Juniper Berry Extract Ingredients & Drug Interactions
What is this page for?
First and foremost: checking Juniper Berry Extract against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.
Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy
Juniper Berry Extract is a dietary supplement by BulkSupplements.com with 1 active ingredient. Its ingredients are commonly taken for water retention (diuretic), digestive upset and bloating, urinary tract support.Based on those ingredients, 162 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Juniper berry extract. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.
Check Your Meds Against Juniper Berry Extract by BulkSupplements.com
Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Juniper Berry Extract by BulkSupplements.com — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.
AI summaries are generated from our interaction database for education only — always confirm with your pharmacist. How we use AI
Ask the Pharmacist
A licensed pharmacist will answer your question by email — free, usually within 24 hours.
Got it — thank you!
A licensed pharmacist will answer within 24 hours. Keep an eye on your email (worth checking spam, just in case).
HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Juniper Berry Extract by BulkSupplements.com
Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.
What’s inside
Full disclosure
This product is just one active ingredient: juniper berry extract. The rest is inactive—there are no other ingredients listed.
Does it work?
Couldn't assess
The effectiveness data we hold shows insufficient evidence to rate juniper berry for any of its proposed uses: gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), rheumatoid arthritis, urinary tract infections, wound healing, kidney stones, and bronchitis. That means the evidence isn't established well enough yet to say whether it works for these conditions.
How safe is it?
Well-documented data
Juniper berry is generally well tolerated when used short-term in low doses, though a thorough safety review hasn't been done. The main caution is that medicinal doses may irritate your kidneys and shouldn't be used long-term.
Topically, it can cause skin irritation, allergies, and even burn-like blistering if exposed to sun. Repeated exposure to juniper pollen may trigger occupational skin or respiratory allergies.
Pregnancy is a firm avoid—the safety data advises against it because juniper may affect the uterus. There isn't enough safety data to know about breastfeeding, so talk with your doctor or pharmacist before using it if you're nursing.
Meds to double-check
Moderate interaction found
Check antidiabetes medications (insulin, metformin) first—juniper can lower blood sugar and raise the risk of low blood sugar. Also flag diuretic drugs and lithium with your doctor or pharmacist before starting, since juniper's diuretic effects may interfere with how your kidneys handle these medications.
The bottom line
Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with no assessable stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.
If you're interested in juniper berry extract for reflux, arthritis, or urinary tract health, know that the evidence isn't strong enough yet to say whether it actually works. Before you start, check with your doctor or pharmacist about your antidiabetes medications, diuretics, and especially lithium—juniper can interact with all three.
It's not for pregnancy or breastfeeding, and long-term use at high doses may strain your kidneys.
Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI
Assessment coverage: 1 of 1 active ingredient matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Sep 24, 2021.
This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed
General information
Key facts about Juniper Berry Extract, straight from the product label.
| Brand | BulkSupplements.com |
|---|---|
| Net contents | 250 Gram(s); 8.8 Ounce(s) |
| Market status | On market |
| Date entered into DSLD | Sep 24, 2021 |
| DSLD ID | 255041 |
| Product type | Botanical |
| Supplement form | Powder |
| Dietary claims / uses | All Other, Structure/Function |
| Intended target group(s) | Adult (18 - 50 Years), Gluten Free, Dairy Free |
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.
Supplement Facts
The label details for Juniper Berry Extract by BulkSupplements.com, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.
Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
General Statements
Clean & pure bulk supplements
Formulation
Free of: Added sugar, soy, dairy, yeast, gluten, additives
Color may vary
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions
Suggested Use: As a dietary supplement, take 500 mg (about 1/5 tsp) up to three times daily, or as directed by a physician. Take with plenty of water. Should not be taken for more than 4 weeks.
Storage
Store in a dry, cool place
FDA Disclaimer Statement
Warning: This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
Precautions
Always consult a physician before taking any dietary supplement.
Keep out of reach of children.
Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.
Juniper Berry Extract by BulkSupplements.com label
The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.
Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.
View the full label (PDF)The Ingredients in Juniper Berry Extract by BulkSupplements.com
This is the 1 active ingredient this product is made of. Select it to open its full monograph.
Serving size500 mg Dosage formPowder Servings per container500 Amounts shown are per serving.
Juniper berry extract
Interacts with162 drugs
Juniper berry is a traditional herb best known for flavoring gin and for its folk use as a diuretic and digestive aid. Solid human evidence for its he...
Juniper berry extract monograph & interactionsOther (inactive) ingredients: None. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.
Juniper Berry Extract by BulkSupplements.com Drug Interactions
HelloPharmacist Interaction Report
Juniper Berry Extract by BulkSupplements.com does interact with medications.
