Gynostemma Extract Ingredients & Drug Interactions
What is this page for?
First and foremost: checking Gynostemma Extract against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.
Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy
Gynostemma Extract is a dietary supplement by BulkSupplements.com with 1 active ingredient. Its ingredients are commonly taken for fatigue and stress (adaptogen), blood sugar support, high blood pressure.Based on those ingredients, 327 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Gynostemma extract. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.
Check Your Meds Against Gynostemma Extract by BulkSupplements.com
Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Gynostemma Extract by BulkSupplements.com — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.
AI summaries are generated from our interaction database for education only — always confirm with your pharmacist. How we use AI
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Gynostemma Extract by BulkSupplements.com
Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.
What’s inside
Full disclosure
This product contains one active ingredient: gynostemma extract (also known as jiaogulan). It's an herbal extract from a climbing vine traditionally used in Asian medicine.
The supplement comes as a powder with no other active ingredients listed.
Does it work?
Moderate evidence
Jiaogulan is possibly effective for diabetes support based on clinical research. For athletic performance, cardiovascular disease, cancer, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and respiratory tract infections, the evidence we hold is not yet established enough to rate it reliably.
How safe is it?
Well-documented data
Gynostemma extract is generally well tolerated when used short-term — up to 4 months in studies — but long-term safety hasn't been well studied. The most common side effects are diarrhea and nausea.
Some people have also reported dry mouth, dizziness, and insomnia. Avoid this supplement during pregnancy — safety hasn't been established and it may affect your baby.
Also avoid it while breastfeeding because there isn't enough safety information. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist before use if you're pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or breastfeeding.
Meds to double-check
Moderate interaction found
If you take blood thinners (anticoagulants or antiplatelet drugs) like warfarin or aspirin, diabetes medications, or immunosuppressant drugs, you need to check with your doctor or pharmacist before using this product. All three drug types have documented Moderate-severity interactions with jiaogulan.
The bottom line
Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with some supporting evidence behind its ingredients' uses. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.
Gynostemma extract may be worth considering if you're interested in blood sugar support and want to explore traditional herbal options — but it's not for you if you take blood thinners, diabetes medications, or immune-suppressing drugs without clearance from your doctor first. It's not safe in pregnancy or while breastfeeding.
Check your specific medications with your own doctor or pharmacist before you start.
Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI
Assessment coverage: 1 of 1 active ingredient matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Sep 24, 2021.
This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed
General information
Key facts about Gynostemma Extract, straight from the product label.
| Brand | BulkSupplements.com |
|---|---|
| Barcode (UPC) | X001N1GTZV |
| Net contents | 500 Gram(s); 17.6 Ounce(s) |
| Market status | On market |
| Date entered into DSLD | Sep 24, 2021 |
| DSLD ID | 253822 |
| Product type | Botanical |
| Supplement form | Powder |
| Dietary claims / uses | All Other, Structure/Function |
| Intended target group(s) | Adult (18 - 50 Years), Gluten Free, Dairy Free |
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.
Supplement Facts
The label details for Gynostemma Extract by BulkSupplements.com, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.
Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
General Statements
Clean & pure bulk supplements
New - BulkSupplements Gynostemma Extract Powder (500 grams)
FDA Disclaimer Statement
Warning: This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
Precautions
Always consult a physician before taking any dietary supplement.
Keep out of reach of children.
Formulation
Free of: Added sugar, soy, dairy, yeast, gluten, additives
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions
Suggested Use: As a dietary supplement, take 500 mg (about 1/5 tsp) once daily, or as directed by a physician.
Storage
Store in a dry, cool place
Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.
Gynostemma Extract by BulkSupplements.com label
The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.
Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.
View the full label (PDF)The Ingredients in Gynostemma Extract by BulkSupplements.com
This is the 1 active ingredient this product is made of. Select it to open its full monograph.
Serving size500 mg Dosage formPowder Servings per container1000 Amounts shown are per serving.
