamine

Meds to double-check

Major interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Major identified

At least one ingredient has a documented Major-severity interaction. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 3 of the 4 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Aloe, Glucosamine, Glutamine.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Major.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; seizure medications; diabetes medications; heart-rhythm medications.
  • For scale: 521 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before taking this product, double-check with your doctor or pharmacist if you take digoxin or other heart medications—aloe vera extract raises the risk of heart-related toxicity. Blood thinners (anticoagulants) and warfarin in particular should be discussed, as aloe and glucosamine may increase bleeding risk.

Also confirm safe use if you're on diabetes medications, diuretics (water pills), anticonvulsants, chemotherapy drugs, or stimulant laxatives. If you take acetaminophen regularly for pain, mention that too, since it may reduce glucosamine's effect.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Major medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

G.I. Integrity may be worth considering if you're interested in supporting digestive or joint health, though the evidence for this particular combination isn't well established.

If you take digoxin, warfarin, diabetes drugs, diuretics, anticonvulsants, or chemotherapy drugs, you need to talk with your doctor or pharmacist before starting this product—aloe and glucosamine can interact significantly with these. People with kidney or liver disease, and anyone prone to potassium loss, should check with their own healthcare provider first.

Start low and watch for GI side effects like bloating or diarrhea.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 4 of 4 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Jan 7, 2019.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about G.I. Integrity, straight from the product label.

Brand Pure Encapsulations
Barcode (UPC) 766298009766
Net contents 240 Capsule(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Jan 7, 2019
DSLD ID 182925
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Capsule
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years), Gluten Free
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for G.I. Integrity by Pure Encapsulations, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
2 Capsule(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
2 Capsule(s)
Servings per container
120
UPC/BARCODE
766298009766
IngredientAmount% DV
L-Glutamine1000 mg--
Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) extract50 mg--
Gamma Oryzanol150 mg--
N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine500 mg--

Other ingredients: Vegetarian Capsule, Ascorbyl Palmitate

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Storage

Store in a cool, dry place.

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Recommendations: As a dietary supplement, take 2 capsules, twice daily, with or between meals.

Precautions

Warning: If you are pregnant or lactating, have any health condition or are taking any medication, consult your health professional before use.

Do not take if you are sensitive to shellfish.

Keep out of the reach of children.

Use only if safety seal is intact.

Contains shellfish (crab, shrimp)

General Statements

Contents may not fill package in order to accommodate required labeling. Please rely on stated quantity.

Scan to learn about our hypoallergenic supplements

Supports gastrointestinal integrity and function

Formulation

Certified Gluten-Free by the Gluten-Free Certification Organization, www.gluten.org

Gluten-free & Non-GMO

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

Seals/Symbols

GF

Formula

Contains shellfish (crab, shrimp)

FDA Disclaimer Statement

This statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

General

v4 code: GII2

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

G.I. Integrity by Pure Encapsulations label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

G.I. Integrity label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in G.I. Integrity by Pure Encapsulations

These are the 4 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size2 Capsule(s) Dosage formCapsule Servings per container120 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

L-Glutamine

Interacts with
50 drugs
1000 mg per serving

Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the body and is usually made in your muscles. A prescription form is FDA-approved to help reduce sickle c...

L-Glutamine monograph & interactions

Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) extract

Interacts with
461 drugs
50 mg per serving Form: Polysaccharides

Aloe vera gel is widely used on the skin for minor burns and irritation, and some research suggests it may help. Aloe latex (the yellow part) is a str...

Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) extract monograph & interactions

Gamma Oryzanol

No known
interactions
150 mg per serving Form: Rice Bran

Gamma-oryzanol is a mix of plant compounds taken from rice bran oil, used mainly for cholesterol, menopause symptoms, and as a sports supplement. The...

Gamma Oryzanol monograph & interactions

N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine

Interacts with
170 drugs
500 mg per serving Form: Crab, Shrimp

Glucosamine is a natural compound found in cartilage and joint fluid, and it is one of the most popular supplements for osteoarthritis, especially of...

