Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by ProCaps

Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits label
See full label image
Capsule Category: Fat/fatty Acid
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits is a dietary supplement by ProCaps with 2 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for high cholesterol, liver health, brain and memory support.Based on those ingredients, 391 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Omega-3. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits by ProCaps

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits by ProCaps — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits by ProCaps

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 11, 2026

What’s inside

Partial disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Partial

Most active ingredients list an amount, but at least one is hidden in a blend or missing.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 4 of its 6 active ingredients.
  • “Soy Lecithin Oil” is listed as a grouped ingredient — the label gives one combined amount (1,200 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.
  • “Omega-3” is listed as a grouped ingredient — the label gives one combined amount (49 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.
  • “Phosphatidylethanolamine/Inositol” is listed as a grouped ingredient — the label gives one combined amount (80 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.

This product contains 6 active ingredients: Inositol, Phosphatidylcholine, Choline, Phosphatidylethanolamine, Stearidonic Acid, and a blend that includes Soy Lecithin Oil, Alpha-Linolenic Acid, and Omega-3 fatty acids. These are compounds found naturally in cell membranes and lipid-rich tissues — they're meant to support liver and brain health.

The inactive ingredients are gelatin (the capsule), purified water, and glycerin.

Does it work?

Not established
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Not established

The graded evidence we hold for these ingredients covers different conditions than the ones this product is marketed for, so there's no established rating for its stated use.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: Liver and brain health support.
  • We looked for evidence on: Alcohol-related liver disease, Alzheimer disease, Age-related cognitive decline, Cognitive function, Dementia, Dyslipidemia — and 4 related terms.
  • The closest evidence on file: Inositol is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Dyslipidemia (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Choline is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Age-related cognitive decline, Alzheimer disease, Cognitive function, Dementia, and more.
  • Also on file: Phosphatidylcholine is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Alcohol-related liver disease.

The evidence varies by ingredient. Inositol shows possibly effective evidence for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), metabolic syndrome, and preterm labor, but only possibly ineffective evidence for anxiety, diabetic nerve damage (diabetic neuropathy), and depression.

Phosphatidylcholine appears possibly effective for ulcerative colitis, but there isn't enough reliable evidence to rate it for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, alcohol-related liver disease, Alzheimer disease, or anxiety. For choline, the evidence we hold is insufficient to rate it for athletic performance, bronchitis, age-related cognitive decline, or several other conditions.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Lecithin Phosphatidylcholine Choline Docosahexaenoic Acid (dha)

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 3 of the 3 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 3 of 3.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 3 of 3.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Inositol is generally well tolerated at typical doses, with mild digestive side effects — mainly diarrhea, gas, and nausea. It's been studied in pregnancy but only under medical supervision since safety isn't fully established; talk to your doctor before using it if you're pregnant.

Phosphatidylcholine is generally well tolerated in supplement amounts, though high doses can cause digestive upset like bloating, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. Choline is likely safe in pregnancy and breastfeeding when used as advised by your doctor — it's actually needed during these times — but high-dose supplements (over 3.5 grams daily) can cause fishy body odor, sweating, and gastrointestinal discomfort.

We don't have pregnancy or breastfeeding safety data on file for Phosphatidylethanolamine, Stearidonic Acid, or Alpha-Linolenic Acid; check with your healthcare provider if you're pregnant or nursing.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Lecithin Phosphatidylcholine Choline Docosahexaenoic Acid (dha)

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 2 of the 3 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Inositol, Choline.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: diabetes medications.
  • For scale: 102 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Check with your pharmacist before taking this product if you use diabetes medication — inositol may increase the risk of low blood sugar (Moderate interaction). Also discuss it if you take atropine, since choline may reduce its effects (Minor interaction).

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glancePartially disclosed formula with no established evidence rating for its marketed use. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This product might be worth considering if you're exploring support for PCOS, metabolic syndrome, or ulcerative colitis with your doctor's input — though the evidence for the other uses mentioned is limited or mixed. If you take diabetes medication or atropine, you'll want to discuss this product with your pharmacist first to monitor for interactions.

Pregnant or breastfeeding? Talk to your doctor or pharmacist before starting, since some ingredients have incomplete safety data in those situations.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 3 of 6 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Jun 25, 2025.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits, straight from the product label.