Gynostemma extract
Interacts with327 drugs
Jiaogulan is a climbing vine used in traditional Chinese medicine as an adaptogen and for heart, blood sugar, and cholesterol support. Early human and...
Gynostemma extract monograph & interactionsOther (inactive) ingredients: None. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.
Gynostemma Extract by BulkSupplements.com Drug Interactions
HelloPharmacist Interaction Report
Gynostemma Extract by BulkSupplements.com contains jiaogulan, which interacts with blood thinners (anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs) — the most serious concern.
Jiaogulan has antiplatelet effects in lab studies and may increase your bleeding risk when combined with these medications.
Read the full breakdown — every affected drug type, severity by severity
It also affects blood sugar drugs (antidiabetes medications). Clinical research shows jiaogulan can lower blood glucose levels, so taking it alongside diabetes medications might push your blood sugar too low (hypoglycemia).
Additionally, jiaogulan may interfere with immunosuppressant drugs by stimulating your immune system, which could reduce how well those medications work.
Altogether, these interactions span 327 individual medications. Before you start this supplement, run your exact prescriptions through the interaction checker on this page or talk with your doctor or pharmacist — especially if you take blood thinners, diabetes drugs, or immune-suppressing medications.
Check your own medications below · Editorial policy · How we use AI
Want to check YOUR meds against Gynostemma Extract?
Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.
Go to the checkerIngredients driving the most interactions
Individual Drug Interactions
The ingredients in Gynostemma Extract interact with 327 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.
1 of the 1 ingredient in Gynostemma Extract interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Gynostemma extract
6-mercaptopurinePurinethol
How 6-mercaptopurine interacts with Gynostemma Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Gynostemma ExtractImmunosuppressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, jiaogulan might decrease the effectiveness of immunosuppressive therapy.
Read the full Gynostemma Extract + 6-mercaptopurine interactionAbciximabReoPro
How Abciximab interacts with Gynostemma Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Gynostemma ExtractAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, jiaogulan might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Gynostemma Extract + Abciximab interactionAbrocitinibCibinqo
How Abrocitinib interacts with Gynostemma Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Gynostemma ExtractAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs, Immunosuppressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, jiaogulan might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Gynostemma Extract + Abrocitinib interactionAcarboseGlucobay, Prandase, Precose
How Acarbose interacts with Gynostemma Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Gynostemma ExtractAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, jiaogulan might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Read the full Gynostemma Extract + Acarbose interactionAcenocoumarolSintrom
How Acenocoumarol interacts with Gynostemma Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Gynostemma ExtractAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, jiaogulan might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Gynostemma Extract + Acenocoumarol interactionAcetaminophen, AspirinGemnisyn
How Acetaminophen, Aspirin interacts with Gynostemma Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Gynostemma ExtractAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, jiaogulan might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Gynostemma Extract + Acetaminophen, Aspirin interactionAcetaminophen, Aspirin, CaffeineExcedrin, Excedrin Extra Strength, Excedrin Migraine
How Acetaminophen, Aspirin, Caffeine interacts with Gynostemma Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Gynostemma ExtractAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, jiaogulan might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Gynostemma Extract + Acetaminophen, Aspirin, Caffeine interactionAcetaminophen, IbuprofenCombogesic
How Acetaminophen, Ibuprofen interacts with Gynostemma Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Gynostemma ExtractAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, jiaogulan might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Gynostemma Extract + Acetaminophen, Ibuprofen interactionAcetohexamideDymelor
How Acetohexamide interacts with Gynostemma Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Gynostemma ExtractAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, jiaogulan might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Read the full Gynostemma Extract + Acetohexamide interactionAcetylsalicylic AcidEntrophen
How Acetylsalicylic Acid interacts with Gynostemma Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Gynostemma ExtractAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, jiaogulan might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Gynostemma Extract + Acetylsalicylic Acid interactionAdalimumabHumira
How Adalimumab interacts with Gynostemma Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Gynostemma ExtractImmunosuppressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, jiaogulan might decrease the effectiveness of immunosuppressive therapy.