N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: Vegetarian Capsule, Ascorbyl Palmitate. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

G.I. Integrity by Pure Encapsulations Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against G.I. Integrity?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
521Drugs
3 Major 364 Moderate 154 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) extract 461
N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 170
L-Glutamine 50

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in G.I. Integrity interact with 521 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

3 of the 4 ingredients in G.I. Integrity interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) extract N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine L-Glutamine

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in G.I. Integrity with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) extract7 drug types · 461 drugs

Digoxin (Lanoxin)

Theoretically, aloe latex might increase the risk of adverse effects when taken with cardiac glycosides.
Overuse of aloe latex can increase the risk of adverse effects from cardiac glycoside drugs, such as digoxin, due to potassium depletion. Overuse of aloe, along with cardiac glycoside drugs, can increase the risk of toxicity.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, aloe gel might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
In vitro research shows that aloe gel can inhibit platelet aggregation. This inhibition was greater than that seen with celecoxib, but less than that seen with aspirin.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antidiabetes Drugs

Aloe might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Preliminary clinical research suggests aloe gel might lower blood glucose levels and have additive effects when used with antidiabetes drugs. Monitor blood glucose levels closely.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Diuretic Drugs

Theoretically, aloe latex might increase the risk of hypokalemia when taken with diuretic drugs.
Overuse of aloe latex might compound diuretic-induced potassium loss, increasing the risk of hypokalemia.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Stimulant Laxatives

Theoretically, aloe latex might increase the risk for fluid and electrolyte loss when taken with stimulant laxatives.
Due to cathartic laxative effects of aloe latex, concomitant use with other stimulant laxatives might compound fluid and electrolyte loss.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Theoretically, aloe latex might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with warfarin.
Aloe latex has stimulant laxative effects. In some people aloe latex can cause diarrhea. Diarrhea can increase the effects of warfarin, increase international normalized ratio (INR), and increase the risk of bleeding. Advise patients who take warfarin not to take excessive amounts of aloe vera.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Theoretically, aloe might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
In vitro research shows that aloe extract induces CYP1A2 enzymes.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) extract full monograph & interactions

N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine4 drug types · 170 drugs

Warfarin (Coumadin)

Glucosamine might increase the anticoagulant effects of warfarin and increase the risk of bruising and bleeding.
In two individual case reports, glucosamine/chondroitin combinations were associated with a significant increase in international normalized ratio (INR) in patients previously stabilized on warfarin. In one case, the increase in INR occurred only after tripling the dose of a glucosamine/chondroitin supplement from 500 mg/400 mg daily to 1500/1200 mg daily. Additionally, 20 voluntary case reports to the U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) have linked glucosamine plus chondroitin with increased INR, bruising, and bleeding in patients who were also taking warfarin. There have also been 20 additional case reports to the World Health Organization (WHO) that link glucosamine alone to increased INR in patients taking warfarin. The mechanism of this interaction is unclear. Glucosamine is a small component of heparin, but is not thought to have anticoagulant activity; however, animal research suggests that it might have antiplatelet activity.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Topoisomerase Ii Inhibitors

Theoretically glucosamine may induce resistance to topoisomerase II inhibitors.
In vitro research suggests that glucosamine might induce resistance to etoposide (VP16, VePesid) and doxorubicin (Adriamycin) by reducing inhibition of topoisomerase II, an enzyme required for DNA replication in tumor cells. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Acetaminophen (Tylenol, Others)

Acetaminophen might interfere with the activity of glucosamine sulfate by interacting with the sulfate portion.
Anecdotal reports suggest that adding glucosamine to an acetaminophen regimen might decrease pain control in patients with osteoarthritis. Some research suggests that the sulfate portion of glucosamine sulfate might contribute to its effect in osteoarthritis. Since acetaminophen metabolism requires sulfur and reduces serum sulfate concentrations, acetaminophen could theoretically interfere with the action of glucosamine sulfate. Conversely, the administration of sulfate could theoretically decrease the effectiveness of acetaminophen in sulfate-deficient people by increasing its clearance.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Antidiabetes Drugs

Despite initial concerns, it is unlikely that glucosamine will interfere with the effects of antidiabetes drugs.
In vitro and animal research has suggested that glucosamine might increase insulin resistance or decrease insulin production. This has raised concerns that taking glucosamine might worsen diabetes and decrease the effectiveness of diabetes drugs. However, clinical research suggests that glucosamine does not have adverse effects on blood glucose or glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) in healthy, obese, or type 2 diabetes patients.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B
N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine full monograph & interactions

L-Glutamine1 drug type · 50 drugs

Anticonvulsants

Theoretically, glutamine might antagonize the effects of anticonvulsant medications.
Glutamine is metabolized to the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. Glutamate might have antagonistic effects with anticonvulsant drugs. However, this interaction has not yet been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
L-Glutamine full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for G.I. Integrity, from the product label.