Brand ProCaps
Barcode (UPC) 829611
Net contents 360 Easy-To-Swallow Capsule(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Jun 25, 2025
DSLD ID 331586
Product type Fat/fatty Acid
Supplement form Capsule
Dietary claims / uses Nutrient, All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years), Gluten Free, Dairy Free, Sugar Free
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits by ProCaps, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
2 Softgel(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
2 Softgel(s)
Servings per container
180
UPC/BARCODE
829611
IngredientAmount% DV
Trans Fat0 Gram(s)--
Total Fat1 Gram(s)1%
Inositol0 NP--
Calories10 Calorie(s)--
Phosphatidylcholine420 mg--
Choline60 mg--
Phosphatidylethanolamine0 NP--
Stearidonic Acid15 mg--
Soy Lecithin Oil1200 mg--
Alpha-Linolenic Acid34 mg--
Omega-349 mg--
Phosphatidylethanolamine/Inositol80 mg--

Other ingredients: Gelatin, Water, Purified, Glycerin

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested use Consume two capsules daily. You can increase or decrease your intake as required or as guided by your physician.

General Statements

For questions about the use of this product call 800.800.1200. Questions? Reorders? 800.800.1200

Andrew Lessman

Formulation

Since 1979, unsurpassed purity, quality and efficacy. 100% solar production Zero-carbon footprint

100% solar

Contains no additives of any kind Contains no milk, yeast, corn, wheat, gluten, sodium, salt, sugar, cholesterol, color, preservative, genetically modified (GMO) ingredients or manufacturing additives.

Brand IP Statement(s)

Copyright 2024 Procaps Laboratories

Ahiflower is a registered trademark of Technology Crops, LLC.

Formula

Concentrated Phosphatidyl Choline

Phosphatidyl Choline Liver and Brain Benefits provides a concentrated, stable source of the most important phospholipids essential for healthy brain and liver function. We focus on phosphatidyl choline (PC), since it is the predominant phospholipid in both the brain and liver and is now recognized by the FDA as an essential nutrient because of its important role and scarcity in our diet. PC is vital for the creation of all brain and liver cells, as well as the production of our most important neurotransmitter – acetylcholine. PC is also required to produce the protective sheath for our brain and nerve cells. The human brain is extraordinary; yet, as we age, we all experience significant changes in memory and brain function. PC is a first line of defense to help support the retention of our brain’s remarkable abilities and combat those normal, age-related changes in memory, concentration and mental acuity. As vital as the brain is, the liver is arguably our hardest working organ and PC makes up two-thirds of its enormous surface area (almost 8 acres!) where it performs protein, fat and cholesterol metabolism, as well as processes all waste products (alcohol, medicines, etc.) and almost single-handedly doing all the “dirty” work required to maintain a healthy internal environment. Not surprisingly, the regenerative powers of the liver are unique among all internal organs and PC empowers the liver to rebuild and regenerate its hard-working tissues. In short, there is no more important building block to support and promote the health of our brain and liver than phosphatidyl choline (PC).

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits by ProCaps label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits by ProCaps

These are the 2 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size2 Softgel(s) Dosage formCapsule Servings per container180 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Soy Lecithin Oil

No known
interactions
1200 mg per serving

Lecithin is a natural fatty substance found in foods and made by the body that is widely used as a supplement and food emulsifier. Evidence supporting...

Soy Lecithin Oil monograph & interactions

Omega-3

Interacts with
375 drugs
49 mg per serving Form: Ahiflower Oil

DHA is an omega-3 fatty acid found in fatty fish and algae that is a building block for the brain, nervous system, and eyes. It is widely used and gen...

Omega-3 monograph & interactions
  • › Stearidonic Acid
  • › Alpha-Linolenic Acid

Other (inactive) ingredients: Gelatin, Water, Purified, Glycerin. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits by ProCaps Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
391Drugs
375 Moderate 16 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Omega-3 375

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits interact with 391 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

1 of the 2 ingredients in Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Omega-3

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits with known interactions, here are the types of medications it can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Omega-33 drug types · 375 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, DHA may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Although some clinical evidence suggests that DHA might reduce collagen-stimulated platelet aggregation and thromboxane release, most clinical evidence suggests that DHA alone does not affect blood clotting. However, theoretically, when given in combination with EPA as fish oil, concomitant use with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs (including aspirin) might increase risk of bleeding.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B
Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, taking DHA with antidiabetes drugs might reduce the effects of these medications.
In people with type 2 diabetes, including those taking oral hypoglycemic medications, DHA seems to increase fasting blood glucose levels.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, taking DHA with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.
Fish oils containing DHA can lower blood pressure and might have additive effects in patients treated with antihypertensives; use with caution.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Omega-3 full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits, from the product label.

ProCaps

See all ProCaps products
Name
ProCaps Labs
City
Henderson
State
NV
ZipCode
89011
Phone Number
800.800.1200
Web Address
ProCaps.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits by ProCaps: Common Questions

Does Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits by ProCaps interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits has a known interaction with 391 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits contains 2 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Will this help with my PCOS?
Inositol in this product has possibly effective evidence for PCOS. That's promising, but it's not a cure — talk to your doctor about whether it fits your treatment plan and how to monitor your results.
Can I take this while pregnant?
Choline is actually needed in pregnancy and is rated likely safe when used as your doctor advises. However, we don't have complete safety data on some of the other ingredients while pregnant. Check with your OB or pharmacist before starting — they can give you personalized guidance.
What are the most common side effects?
The ingredients in this product most commonly cause mild digestive issues — diarrhea, gas, nausea, and bloating. These usually happen at typical doses and are generally mild.
Is this a 'liver cleanse' or 'detox' product?
No. This product contains ingredients studied for liver and brain support, but we're basing that on the evidence we hold for each ingredient, not on detox claims. Inositol may help with metabolic health and phosphatidylcholine has some evidence for ulcerative colitis, but neither is a detox agent.
Does this have any fillers?
The active ingredients are what we've listed. The capsule itself contains gelatin, purified water, and glycerin — these are inactive ingredients that make the capsule work, not added fillers beyond that.
Can I take this with my blood sugar medication?
Inositol can raise the risk of low blood sugar when paired with diabetes drugs, so you'll need to talk to your pharmacist or doctor before starting. They may want to monitor your blood sugar more closely.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits is safe with your meds?

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Ask a pharmacist

Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Lecithin

Lecithin is a natural fatty substance found in foods and made by the body that is widely used as a supplement and food emulsifier. Evidence supporting most of its health claims is limited, t...

Read the full Lecithin monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Phosphatidylcholine

Phosphatidylcholine is a phospholipid that is part of every cell membrane and a source of choline. People take it for liver, brain, and gut health, but solid human evidence is limited for mo...

Read the full Phosphatidylcholine monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Choline

Interacts with 16 drugs

Choline is an essential nutrient your body needs for liver function, brain health, and nerve signaling, and many people get enough from foods like eggs, meat, and fish. Supplements may help...

Read the full Choline monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Docosahexaenoic Acid (dha)

Interacts with 375 drugs

DHA is an omega-3 fatty acid found in fatty fish and algae that is a building block for the brain, nervous system, and eyes. It is widely used and generally well tolerated, with the stronges...

Read the full Docosahexaenoic Acid (dha) monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Phosphatidyl Choline PC Liver & Brain Benefits's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 101 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Inositol 14 references
  1. Palatnik A, Frolov K, Fux M, Benjamin J. Double-blind, controlled, crossover trial of inositol versus fluvoxamine for the treatment of panic disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001;21:335-9.. PubMed
  2. Allan SJ, Kavanagh GM, Herd RM, Savin JA. The effect of inositol supplements on the psoriasis of patients taking lithium: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Dermatol 2004;150:966-9. PubMed
  3. Machado-Vieira R, Viale CI, Kapczinski F. Mania associated with an energy drink: the possible role of caffeine, taurine, and inositol. Can J Psychiatry 2001;46:454-5. PubMed
  4. Kamenov Z, Kolarov G, Gateva A, Carlomagno G, Genazzani AD. Ovulation induction with myo-inositol alone and in combination with clomiphene citrate in polycystic ovarian syndrome patients with insulin resistance. Gynecol Endocrinol 2015;31(2):131-5. PubMed
  5. Matarrelli B, Vitacolonna E, D'Angelo M, et al. Effect of dietary myo-inositol supplementation in pregnancy on the incidence of maternal gestational diabetes mellitus and fetal outcomes: a randomized controlled trial. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013;26(1 PubMed
  6. Mukai T, Kishi T, Matsuda Y, Iwata N. A meta-analysis of inositol for depression and anxiety disorders. Hum Psychopharmacol 2014;29(1):55-63. PubMed
  7. Farren M, Daly N, McKeating A, Kinsley B, Turner MJ, Daly S. The Prevention of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus With Antenatal Oral Inositol Supplementation: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(6):759-63. PubMed
  8. Zheng X, Liu Z, Zhang Y, et al. Relationship Between Myo-Inositol Supplementary and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94(42):e1604. PubMed
  9. Crawford TJ, Crowther CA, Alsweiler J, Brown J. Antenatal dietary supplementation with myo-inositol in women during pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(12):CD011507. PubMed
  10. Maurizi AR, Menduni M, Del Toro R, et al. A pilot study of D-chiro-inositol plus folic acid in overweight patients with type 1 diabetes. Acta Diabetol. 2017;54(4):361-65. PubMed
  11. Leppink EW, Redden SA, Grant JE. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of inositol in trichotillomania. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017;32(2):107-14. PubMed
  12. Lam S, Mandrekar SJ, Gesthalter Y. A Randomized Phase IIb Trial of myo-Inositol in Smokers with Bronchial Dysplasia. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2016;9(12):906-14.
  13. Wozniak J, Faraone SV, Chan J, et al. A randomized clinical trial of high eicosapentaenoic acid omega-3 fatty acids and inositol as monotherapy and in combination in the treatment of pediatric bipolar spectrum disorders: a pilot study. J Clin Psychiatry. PubMed
  14. Vitale SG, Corrado F, Caruso S, et al. Myo-inositol supplementation to prevent gestational diabetes in overweight non-obese women: bioelectrical impedance analysis, metabolic aspects, obstetric and neonatal outcomes - a randomized and open-label, placebo-

See these in context on the Inositol monograph →

Phosphatidylcholine 15 references
  1. Domino EF, May WW, Demetriou S, et al. Lack of clinically significant improvement of patients with tardive dyskinesia following phosphatidylcholine therapy. Biol Psychiatry 1985;20:1189-96. PubMed
  2. Aronson PJ, Lorincz AL. Promotion of palmar sweating with oral phosphatidylcholine. Acta Derm Venereol 1985;65:19-24. DOI
  3. Hexsel DM, Serra M, de Oliveira Dal'Forno T, et al. Cosmetic uses of injectable phosphatidylcholine on the face. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2005;38:1119-29. PubMed
  4. Kopera D, Binder B, Toplak H, et al. Histopathologic changes after intralesional application of phosphatidylcholine for lipoma reduction: report of a case. Am J Dermatopathol 2006;28:331-3. PubMed
  5. Rittes PG. The use of phosphatidylcholine for correction of lower lid bulging due to prominent fat pads. Dermatol Surg 2001;27:391-2. PubMed
  6. Rotunda AM, Kolodney MS. Mesotherapy and phosphatidylcholine injections: historical clarification and review. Dermatol Surg 2006;32:465-80. PubMed
  7. Hexsel D, Serra M, Mazzuco R, et al. Phosphatidylcholine in the treatment of localized fat. J Drugs Dermatol 2003;2:511-8.
  8. Hasengschwandtner F. Phosphatidylcholine treatment to induce lipolysis. Cosmet Dermatol 2005;4:308-13. PubMed
  9. Rittes PG. The use of phosphatidylcholine for correction of localized fat deposits. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2003;27:315-8. PubMed
  10. Ablon G, Rotunda AM. Treatment of lower eyelid fat pads using phosphatidylcholine: clinical trial and review. Dermatol Surg 2004;30:422-7. PubMed
  11. Loguercio C, Andreone P, Brisc C, et al. Silybin combined with phosphatidylcholine and vitamin E in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial. Free Radic Biol Med 2012;52(9):1658-65. PubMed
  12. Panos, J. M., Palson, R., Johnson, R., Portmann, B., and Williams, R. Polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine for acute alcoholic hepatitis: a double blind randomized placebo controlled trial. Eur.J.Gastroenterol 1990;2:351-355.
  13. Stremmel W, Braun A, Hanemann A, Ehehalt R, Autschbach F, Karner M. Delayed release phosphatidylcholine in chronic-active ulcerative colitis: a randomized, double-blinded, dose finding study. J Clin Gastroenterol 2010;44(5):e101-7. PubMed
  14. Stremmel W, Ehehalt R, Autschbach F, Karner M. Phosphatidylcholine for steroid-refractory chronic ulcerative colitis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(9):603-10. PubMed
  15. Stremmel W, Vural H, Evliyaoglu O, Weiskirchen R. Delayed Release Phosphatidylcholine is Effective for Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis: A Meta-Analysis. Dig Dis 2021;39(5):508-515. PubMed

See these in context on the Phosphatidylcholine monograph →

Choline 14 references
  1. Yates AA, Schlicker SA, Suitor CW. Dietary reference intakes: The new basis for recommendations for calcium and related nutrients, B vitamins, and choline. J Am Diet Assoc 1998;98:699-706. PubMed
  2. Cho E, Willett WC, Colditz GA, et al. Dietary choline and betaine and the risk of distal colorectal adenoma in women. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007;99:1224-31. PubMed
  3. Schmidt, C., Abicht, A., Krampfl, K., Voss, W., Stucka, R., Mildner, G., Petrova, S., Schara, U., Mortier, W., Bufler, J., Huebner, A., and Lochmuller, H. Congenital myasthenic syndrome due to a novel missense mutation in the gene encoding choline acetyl
  4. Tamminga, C., Smith, R. C., Chang, S., Haraszti, J. S., and Davis, J. M. Depression associated with oral choline. Lancet 10-23-1976;2(7991):905. PubMed
  5. Wood, J. L. and Allison, R. G. Effects of consumption of choline and lecithin on neurological and cardiovascular systems. Fed.Proc. 1982;41(14):3015-3021.
  6. Growdon, J. H. and Gelenberg, A. J. Choline and lecithin administration to patients with tardive dyskinesia. Trans.Am.Neurol.Assoc. 1978;103:95-99.
  7. Smith, C. M., Swash, M., Exton-Smith, A. N., Phillips, M. J., Overstall, P. W., Piper, M. E., and Bailey, M. R. Choline therapy in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 8-5-1978;2(8084):318. PubMed
  8. Morrison, L. M. and W. F. Gonzales. Choline in coronary atherosclerosis. Amer.Heart J. 1950;39:729.
  9. Christie, J. G. Blackburn 1. M. Glen A. I. M. Zeisel S. Shering A. & Yates C. M. Effects of choline and lecithin on CSF choline levels and on cognitive functioning in patients with presenile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Nutrition and the brain 1979;5
  10. Sidhu N, Davies S, Nadarajah A, et al. Oral choline supplementation for postoperative pain. Br J Anaesth 2013;111(2):249-55. PubMed
  11. Wozniak JR, Fuglestad AJ, Eckerle JK, et al. Choline supplementation in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders has high feasibility and tolerability. Nutr Res. 2013;33(11):897-904. PubMed
  12. Wozniak JR, Fuglestad AJ, Eckerle JK, et al. Choline supplementation in children with fetal alcohol disorders: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102(5): 1113-25.
  13. Ross RG, Hunter SK, McCarthy L, et al. Perinatal choline effects on neonatal pathophysiology related to later schizophrenia risk. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170(3):290-8. PubMed
  14. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Choline. Dietary Reference Intakes: Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B-6, Vitamin B-12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press; 1998:390-422.

See these in context on the Choline monograph →

Lecithin 9 references
  1. Buchman AL, Dubin M, Jenden D, et al. Lecithin increases plasma free choline and decreases hepatic steatosis in long-term total parenteral nutrition patients. Gastroenterology 1992;102:1363-70.
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Docosahexaenoic Acid (dha) 49 references
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See these in context on the Docosahexaenoic Acid (dha) monograph →

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