Read the full Gynostemma Extract + Adalimumab interactionAdalimumab-adazHyrimoz
How Adalimumab-adaz interacts with Gynostemma Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Gynostemma ExtractImmunosuppressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, jiaogulan might decrease the effectiveness of immunosuppressive therapy.
Read the full Gynostemma Extract + Adalimumab-adaz interactionAdalimumab-adbmCyltezo
How Adalimumab-adbm interacts with Gynostemma Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Gynostemma ExtractImmunosuppressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, jiaogulan might decrease the effectiveness of immunosuppressive therapy.
Read the full Gynostemma Extract + Adalimumab-adbm interactionAdalimumab-afzbAbrilada
How Adalimumab-afzb interacts with Gynostemma Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Gynostemma ExtractImmunosuppressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, jiaogulan might decrease the effectiveness of immunosuppressive therapy.
Read the full Gynostemma Extract + Adalimumab-afzb interactionAdalimumab-attoAmjevita
How Adalimumab-atto interacts with Gynostemma Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Gynostemma ExtractImmunosuppressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, jiaogulan might decrease the effectiveness of immunosuppressive therapy.
Read the full Gynostemma Extract + Adalimumab-atto interactionAdalimumab-bwwdHadlima
How Adalimumab-bwwd interacts with Gynostemma Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Gynostemma ExtractImmunosuppressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, jiaogulan might decrease the effectiveness of immunosuppressive therapy.
Read the full Gynostemma Extract + Adalimumab-bwwd interactionAdalimumab-fkjpHulio
How Adalimumab-fkjp interacts with Gynostemma Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Gynostemma ExtractImmunosuppressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, jiaogulan might decrease the effectiveness of immunosuppressive therapy.
Read the full Gynostemma Extract + Adalimumab-fkjp interactionAlbiglutideTanzeum
How Albiglutide interacts with Gynostemma Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Gynostemma ExtractAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, jiaogulan might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Read the full Gynostemma Extract + Albiglutide interactionAlefaceptAmevive
How Alefacept interacts with Gynostemma Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Gynostemma ExtractImmunosuppressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, jiaogulan might decrease the effectiveness of immunosuppressive therapy.
Read the full Gynostemma Extract + Alefacept interactionAlemtuzumabCampath
How Alemtuzumab interacts with Gynostemma Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Gynostemma ExtractImmunosuppressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, jiaogulan might decrease the effectiveness of immunosuppressive therapy.
Read the full Gynostemma Extract + Alemtuzumab interactionAlogliptinNesina
How Alogliptin interacts with Gynostemma Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Gynostemma ExtractAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, jiaogulan might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Read the full Gynostemma Extract + Alogliptin interactionAlogliptin, MetforminKazano
How Alogliptin, Metformin interacts with Gynostemma Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Gynostemma ExtractAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, jiaogulan might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Read the full Gynostemma Extract + Alogliptin, Metformin interactionAlogliptin, PioglitazoneOseni
How Alogliptin, Pioglitazone interacts with Gynostemma Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Gynostemma ExtractAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, jiaogulan might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Read the full Gynostemma Extract + Alogliptin, Pioglitazone interactionAlteplase, TpaActilyse, Activase
How Alteplase, Tpa interacts with Gynostemma Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Gynostemma ExtractAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, jiaogulan might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Gynostemma Extract + Alteplase, Tpa interactionAluminum Hydroxide, Aspirin, Codeine Phosphate, Magnesium HydroxideAscriptin Codeine #2
How Aluminum Hydroxide, Aspirin, Codeine Phosphate, Magnesium Hydroxide interacts with Gynostemma Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Gynostemma ExtractAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, jiaogulan might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Gynostemma Extract + Aluminum Hydroxide, Aspirin, Codeine Phosphate, Magnesium Hydroxide interactionAluminum Hydroxide, Aspirin, Magnesium HydroxideAscriptin
How Aluminum Hydroxide, Aspirin, Magnesium Hydroxide interacts with Gynostemma Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Gynostemma ExtractAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, jiaogulan might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Gynostemma Extract + Aluminum Hydroxide, Aspirin, Magnesium Hydroxide interactionAnacaulase-bcdbNexoBrid
How Anacaulase-bcdb interacts with Gynostemma Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Gynostemma ExtractAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, jiaogulan might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Gynostemma Extract + Anacaulase-bcdb interactionAnagrelideAgrylin
How Anagrelide interacts with Gynostemma Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Gynostemma ExtractAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, jiaogulan might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Gynostemma Extract + Anagrelide interactionAnifrolumab-fniaSaphnelo
How Anifrolumab-fnia interacts with Gynostemma Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Gynostemma ExtractImmunosuppressants Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, jiaogulan might decrease the effectiveness of immunosuppressive therapy.