Pure Encapsulations

See all Pure Encapsulations products
Name
Pure Encapsulations
Street Address
490 Boston Post Road
City
Sudbury
State
MA
Phone Number
1-800-753-2277
Web Address
www.PureEncapsulations.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

G.I. Integrity by Pure Encapsulations: Common Questions

Does G.I. Integrity by Pure Encapsulations interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, G.I. Integrity has a known interaction with 521 medications, including 3 rated major. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
G.I. Integrity contains 4 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Can I take this if I'm pregnant or breastfeeding?
L-glutamine is rated likely safe in pregnancy and lactation. Aloe vera extract, however, is possibly unsafe during both—the latex may trigger uterine contractions and has laxative effects that aren't well studied in pregnancy or nursing. Gamma oryzanol and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine don't have enough safety data to recommend either way. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist about your specific situation before taking it.
What are the most common side effects?
GI upset is most common: bloating, constipation, diarrhea, cramps, nausea, and gas. L-glutamine can cause belching and headache. Aloe may trigger abdominal pain. Glucosamine may cause heartburn. Most people tolerate it well, but if you have a sensitive stomach or history of GI issues, start with a lower dose and see how you feel.
Is this safe if I have kidney or liver disease?
L-glutamine specifically requires medical supervision in kidney or liver disease because your body may not clear it safely. The same caution applies to the other ingredients. Don't start this product without checking with your doctor first if you have either condition.
Can I take this with acetaminophen (Tylenol)?
The glucosamine in this product may reduce acetaminophen's pain-relief effect based on anecdotal reports, though the evidence is limited. If you regularly take acetaminophen, mention it to your pharmacist—they can advise whether spacing out the doses helps or if an alternative makes more sense for you.
Does this product have fillers?
The product contains a vegetarian capsule and ascorbyl palmitate (a stabilizer), which are inactive ingredients. There are no additional fillers listed.
Is glucosamine in this product the same as what's used for joint pain?
Yes—this product contains N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (NAG), a form of glucosamine that's likely effective for osteoarthritis. However, G.I. Integrity is marketed for digestive support, not joint health, so the evidence for how it works in the gut specifically isn't well established in our data.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

G.I. Integrity label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind G.I. Integrity’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Glutamine

Interacts with 50 drugs

Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the body and is usually made in your muscles. A prescription form is FDA-approved to help reduce sickle cell disease complications, but for most...

Read the full Glutamine monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Aloe

Interacts with 461 drugs

Aloe vera gel is widely used on the skin for minor burns and irritation, and some research suggests it may help. Aloe latex (the yellow part) is a strong laxative that can cause cramping and...

Read the full Aloe monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Gamma-oryzanol

Gamma-oryzanol is a mix of plant compounds taken from rice bran oil, used mainly for cholesterol, menopause symptoms, and as a sports supplement. The evidence is limited and mostly comes fro...

Read the full Gamma-oryzanol monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Glucosamine

Interacts with 170 drugs

Glucosamine is a natural compound found in cartilage and joint fluid, and it is one of the most popular supplements for osteoarthritis, especially of the knee. The evidence is mixed, with so...

Read the full Glucosamine monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

G.I. Integrity's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 110 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Glutamine 11 references
  1. Miller AL. Therapeutic considerations of L-glutamine: a review of the literature. Altern Med Rev 1999;4:239-48..
  2. Bozzetti F, Biganzoli L, Gavazzi C, et al. Glutamine supplementation in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: a double-blind randomized study. Nutrition 1997;13:748-51.. PubMed
  3. Mebane AH. L-Glutamine and mania. Am J Psychiatry 984;141:1302-3.
  4. Meldrum BS. Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology. J Nutr 2000;130:1007S-15S.. PubMed
  5. Garlick PJ. Assessment of the safety of glutamine and other amino acids. J Nutr 2001;131:2556S-61S.. PubMed
  6. Chapman AG. Glutamate and epilepsy. J Nutr 2000;130:1043S-5S.. PubMed
  7. Ziegler TR. Glutamine supplementation in cancer patients receiving bone marrow transplantation and high dose chemotherapy. J Nutr 2001;131:2578S-84S.. PubMed
  8. Laviano A, Molfino A, Lacaria MT, Canelli A, De Leo S, Preziosa I, Rossi Fanelli F. Glutamine supplementation favors weight loss in nondieting obese female patients. A pilot study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014 Nov;68(11):1264-6. PubMed
  9. Endari (l-glutamine) [package insert]. Torrance, CA: Emmaus Medical,Inc; 2017.
  10. Niihara Y, Miller ST, Kanter J, et al. A Phase 3 Trial of l-Glutamine in Sickle Cell Disease. N Engl J Med 2018;379(3):226-35. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1715971.
  11. Ogden HB, Child RB, Fallowfield JL, et al. Gastrointestinal Tolerance of Low, Medium and High Dose Acute Oral l-Glutamine Supplementation in Healthy Adults: A Pilot Study. Nutrients. 2020;12(10):2953. PubMed

See these in context on the Glutamine monograph →

Aloe 41 references
  1. Newall CA, Anderson LA, Philpson JD. Herbal Medicine: A Guide for Healthcare Professionals. London, UK: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1996.
  2. Wichtl MW. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. Ed. N.M. Bisset. Stuttgart: Medpharm GmbH Scientific Publishers, 1994.
  3. Brinker F. Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 2nd ed. Sandy, OR: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1998.
  4. Nusko G, Schneider B, Schneider I, et al. Anthranoid laxative use is not a risk factor for colorectal neoplasia: results of a prospective case control study. Gut 2000;46:651-5. PubMed
  5. Luyckx VA, Ballantine R, Claeys M, et al. Herbal remedy-associated acute renal failure secondary to Cape aloes. Am J Kidney Dis 2002;39:E13. PubMed
  6. Rajasekaran S, Sivagnanam K, Ravi K, Subramanian S. Hypoglycemic effect of Aloe vera gel on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in experimental rats. J Med Food 2004;7:61-6.
  7. Williams MS, Burk M, Loprinzi CL, et al. Phase III double-blind evaluation of an aloe vera gel as a prophylactic agent for radiation-induced skin toxicity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1996;36:345-9. PubMed
  8. Vogler BK, Ernst E. Aloe vera: a systematic review of its clinical effectiveness. Br J Gen Pract 1999;49:823-8.
  9. Bottenberg MM, Wall GC, Harvey RL, Habib S. Oral aloe vera-induced hepatitis. Ann Pharmacother 2007;41:1740-3. PubMed
  10. Rabe C, Musch A, Schirmacher P, et al. Acute hepatitis induced by an Aloe vera preparation: a case report. World J Gastroenterol 2005;11:303-4. PubMed
  11. Kanat O, Ozet A, Ataergin S. Aloe vera-induced acute toxic hepatitis in a healthy young man. Eur J Int Med 2006;17:589. PubMed
  12. Mueller SO, Stopper H. Characterization of the genotoxicity of anthraquinones in mammalian cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999;1428:406-14. PubMed
  13. Schorkhuber M, Richter M, Dutter A, et al. Effect of anthraquinone laxatives on the proliferation and urokinase secretion of normal, premalignant and malignant colonic epithelial cells. Eur J Cancer 1998;34:1091-8. PubMed
  14. Yang HN, Kim DJ, Kim YM, et al. Aloe-induced toxic hepatitis. J Korean Med Sci 2010;25:492-5. PubMed
  15. Choonhakarn C, Busaracome P, Sripanidkulchai B, et al. A prospective, randomized clinical trial comparing topical aloe vera with 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide in mild to moderate plaque psoriasis. J.Eur.Acad.Dermatol.Venereol. 2010;24:168-72. PubMed
  16. Ishii Y, Tanizawa H, Takino Y. Studies of aloe. IV. Mechanism of cathartic effect. (3). Biol Pharm Bull. 1994;17:495-7. PubMed
  17. Ishii Y, Tanizawa H, Takino Y. Studies of aloe. V. Mechanism of cathartic effect. (4). Biol Pharm Bull. 1994;17:651-3. PubMed
  18. Nelemans FA. Clinical and toxicological aspects of anthraquinone laxatives. Pharmacology. 1976;14 Suppl 1:73-7. PubMed
  19. Paulsen E, Korsholm L, Brandrup F. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of a commercial Aloe vera gel in the treatment of slight to moderate psoriasis vulgaris. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2005;19:326-31.
  20. Huseini HF, Kianbakht S, Hajiaghaee R, et al. Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hypercholesterolemic effects of Aloe vera leaf gel in hyperlipidemic type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Planta Med. 2012;78:311-6
  21. Ferreira, M., Teixeira, M., Silva, E., and Selores, M. Allergic contact dermatitis to Aloe vera. Contact Dermatitis 2007;57(4):278-279.
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DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

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