The main concern is with antidiabetes drugs (like insulin and metformin)—juniper berry can lower blood sugar, so taking it with these medications raises the risk of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). This is a Moderate interaction, meaning it needs attention before you start.
Read the full breakdown — every affected drug type, severity by severity
You'll also want to flag diuretic drugs (water pills) and lithium with your doctor or pharmacist. Juniper berry has mild diuretic effects of its own, so it might boost how much fluid your body loses or affect how your kidneys clear lithium, potentially raising lithium levels.
Both are Minor interactions.
Altogether, these interactions span 162 individual medications. Use the search tool on this page to check your exact prescriptions before you begin.
Check your own medications below · Editorial policy · How we use AI
Want to check YOUR meds against Juniper Berry Extract?
Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.
Go to the checkerIngredients driving the most interactions
Individual Drug Interactions
The ingredients in Juniper Berry Extract interact with 162 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.
1 of the 1 ingredient in Juniper Berry Extract interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Juniper berry extract
Acetaminophen, Caffeine, PyrilamineMidol Max Strength Menstrual
How Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Pyrilamine interacts with Juniper Berry Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Juniper Berry ExtractDiuretic Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, juniper berry might increase the risk of adverse effects from diuretic drugs.
Read the full Juniper Berry Extract + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Pyrilamine interactionAcetaminophen, Pamabrom, PyrilamineMidol Max Strength PMS, Pamprin, Pamprin ES
How Acetaminophen, Pamabrom, Pyrilamine interacts with Juniper Berry Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Juniper Berry ExtractDiuretic Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, juniper berry might increase the risk of adverse effects from diuretic drugs.
Read the full Juniper Berry Extract + Acetaminophen, Pamabrom, Pyrilamine interactionAcetazolamideAk-Zol, Diamox
How Acetazolamide interacts with Juniper Berry Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Juniper Berry ExtractDiuretic Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, juniper berry might increase the risk of adverse effects from diuretic drugs.
Read the full Juniper Berry Extract + Acetazolamide interactionAmiloride, HydrochlorothiazideAmil-Co, Amilzide, Moduret 25, Moduretic
How Amiloride, Hydrochlorothiazide interacts with Juniper Berry Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Juniper Berry ExtractDiuretic Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, juniper berry might increase the risk of adverse effects from diuretic drugs.
Read the full Juniper Berry Extract + Amiloride, Hydrochlorothiazide interactionAmmonium ChlorideAmmonium Chloride
How Ammonium Chloride interacts with Juniper Berry Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Juniper Berry ExtractDiuretic Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, juniper berry might increase the risk of adverse effects from diuretic drugs.
Read the full Juniper Berry Extract + Ammonium Chloride interactionAtenolol, ChlortalidoneAtenixCo, Tenoret 50, Totaretic
How Atenolol, Chlortalidone interacts with Juniper Berry Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Juniper Berry ExtractDiuretic Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, juniper berry might increase the risk of adverse effects from diuretic drugs.
Read the full Juniper Berry Extract + Atenolol, Chlortalidone interactionAtenolol, ChlorthalidoneTenoretic
How Atenolol, Chlorthalidone interacts with Juniper Berry Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Juniper Berry ExtractDiuretic Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, juniper berry might increase the risk of adverse effects from diuretic drugs.
Read the full Juniper Berry Extract + Atenolol, Chlorthalidone interactionAzilsartan, ChlorthalidoneEdarbyclor
How Azilsartan, Chlorthalidone interacts with Juniper Berry Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Juniper Berry ExtractDiuretic Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, juniper berry might increase the risk of adverse effects from diuretic drugs.
Read the full Juniper Berry Extract + Azilsartan, Chlorthalidone interactionBenazepril, HydrochlorothiazideLotensin HCT
How Benazepril, Hydrochlorothiazide interacts with Juniper Berry Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Juniper Berry ExtractDiuretic Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, juniper berry might increase the risk of adverse effects from diuretic drugs.
Read the full Juniper Berry Extract + Benazepril, Hydrochlorothiazide interactionBendroflumethiazideAprinox, Naturetin, Neo-NaClex
How Bendroflumethiazide interacts with Juniper Berry Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Juniper Berry ExtractDiuretic Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, juniper berry might increase the risk of adverse effects from diuretic drugs.
Read the full Juniper Berry Extract + Bendroflumethiazide interactionBendroflumethiazide, NadololCorzide
How Bendroflumethiazide, Nadolol interacts with Juniper Berry Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Juniper Berry ExtractDiuretic Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, juniper berry might increase the risk of adverse effects from diuretic drugs.
Read the full Juniper Berry Extract + Bendroflumethiazide, Nadolol interactionBendroflumethiazide, PotassiumCentyl K, Neo-NaClex-K
How Bendroflumethiazide, Potassium interacts with Juniper Berry Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Juniper Berry ExtractDiuretic Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, juniper berry might increase the risk of adverse effects from diuretic drugs.
Read the full Juniper Berry Extract + Bendroflumethiazide, Potassium interactionBendroflumethiazide, Rauwolfia SerpentinaRauzide
How Bendroflumethiazide, Rauwolfia Serpentina interacts with Juniper Berry Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Juniper Berry ExtractDiuretic Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, juniper berry might increase the risk of adverse effects from diuretic drugs.
Read the full Juniper Berry Extract + Bendroflumethiazide, Rauwolfia Serpentina interactionBenzthiazideExna
How Benzthiazide interacts with Juniper Berry Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Juniper Berry ExtractDiuretic Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, juniper berry might increase the risk of adverse effects from diuretic drugs.
Read the full Juniper Berry Extract + Benzthiazide interactionBisoprolol, HydrochlorothiazideZiac
How Bisoprolol, Hydrochlorothiazide interacts with Juniper Berry Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Juniper Berry ExtractDiuretic Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, juniper berry might increase the risk of adverse effects from diuretic drugs.
Read the full Juniper Berry Extract + Bisoprolol, Hydrochlorothiazide interactionBumetanideBurinex
How Bumetanide interacts with Juniper Berry Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Juniper Berry ExtractDiuretic Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, juniper berry might increase the risk of adverse effects from diuretic drugs.
Read the full Juniper Berry Extract + Bumetanide interactionBumetanide, PotassiumBurinex K
How Bumetanide, Potassium interacts with Juniper Berry Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Juniper Berry ExtractDiuretic Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, juniper berry might increase the risk of adverse effects from diuretic drugs.
Read the full Juniper Berry Extract + Bumetanide, Potassium interactionCaffeine, Potassium Salicylate, SalicylamideTrim-Elim
How Caffeine, Potassium Salicylate, Salicylamide interacts with Juniper Berry Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Juniper Berry ExtractDiuretic Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, juniper berry might increase the risk of adverse effects from diuretic drugs.
Read the full Juniper Berry Extract + Caffeine, Potassium Salicylate, Salicylamide interactionCandesartan Cilexetil, HydrochlorothiazideAtacand HCT
How Candesartan Cilexetil, Hydrochlorothiazide interacts with Juniper Berry Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Juniper Berry ExtractDiuretic Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, juniper berry might increase the risk of adverse effects from diuretic drugs.
Read the full Juniper Berry Extract + Candesartan Cilexetil, Hydrochlorothiazide interactionCaptopril, HydrochlorothiazideAcezide, Capozide
How Captopril, Hydrochlorothiazide interacts with Juniper Berry Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Juniper Berry ExtractDiuretic Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, juniper berry might increase the risk of adverse effects from diuretic drugs.
Read the full Juniper Berry Extract + Captopril, Hydrochlorothiazide interactionChlorothiazideDiuril
How Chlorothiazide interacts with Juniper Berry Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Juniper Berry ExtractDiuretic Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, juniper berry might increase the risk of adverse effects from diuretic drugs.
Read the full Juniper Berry Extract + Chlorothiazide interactionChlorothiazide, MethyldopaAldochlor, Aldoclor 150, Aldoclor 250
How Chlorothiazide, Methyldopa interacts with Juniper Berry Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Juniper Berry ExtractDiuretic Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, juniper berry might increase the risk of adverse effects from diuretic drugs.
Read the full Juniper Berry Extract + Chlorothiazide, Methyldopa interactionChlorothiazide, ReserpineDiupres
How Chlorothiazide, Reserpine interacts with Juniper Berry Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Juniper Berry ExtractDiuretic Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, juniper berry might increase the risk of adverse effects from diuretic drugs.
Read the full Juniper Berry Extract + Chlorothiazide, Reserpine interactionChlorthalidoneHygroton, Thalitone
How Chlorthalidone interacts with Juniper Berry Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Juniper Berry ExtractDiuretic Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, juniper berry might increase the risk of adverse effects from diuretic drugs.
Read the full Juniper Berry Extract + Chlorthalidone interactionChlorthalidone, ClonidineClorpres, Combipres
How Chlorthalidone, Clonidine interacts with Juniper Berry Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Juniper Berry ExtractDiuretic Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, juniper berry might increase the risk of adverse effects from diuretic drugs.