Read the full Gynostemma Extract + Anifrolumab-fnia interactionAnisindioneMiradon
How Anisindione interacts with Gynostemma Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Gynostemma ExtractAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, jiaogulan might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Gynostemma Extract + Anisindione interactionEach ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects
For each ingredient in Gynostemma Extract with known interactions, here are the types of medications it can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.
Gynostemma extract
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs
Theoretically, jiaogulan might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
In vitro research suggests that jiaogulan has antiplatelet effects.
Antidiabetes Drugs
Theoretically, jiaogulan might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Clinical research shows that jiaogulan can lower blood glucose levels.
Immunosuppressants
Theoretically, jiaogulan might decrease the effectiveness of immunosuppressive therapy.
Clinical and animal studies suggest that jiaogulan can stimulate the immune system.
Brand information
Manufacturer and brand details for Gynostemma Extract, from the product label.
BulkSupplements.com
See all BulkSupplements.com products- Name
- BulkSupplements.com
- Street Address
- 7511 Eastgate Rd
- City
- Henderson
- State
- NV
- ZipCode
- 89011
- Web Address
- BulkSupplements.com
Gynostemma Extract by BulkSupplements.com: Common Questions
Does Gynostemma Extract by BulkSupplements.com interact with any medications?
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Where does this information come from?
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Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy
Not sure if Gynostemma Extract is safe with your meds?
Our pharmacists answer your medication & supplement questions — free.
Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.
The Full Monographs Behind Gynostemma Extract’s Ingredients
Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.
Sources & How We Checked
Gynostemma Extract's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.
- NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) — The official product label on file for this supplement.
- Natural Medicines (Therapeutic Research Center) — Evidence-graded clinical reference behind the ingredient interaction data.
Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.
The 8 references behind this product’s interaction data
Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.
Jiaogulan 8 references
- The Review of Natural Products by Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis, MO: Wolters Kluwer Co., 1999.
- Tan H, Liu ZL, Liu MJ. [Antithrombotic effect of Gynostemma pentaphyllum]. Zhingguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 1993;13:278-80.
- Chan LY, Chiu PY, Lau TK. An in-vitro study of ginsenoside Rb(1)-induced teratogenicity using a whole rat embryo culture model. Hum Reprod 2003;18:2166-8..
- Huyen VT, Phan DV, Thang P, Hoa NK, Ostenson CG. Gynostemma pentaphyllum Tea Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetic Patients. J Nutr Metab. 2013;2013:765383. doi: 10.1155/2013/765383.
- Li Y, Lin W, Huang J, Xie Y, Ma W. Anti-cancer effects of Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino (Jiaogulan). Chin Med. 2016 Sep 27;11:43. Review. PubMed
- Huyen VT, Phan DV, Thang P, Ky PT, Hoa NK, Ostenson CG. Antidiabetic effect of add-on Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract therapy with sulfonylureas in type 2 diabetic patients. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2012; 452313.
- Huyen VT, Phan DV, Thang P, Hoa NK, Ostenson CG. Antidiabetic effect of Gynostemma pentaphyllum tea in randomly assigned type 2 diabetic patients. Horm Metab Res. 2010;42(5):353-7.
- Rao A, Clayton P, Briskey D. The effect of an orally-dosed Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract (ActivAMP®) on body composition in overweight, adult men and women: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study. J Hum Nutr Diet 2021.
Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.
DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.
© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC