Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Based on 5 of 11 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Multi Collagen Peptides Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Purely Optimal

Multi Collagen Peptides label
See full label image
Powder Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Multi Collagen Peptides against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Multi Collagen Peptides is a dietary supplement by Purely Optimal with 11 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for replacing fluids and electrolytes, preventing dehydration during exercise or illness, treating low blood sodium (under medical care).Based on those ingredients, 225 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Sodium, Vitamin B12. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Multi Collagen Peptides by Purely Optimal

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Multi Collagen Peptides by Purely Optimal — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Multi Collagen Peptides by Purely Optimal

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 11, 2026

What’s inside

Partial disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Partial

Most active ingredients list an amount, but at least one is hidden in a blend or missing.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 5 of its 10 active ingredients.
  • “Multi Collagen Complex” is a proprietary blend — the label gives one combined amount (10.60 Gram(s)) without saying how much of each component you get.
  • “Hair, Skin and Nail Complex” is a proprietary blend — the label doesn't break down how much of each component you get.

This 10-ingredient powder contains several types of collagen — hydrolyzed bovine collagen peptides, marine collagen, chicken bone broth collagen, and bovine bone broth collagen — along with supporting nutrients like vitamin B12, biotin, hyaluronic acid, and egg shell membrane. It also includes sodium, a DigeSEB enzyme blend to aid digestion, and a Hair, Skin and Nail Complex.

There are no inactive ingredients (fillers or binders) listed for this product.

Does it work?

Moderate evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Moderate

Some clinical evidence supports this product's ingredients for its stated purpose, but it isn't conclusive.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: Healthy skin, nails, hair, bones & joints.
  • We looked for evidence on: Aging skin, Brittle nails, Androgenic alopecia, Alopecia areata, Joint pain, Knee pain — and 4 related terms.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Collagen Peptides is rated "Possibly Effective" for Aging skin (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Collagen Peptides is rated "Possibly Effective" for Dry skin.
  • Also on file: Biotin is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Alopecia areata, Brittle nails.

The collagen peptides themselves show possibly effective evidence for aging skin and dry skin, though the evidence for muscle strength is possibly ineffective. Biotin is likely effective for biotin deficiency but only possibly ineffective for multiple sclerosis and seborrheic dermatitis.

Hyaluronic Acid is possibly effective for dry eye and venous leg ulcers. Vitamin B12 is effective for B12 deficiency and likely effective for cyanide poisoning, and possibly effective for canker sores and nerve pain after shingles (postherpetic neuralgia).

The sodium in this product is likely effective for cystic fibrosis and possibly effective for a kidney complication from the antifungal amphotericin B, though evidence is insufficient for its use in bipolar disorder or heart failure.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Sodium Collagen Peptides Vitamin B12 Biotin Hyaluronic Acid

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 5 of the 5 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 5 of 5.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 5 of 5.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Sodium is generally well tolerated at normal dietary amounts, but excess intake is linked to high blood pressure and heart strain — avoid supplementing with high sodium or talk to your doctor first. Vitamin B12 is very safe with no upper limit because your body excretes excess in urine; it's needed in pregnancy and breastfeeding at normal recommended amounts.

Biotin is generally safe even at fairly high doses and is likely safe in pregnancy, though high-dose supplements should be discussed with your doctor. Hyaluronic Acid is not well studied long-term and has limited safety data for oral supplements — your doctor should clear it first.

Hydrolyzed Bovine Collagen Peptides may rarely cause nausea, upset stomach, diarrhea, or gas, and are not well studied in pregnancy or breastfeeding. Safety data for Marine Collagen, DigeSEB Enzyme Blend, Chicken Bone Broth Collagen, Bovine Bone Broth Collagen, and Egg Shell Membrane is not on file.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Sodium Collagen Peptides Vitamin B12 Biotin Hyaluronic Acid

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 2 of the 5 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Vitamin B12, Sodium.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: lithium.
  • For scale: 225 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Check before starting if you take blood pressure medications (antihypertensives) — sodium can reduce their effectiveness. Also ask about lithium (bipolar disorder), corticosteroids, metformin (diabetes), didanosine (HIV), sodium phosphate laxatives, tolvaptan, or any other sodium-containing drugs.

These are Moderate or Minor interactions. No interactions are documented for the collagen sources, enzyme blend, or egg shell membrane we could check.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glancePartially disclosed formula with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This product is mainly a collagen and protein powder with some added micronutrients. If you take blood pressure medications, lithium, metformin, or any sodium-containing drugs, check with us first — the sodium content matters.

Collagen peptides are generally well tolerated as a dietary protein, and the B12 and biotin are safe at these levels. Talk to your pharmacist before starting if you're pregnant, breastfeeding, or taking any prescription medications.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 5 of 10 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Feb 21, 2023.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Multi Collagen Peptides, straight from the product label.

Brand Purely Optimal
Barcode (UPC) X002BJE5HD
Net contents 16 oz; 454 Gram(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Feb 21, 2023
DSLD ID 266630
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Powder
Dietary claims / uses Nutrient, All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Multi Collagen Peptides by Purely Optimal, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
10.81 Gram(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
10.81 Gram(s)
Servings per container
42
UPC/BARCODE
X002BJE5HD
IngredientAmount% DV
Calories37 Calorie(s)--
Sodium30 mg1.3%
Vitamin B12800 mcg33333%
Biotin5000 mcg16667%
Protein9 Gram(s)--
Hyaluronic Acid50 mg--
hydrolyzed Bovine Collagen Peptides0 NP--
Marine Collagen0 NP--
DigeSEB Enzyme Blend50 mg--
Chicken Bone Broth Collagen0 NP--
Multi Collagen Complex10.6 Gram(s)--
Bovine Bone Broth Collagen0 NP--
Egg Shell Membrane0 NP--
Hair, Skin and Nail Complex0 NP--

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Formula

5 types of food source collagen Type I II III V X Hydrolyzed protein

Formulation

Unflavored

Healthy skin, nails & hair Supports bones & joints Stirs in & mixes easily

Variations in aroma, color, taste and solubility may occur.

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

Brand IP Statement(s)

DigeSEB is a registered trademark of Specialty Enzymes and Biotechnologies.

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested Use As a dietary supplement, healthy adults combine one scoop into your favorite beverage or meal once daily and mix thoroughly. Helpful tip Collagen Peptides will clump in cold water. To enjoy Collagen Peptides in cold liquid, simply mix into room temperature liquid first and then add ice.

General Statements

Typical Amino Acid Profile Amount Per Serving Alanine 840 mg Arginine 770 mg Aspartic Acid 450 mg Glutamic Acid 1000 mg Glycine 2300 mg Histidine 90 mcg Hydroxylysine 150 mcg Hydroxyproline 1230 mg Isoleucine 120 mcg Leucine 260 mcg Lysine 330 mcg Methionine 90 mcg Phenylalanine 160 mcg Proline 1370 mg Serine 240 mcg Threonine 190 mcg Tyrosine 60 mcg Valine 220 mcg

Note 10.81 grams per scoop is an average. Individual scooping technique may yield slightly less or significantly more than 10.81 grams. This product is packaged by weight, not volume. Settling of contents occurs over time and cannot be avoided.

Precautions

Caution Keep out of reach of children and pets.

Consult with a qualified health care professional prior to using this product, especially if you are pregnant, nursing, have diagnosed medical conditions, or are taking prescription medications.

Do not exceed recommended daily intake. Do not use if seal is damaged or missing.

Storage

Storage Information Store at room temperature in a dry place. Avoid excessive heat, freezing, humidity, and light.

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Multi Collagen Peptides by Purely Optimal label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Multi Collagen Peptides label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Multi Collagen Peptides by Purely Optimal

These are the 11 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size10.81 Gram(s) Dosage formPowder Servings per container42 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Sodium

Interacts with
205 drugs
30 mg per serving

Sodium is an essential mineral and electrolyte your body needs to balance fluids, support nerves, and help muscles work. Most people in modern diets g...

Sodium monograph & interactions

Protein

9 Gram(s) per serving

DigeSEB Enzyme Blend

50 mg per serving

Multi Collagen Complex

10.6 Gram(s) per serving

Hair, Skin and Nail Complex

0 NP per serving
Interaction report

Multi Collagen Peptides by Purely Optimal Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Multi Collagen Peptides?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
225Drugs
205 Moderate 20 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Sodium 205
Vitamin B12 20

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Multi Collagen Peptides interact with 225 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

2 of the 11 ingredients in Multi Collagen Peptides interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Sodium Vitamin B12

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Multi Collagen Peptides with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Sodium7 drug types · 205 drugs

Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
High intake of dietary sodium can increase systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Also, high intake of sodium may necessitate increased use of antihypertensive medications to achieve blood pressure control in some patients, such as those with chronic kidney disease.

Likelihood Probable Evidence A
Corticosteroids

Concomitant use of mineralocorticoids and some glucocorticoids with sodium supplements might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Mineralocorticoids and some glucocorticoids (corticosteroids) cause sodium retention. This effect is dose-related and depends on mineralocorticoid potency. It is most common with hydrocortisone, cortisone, and fludrocortisone, followed by prednisone and prednisolone.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Didanosine (Videx)

Concomitant use of didanosine with additional sodium from dietary or supplemental sources may increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Didanosine formulations contain a significant amount of sodium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence C
Lithium

Altering dietary intake of sodium might alter the levels and clinical effects of lithium.
High sodium intake can reduce plasma concentrations of lithium by increasing lithium excretion. Reducing sodium intake can significantly increase plasma concentrations of lithium and cause lithium toxicity in patients being treated with lithium carbonate. Stabilizing sodium intake is shown to reduce the percentage of patients with lithium level fluctuations above 0.8 mEq/L. Patients taking lithium should avoid significant alterations in their dietary intake of sodium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Sodium Phosphates

Theoretically, concomitant use of sodium phosphate with sodium supplements might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Use of high doses (> 45 mL in 24 hours) of sodium phosphate, such as those used for bowel cleansing before surgery, can lead to serious electrolyte disturbances, including hypernatremia. The risk of hypernatremia is highest in the elderly and people with other risk factors for electrolyte disturbances.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Sodium-Containing Drugs

Concomitant use of sodium-containing drugs with additional sodium from dietary or supplemental sources may increase the risk of hypernatremia and long-term sodium-related complications.
The Chronic Disease Risk Reduction (CDRR) intake level of 2.3 grams of sodium daily indicates the intake at which it is believed that chronic disease risk increases for the apparently healthy population. Some medications contain high quantities of sodium. When used in conjunction with sodium supplements or high-sodium diets, the CDRR may be exceeded. Additionally, concomitant use may increase the risk for hypernatremia; this risk is highest in the elderly and people with other risk factors for electrolyte disturbances.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Tolvaptan (Samsca)

Theoretically, concomitant use of tolvaptan with sodium might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Tolvaptan is a vasopressin receptor 2 antagonist that is used to increase sodium levels in patients with hyponatremia. Patients taking tolvaptan should use caution with the use of sodium salts such as sodium chloride.

Likelihood Probable Evidence C
Sodium full monograph & interactions

Vitamin B121 drug type · 20 drugs

Metformin (Glucophage)

Metformin, a common medication used to manage type 2 diabetes, has been associated with lower vitamin B12 levels in some individuals. Prolonged use of metformin can interfere with the absorption of B12 in the digestive system, potentially leading to a deficiency in this essential vitamin.

Likelihood Possible Evidence A
Vitamin B12 full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Multi Collagen Peptides, from the product label.

Purely Optimal

See all Purely Optimal products
Name
Purely Optimal
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Multi Collagen Peptides by Purely Optimal: Common Questions

Does Multi Collagen Peptides by Purely Optimal interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Multi Collagen Peptides has a known interaction with 225 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Multi Collagen Peptides contains 11 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Does this product have any fillers or other inactive ingredients?
No — there are no inactive ingredients listed. You're getting just the active collagen, vitamins, minerals, and enzyme blend in the powder.
Is this safe to take if I'm pregnant or breastfeeding?
Biotin is likely safe in pregnancy, and vitamin B12 is considered safe at normal amounts in both pregnancy and breastfeeding. However, safety data for the collagen sources and hyaluronic acid isn't on file, and collagen peptides haven't been well studied in pregnancy or breastfeeding — talk with your doctor or midwife before starting.
Will this help with my skin?
The collagen peptides have possibly effective evidence for aging skin and dry skin, so there's some research backing it, though results vary. The hyaluronic acid is possibly effective for dry skin as well.
Does it have any side effects?
Collagen peptides may rarely cause nausea, upset stomach, diarrhea, or gas. Biotin at high doses has rarely caused mild diarrhea. Most people tolerate this product well.
What's the sodium content concern?
This powder contains sodium, which can interfere with blood pressure medications, lithium, and certain other drugs by changing how they work in your body. If you take any regular medications, especially for blood pressure or mood, check with your pharmacist before using this product.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if Multi Collagen Peptides is safe with your meds?

Our pharmacists answer your medication & supplement questions — free.

Ask a pharmacist

Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Multi Collagen Peptides label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Multi Collagen Peptides’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Sodium

Interacts with 205 drugs

Sodium is an essential mineral and electrolyte your body needs to balance fluids, support nerves, and help muscles work. Most people in modern diets get more than enough—often too much—from...

Read the full Sodium monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Collagen Peptides

Collagen peptides are a well-absorbed form of protein that may modestly improve skin elasticity and joint comfort for some people, though evidence is still developing and results vary. They...

Read the full Collagen Peptides monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Vitamin B12

Interacts with 20 drugs

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is an essential nutrient your body needs to make red blood cells, keep nerves healthy, and support DNA. Supplements are very helpful for people who are deficient — su...

Read the full Vitamin B12 monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Biotin

Biotin (vitamin B7) is a water-soluble vitamin your body needs to turn food into energy and to support healthy hair, skin, and nails. Most people get plenty from a normal diet, and true defi...

Read the full Biotin monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Hyaluronic Acid

Hyaluronic acid is a natural substance in the body that helps hold water in the skin, joints, and eyes. Oral and topical products are popular for skin moisture and joint comfort, and the evi...

Read the full Hyaluronic Acid monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Multi Collagen Peptides's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 78 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Sodium 38 references
  1. Garabedian-Ruffalo SM, Ruffalo RL. Drug and nutrient interactions. Am Fam Physician 1986;33:165-74.
  2. Food and Drug Administration Science Background: Safety of Sodium Phosphates Oral Solution. September 17, 2001. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/safety/sodiumphospate.htm
  3. Coton T, Mallaret C, Coilliot C, Carre D, Guisset M. Severe acute ulcerated gastritis induced by salt. Presse Med 2009;38(3):499-500. PubMed
  4. Frings-Meuthen P, Buehlmeier J, Baecker N, et al. High sodium chloride intake exacerbates immobilization-induced bone resorption and protein losses. J Appl Physiol 2011;111(2):537-542. PubMed
  5. Frings-Meuthen P, Baecker N, Heer M. Low-grade metabolic acidosis may be the cause of sodium chloride-induced exaggerated bone resorption. J Bone Miner Res 2008;23(4):517-524. PubMed
  6. Alam S, Johnson AG. A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCT) among healthy normotensive and essential hypertensive elderly patients to determine the effect of high salt (NaCl) diet of blood pressure. J Hum Hypertens 1999;13(6):367-74.
  7. Boudville N, Ward S, Benaroia M, House AA. Increased sodium intake correlates with greater use of antihypertensive agents by subjects with chronic kidney disease. Am J Hypertens 2005;18(10):1300-5. PubMed
  8. Bennett WM. Drug interactions and consequences of sodium restriction. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65(2 Suppl):678S-681S. PubMed
  9. Okusa MD, Crystal LJ. Clinical manifestations and management of acute lithium intoxication. Am J Med 1994;97(4):383-9. PubMed
  10. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2005. Available at: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10925. DOI
  11. D'Elia L, Rossi G, Ippolito R, Cappuccio FP, Strazzullo P. Habitual salt intake and risk of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Clin Nutr 2012;31(4):489-98. PubMed
  12. Goldsmith SR. Hyponatremia in heart failure: time for a trial. J Card Fail 2013;19(6):398-400. PubMed
  13. Willocks L, Brettle R, Keen J, Valentine C, Pinching AJ. Formulations of didanosine (ddI) and salt overload. Lancet 1992;339(8786):190.
  14. Chen L, Zhang Z, Chen W, Whelton PK, Appel LJ. Lower Sodium Intake and Risk of Headaches: Results From the Trial of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(7):1270-5. PubMed
  15. Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Lower levels of sodium intake and reduced cardiovascular risk. Circulation. 2014;129(9):981-9. PubMed
  16. Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Sodium Intake and All-Cause Mortality Over 20 Years in the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(15):1609-1617. PubMed
  17. Mente A, O'Donnell M, Rangarajan S, et al. Associations of urinary sodium excretion with cardiovascular events in individuals with and without hypertension: a pooled analysis of data from four studies. Lancet. 2016;388(10043):465-75. PubMed
  18. Moosavian SP, Haghighatdoost F, Surkan PJ, Azadbakht L. Salt and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2017;68(3):265-277. PubMed
  19. O'Donnell M, Mente A, Rangarajan S, et al. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion, mortality, and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(7):612-23. DOI
  20. Poggio R, Gutierrez L, Matta MG, Elorriaga N, Irazola V, Rubinstein A. Daily sodium consumption and CVD mortality in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Public Health Nutr. 2015;18(4):695-704. PubMed
  21. Stallings VA, Harrison M, Oria M; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium, Food and Nutrition Board, Health and Medicine Division, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington (DC): National Acad
  22. Mahtani KR, Heneghan C, Onakpoya I, et al. Reduced Salt Intake for Heart Failure: A Systematic Review. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Dec 1;178(12):1693-1700. PubMed
  23. Yancy CW. Sodium Restriction in Heart Failure: Too Much Uncertainty-Do the Trials. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Dec 1;178(12):1700-1701. PubMed
  24. He FJ, Campbell NRC, Ma Y, MacGregor GA, Cogswell ME, Cook NR. Errors in estimating usual sodium intake by the Kawasaki formula alter its relationship with mortality: implications for public health. Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47(6):1784-1795. PubMed
  25. Murthy K, Ondrey GJ, Malkani N, et al. THE EFFECTS OF HYPONATREMIA ON BONE DENSITY AND FRACTURES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. Endocr Pract. 2019;25(4):366-378. PubMed
  26. Messerli FH, Hofstetter L, Syrogiannouli L, et al. Sodium intake, life expectancy, and all-cause mortality. Eur Heart J 2021;42(21):2103-2112. PubMed
  27. Graudal NA, Hubeck-Graudal T, Jurgens G. Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020;12(12):CD004022. PubMed
  28. Giatti S, Santos RB, Aielo AN, et al. Association of sodium with obstructive sleep apnea. The ELSA-Brasil study. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021;18(3):502-510. PubMed
  29. Nan X, Lu H, Wu J, et al. The interactive association between sodium intake, alcohol consumption and hypertension among elderly in northern China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr 2021;21(1):135. PubMed
  30. Kyozuka H, Fukusda T, Murata T, et al. Impact of preconception sodium intake on hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: The Japan Environment and Children's study. Pregnancy Hypertens 2021;23:66-72. PubMed
  31. Zhao L, Ogden CL, Yang Q, et al. Association of usual sodium intake with obesity among US children and adolescents, NHANES 2009-2016. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021;29(3):587-594. PubMed
  32. Ma Y, He FJ, Sun Q, et al. 24-Hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med 2022;386(3):252-263. PubMed
  33. Liu J, Yang X, Zhang P, et al. Association of urinary sodium excretion and left ventricular hypertrophy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021;12:728493. PubMed
  34. Filippini T, Malavolti M, Whelton PK, Vinceti M. Sodium intake and risk of hypertension: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational cohort studies. Curr Hypertens Rep 2022;24(5):133-144. PubMed
  35. Wang DD, Li Y, Nguyen XT, et al. Dietary sodium and potassium intake and risk of non-fatal cardiovascular diseases: The million veteran program. Nutrients 2022;14(5):1121. PubMed
  36. Kwak JH, Park CH, Eun CS, et al. The associations of dietary intake of high sodium and low zinc with gastric cancer mortality: A prospective cohort study in Korea. Nutr Cancer 2022;74(10):3501-3508. PubMed
  37. George S, Maiti R, Mishra BR, Jena M, Mohapatra D. Effect of regulated add-on sodium chloride intake on stabilization of serum lithium concentration in bipolar disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Bipolar Disord 2023;25(1):66-75. PubMed
  38. Zhou TL, Schütten MTJ, Kroon AA, et al. Urinary Sodium Excretion and Salt Intake Are Not Associated With Blood Pressure Variability in a White General Population. J Am Heart Assoc 2023;12(1):e026578. PubMed

See these in context on the Sodium monograph →

Vitamin B12 30 references
  1. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (2000). Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000. Available at: http://b
  2. Hartman TJ, Woodson K, Stolzenberg-Solomon R, et al. Association of the B-vitamins pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (B6), B12, and folate with lung cancer risk in older men. Am J Epidemiol 2001;153:688-94.. DOI
  3. Jansen T, Romiti R, Kreuter A, Altmeyer P. Rosacea fulminans triggered by high-dose vitamins B6 and B12. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2001;15:484-5..
  4. Lange H, Suryapranata H, De Luca G, et al. Folate therapy and in-stent restenosis after coronary stenting. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2673-81. PubMed
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  21. Patiroglu T, Unal E, Yildirim S. Infantile tremor syndrome associated with cobalamin therapy: A case report. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2013;115(9):1903-5. PubMed
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See these in context on the Vitamin B12 monograph →

Biotin 4 references
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  2. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (2000). Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000. Available at: http://b
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See these in context on the Biotin monograph →

Hyaluronic Acid 4 references
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See these in context on the Hyaluronic Acid monograph →

Collagen Peptides 2 references
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  2. Evans M, Lewis ED, Zakaria N, Pelipyagina T, Guthrie N. A randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study to evaluate the efficacy of a freshwater marine collagen on skin wrinkles and elasticity. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2021;20(3):825-834. PubMed

See these in context on the Collagen Peptides monograph →

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DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

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