Read the full Juniper Berry Extract + Chlorthalidone, Clonidine interactionCryptenamine, MethyclothiazideDiutensen
How Cryptenamine, Methyclothiazide interacts with Juniper Berry Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Juniper Berry ExtractDiuretic Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, juniper berry might increase the risk of adverse effects from diuretic drugs.
Read the full Juniper Berry Extract + Cryptenamine, Methyclothiazide interactionCyclothiazideAnhydron, Fluidil
How Cyclothiazide interacts with Juniper Berry Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Juniper Berry ExtractDiuretic Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, juniper berry might increase the risk of adverse effects from diuretic drugs.
Read the full Juniper Berry Extract + Cyclothiazide interactionDeserpidine, HydrochlorothiazideOreticyl, Oreticyl Forte
How Deserpidine, Hydrochlorothiazide interacts with Juniper Berry Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Juniper Berry ExtractDiuretic Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, juniper berry might increase the risk of adverse effects from diuretic drugs.
Read the full Juniper Berry Extract + Deserpidine, Hydrochlorothiazide interactionDeserpidine, MethyclothiazideEnduronyl, Enduronyl Forte
How Deserpidine, Methyclothiazide interacts with Juniper Berry Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Juniper Berry ExtractDiuretic Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, juniper berry might increase the risk of adverse effects from diuretic drugs.
Read the full Juniper Berry Extract + Deserpidine, Methyclothiazide interactionEnalapril Maleate, HydrochlorothiazideVaseretic
How Enalapril Maleate, Hydrochlorothiazide interacts with Juniper Berry Extract — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Juniper Berry ExtractDiuretic Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, juniper berry might increase the risk of adverse effects from diuretic drugs.
Read the full Juniper Berry Extract + Enalapril Maleate, Hydrochlorothiazide interactionEach ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects
For each ingredient in Juniper Berry Extract with known interactions, here are the types of medications it can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.
Juniper berry extract
Antidiabetes Drugs
Theoretically, taking juniper berry with antidiabetes medications might cause additive hypoglycemia.
Animal research shows that juniper berry can lower blood glucose.
Diuretic Drugs
Theoretically, juniper berry might increase the risk of adverse effects from diuretic drugs.
Juniper berry is thought to have mild diuretic effects.
Lithium
Theoretically, juniper berry might reduce lithium excretion and increase serum levels of lithium.
Juniper berry is thought to have mild diuretic effects.
Brand information
Manufacturer and brand details for Juniper Berry Extract, from the product label.
BulkSupplements.com
See all BulkSupplements.com products- Name
- BulkSupplements.com
- Street Address
- 7511 Eastgate Rd
- City
- Henderson
- State
- NV
- ZipCode
- 89011
- Web Address
- BulkSupplements.com
Juniper Berry Extract by BulkSupplements.com: Common Questions
Does Juniper Berry Extract by BulkSupplements.com interact with any medications?
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Where does this information come from?
Can I take juniper berry extract if I'm pregnant or breastfeeding?
How long is it safe to use juniper berry extract?
What side effects might I experience?
Does juniper berry extract actually work for GERD, arthritis, or urinary tract infections?
Why do I need to check with my doctor about blood sugar medications?
Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy
Not sure if Juniper Berry Extract is safe with your meds?
Our pharmacists answer your medication & supplement questions — free.
Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.
The Full Monographs Behind Juniper Berry Extract’s Ingredients
Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.
Sources & How We Checked
Juniper Berry Extract's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.
- NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) — The official product label on file for this supplement.
- Natural Medicines (Therapeutic Research Center) — Evidence-graded clinical reference behind the ingredient interaction data.
Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.
The 7 references behind this product’s interaction data
Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.
Juniper 7 references
- Newall CA, Anderson LA, Philpson JD. Herbal Medicine: A Guide for Healthcare Professionals. London, UK: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1996.
- The Review of Natural Products by Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis, MO: Wolters Kluwer Co., 1999.
- Brinker F. Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 2nd ed. Sandy, OR: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1998.
- Robbers JE, Tyler VE. Tyler's Herbs of Choice: The Therapeutic Use of Phytomedicinals. New York, NY: The Haworth Herbal Press, 1999.
- Sanchez de Medina F, Gamez MJ, Jimenez I, et al. Hypoglycemic activity of juniper "berries." Planta Med 1994;60:197-200. PubMed
- Swanston-Flatt SK, Day C, Bailey CJ, Flatt PR. Traditional plant treatments for diabetes. Studies in normal and streptozotocin diabetic mice. Diabetologia 1990;33:462-4. PubMed
- Tammaro A, Adebanjo GAR, Chello C, et al. Bullous dermatitis caused by common juniper. Contact Dermatitis. 2020. PubMed
Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.
DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.
© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC