Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Based on 3 of 4 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Sleep & Relax Herbal Syrup Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by GaiaKids

Sleep & Relax Herbal Syrup label
See full label image
Liquid Category: Botanical
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Sleep & Relax Herbal Syrup against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Sleep & Relax Herbal Syrup is a dietary supplement by GaiaKids with 4 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for anxiety and stress, trouble sleeping, restlessness.Based on those ingredients, 997 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Chamomile, Passionflower, Lemon Balm. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Sleep & Relax Herbal Syrup by GaiaKids

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Sleep & Relax Herbal Syrup by GaiaKids — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Sleep & Relax Herbal Syrup by GaiaKids

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Sep 10, 2026

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 3 of its 3 active ingredients.
  • No proprietary blends here — you can verify the dose of every single component.

Sleep & Relax Herbal Syrup contains 3 active herbal ingredients: passionflower, lemon balm, and chamomile — all traditional botanicals used to support relaxation and sleep. The product also includes inactive ingredients (organic sugarcane, water, xanthan gum, lemon, and orange flavors) that make up the liquid formulation.

Each of these herbs has a long history in herbal medicine for calming purposes, though the strength and purity can vary between products and batches.

Does it work?

Moderate evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Moderate

Some clinical evidence supports this product's ingredients for its stated purpose, but it isn't conclusive.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: promote calm and restful sleep in children.
  • We looked for evidence on: Insomnia, Anxiety, Stress, Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), Sleep disorder, Restlessness.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Lemon Balm is rated "Possibly Effective" for Stress (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Passion Flower is rated "Possibly Effective" for Pre-procedural anxiety, Insomnia.
  • Also on file: Lemon Balm is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Anxiety, Insomnia.

Passionflower is rated Possibly Effective for insomnia and pre-procedural anxiety (the worry before a medical procedure). For ADHD and help with benzodiazepine withdrawal, evidence is Insufficient.

Lemon balm is rated Possibly Effective for stress and possibly for mood support. Chamomile's effectiveness for the conditions tested (hay fever, loss of appetite, sexual function, and anxiety) has Insufficient Reliable Evidence in the data we hold — meaning research is limited or unclear on whether it works for these uses.

None of these ingredients have strong, definitive proof of benefit.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Passion Flower Lemon Balm German Chamomile

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 3 of the 3 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 3 of 3.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 3 of 3.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Passionflower and chamomile are generally well tolerated short-term but can cause drowsiness, dizziness, and confusion. Lemon balm is generally well tolerated for short-term use, though long-term safety isn't well studied.

All three can cause allergic reactions in sensitive people; chamomile poses particular risk if you're allergic to ragweed or related plants. Passionflower is rated Possibly Unsafe in pregnancy due to lack of safety data and possible effects on the uterus, and it should be avoided while breastfeeding.

Lemon balm and chamomile have insufficient safety data for pregnancy — talk with your doctor before use in pregnancy or while breastfeeding. Rare cases of serious side effects (severe nausea, vomiting, heart rhythm changes) have been reported with high doses of passionflower.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Passion Flower Lemon Balm German Chamomile

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 3 of the 3 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Lemon Balm, Passion Flower, German Chamomile.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs.
  • For scale: 998 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before taking this product, double-check the following medication types with your doctor or pharmacist: sedatives and anti-anxiety drugs (CNS depressants) — risk of extra drowsiness and reduced alertness; blood thinners like warfarin — risk of increased bleeding; thyroid hormone replacement therapy — lemon balm may reduce its effect; birth control pills and hormone replacement therapy — chamomile may lower their effectiveness; and any drugs your liver metabolizes through the CYP2D6, CYP2C9, or CYP3A4 pathways (many common medications) — chamomile may increase their blood levels.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This product may help some people relax or sleep, but it contains three ingredients with multiple drug interactions — most notably with blood thinners, sedatives, thyroid drugs, birth control, and many medications your liver processes. If you take any prescription or regular over-the-counter medications, check them against this product's interactions before starting, and talk it over with your doctor or pharmacist to make sure it's right for you.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 3 of 3 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated May 22, 2015.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Sleep & Relax Herbal Syrup, straight from the product label.

Brand GaiaKids
Barcode (UPC) 751063145732
Net contents 5.4 fl. Oz.; 160 mL
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD May 22, 2015
DSLD ID 45822
Product type Botanical
Supplement form Liquid
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Children (All), Organic, Infants/Baby (0 - 1 Year)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Sleep & Relax Herbal Syrup by GaiaKids, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
1 tsp
Maximum serving Sizes:
4 tsp
Servings per container
32
UPC/BARCODE
751063145732
IngredientAmount% DV
Calories20 {Calories}--
Total Carbohydrates5 Gram(s)2%
Sugar4 Gram(s)--
Passionflower48 mg--
Lemon Balm45 mg--
Chamomile7 mg--

Other ingredients: organic Sugarcane, Water, Xanthan Gum, Lemon, Orange natural flavors

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Brand IP Statement(s)

plant intelligence(R).

meetyourherbs(R)

GaiaKids(R) Sleep & Relax Herbal Syrup is produced in Tuscany, Italy by Aboca, the herbal supplement leader in more than 25,000 European pharmacies and health food stores since 1978.

meetyourherbs(R)

General Statements

ABOCA S.p.A, ITALY GAIA VALIDATED PARTNER Aboca cultivates 2000 acres of certified organic medicinal herbs at their farm & manufacturing facility in Tuscany and is a respected European leader in sourcing premium quality, non-regional plants from all over the world.

Track the life story of each herb in your bottle by entering its ID# at GaiaHerbs.com. PURITY: Trace the origin of each herb back to its source. INTEGRITY: See analytical results for this product. POTENCY: Validate each herb’s full phytochemical complex.

Sleep & Relax Herbal Syrup Restful sleep is essential for children to achieve emotional balance and optimal health.*

Taken before bed, this tasty herbal syrup helps promote a sense of calm while supporting a restful night’s sleep so children feel refreshed upon waking.*

A partnership of mutual beliefs

Gaia Herbs’ partnership with Aboca is born from a mutual belief in sustainable product development, dedication to quality, and a deep respect for science and nature working in harmony.

GREAT TASTING!

~ Support for occasional sleeplessness*

~ Kid taste tested and approved

SEE BACK OF BOX TO LEARN HOW

Manufactured for Gaia Herbs by Aboca S.p.A. – Italy. PRODUCT OF ITALY

Crystallization may occur but will not affect the quality of the product.

Enter ID # at GaiaHerbs.com

ETUSGABROSRX-C

Formula

GaiaKids(R) Sleep & Relax formula is a great tasting synergistic herbal blend that provides assurances parents need to support their growing child.

~ Provides calming support for children*

Seals/Symbols

Aboca

USDA ORGANIC

General

C535P4 [006] 780-0614

Formulation

alcohol-free formula

~ No artificial sweeteners, corn syrup, flavors, or colors

Certified Organic by Oregon Tilth

No gluten containing ingredients.

FDA Statement of Identity

DIETARY SUPPLEMENT

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested Use Age 6-12 months: 5 mls (1 teaspoon). Age 1-2 years: 10 mls (2 teaspoons). Age 2-3 years: 15 mls (3 teaspoons). Age 4-6 years: 20 mls (4 teaspoons). Take within one hour before bedtime. May be diluted in a small amount of water. Shake well before use.

Refrigerate after opening and use within 30 days.

Storage

Refrigerate after opening and use within 30 days.

Store away from children.

Precautions

If your child has a medical condition or takes medications, please consult with your doctor before use.

If your child has a medical condition or takes medications, please consult with your doctor before use.

Use only as directed on label. Do not use if safety seal is broken.

Store away from children.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Sleep & Relax Herbal Syrup by GaiaKids label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Sleep & Relax Herbal Syrup label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Sleep & Relax Herbal Syrup by GaiaKids

These are the 4 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size1 tsp Dosage formLiquid Servings per container32 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Sugar

4 Gram(s) per serving

Passionflower

Interacts with
836 drugs
48 mg per serving

Passion flower is a traditional calming herb that many people use for anxiety and sleep. Early studies hint it may help with mild anxiety and restless...

Passionflower monograph & interactions

Lemon Balm

Interacts with
264 drugs
45 mg per serving

Lemon balm is a gentle, lemon-scented mint-family herb traditionally used to ease stress, support sleep, and calm digestion, and topically for cold so...

Lemon Balm monograph & interactions

Chamomile

Interacts with
960 drugs
7 mg per serving

German chamomile is a widely used herbal remedy taken mainly as a tea for calming, sleep, and digestive complaints. Early research suggests possible b...

Chamomile monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: Organic Sugarcane, Water, Xanthan Gum, Lemon, Orange natural flavors. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Sleep & Relax Herbal Syrup by GaiaKids Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Sleep & Relax Herbal Syrup?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
997Drugs
938 Moderate 59 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Chamomile 960
Passionflower 836
Lemon Balm 264

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Sleep & Relax Herbal Syrup interact with 997 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

3 of the 4 ingredients in Sleep & Relax Herbal Syrup interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Chamomile Passionflower Lemon Balm

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Sleep & Relax Herbal Syrup with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Chamomile9 drug types · 960 drugs

Cns Depressants

Theoretically, German chamomile might have additive effects when used with CNS depressants.
German chamomile has mild sedative effects. Theoretically, concomitant use with drugs with sedative properties can cause additive effects and side effects.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Contraceptive Drugs

Theoretically, large amounts of German chamomile might reduce the effectiveness of oral contraceptives.
In vitro, German chamomile has demonstrated antiestrogenic activity. Theoretically, concomitant use of large amounts of German chamomile might interfere with contraceptive drugs through competition for estrogen receptors.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (Cyp2C9) Substrates

Theoretically, German chamomile might inhibit CYP2C9 and increase levels of drugs metabolized by these enzymes.
In vitro evidence shows that German chamomile might inhibit CYP2C9. So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans. However, there might be an increase in the levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C9 in patients taking German chamomile.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (Cyp2D6) Substrates

Theoretically, German chamomile might inhibit CYP2D6 and increase levels of drugs metabolized by these enzymes.
In vitro evidence shows that German chamomile might inhibit CYP2D6. So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans. However, there might be an increase in the levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2D6 in patients taking German chamomile.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, German chamomile might inhibit CYP3A4 and increase levels of drugs metabolized by these enzymes.
In vitro evidence shows that German chamomile might inhibit CYP3A4. So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans. However, there might be an increase in the levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4 in patients taking German chamomile.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Estrogens

Theoretically, large amounts of German chamomile might reduce the effectiveness of estrogens.
In vitro, German chamomile has demonstrated antiestrogenic activity. Theoretically, large amounts of German chamomile might interfere with hormone replacement therapy through competition for estrogen receptors.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Tamoxifen (Nolvadex)

Theoretically, large amounts of German chamomile might interfere with the activity of tamoxifen.
In vitro, German chamomile has demonstrated antiestrogenic activity.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Warfarin (Coumadin)

German chamomile might increase the effects of warfarin and increase the risk of bleeding.
In one case, a 70-year-old female taking warfarin developed retroperitoneal hematoma and bilateral recti muscle bleeding along with an INR of 7.9 following ingestion of German chamomile tea 4-5 cups daily and use of a topical chamomile-based lotion applied 4-5 times daily.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Theoretically, German chamomile might inhibit CYP1A2 and increase levels of drugs metabolized by these enzymes.
In vitro and animal research shows that German chamomile might inhibit CYP1A2. So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans. However, there might be an increase in the levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2 in patients taking German chamomile.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Chamomile full monograph & interactions

Passionflower3 drug types · 836 drugs

Cns Depressants

Concomitant use of passion flower with sedative drugs might cause additive effects and side effects.
Research in animals and humans shows that passion flower has sedative effects which can be additive when used with sedative medications like lorazepam.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, passion flower might decrease the effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
In vitro research suggests that passion flower can induce CYP3A4 enzymes, albeit to a much lower degree than rifampin, a known CYP3A4 inducer.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptide Substrates (Oatp)

Theoretically, passion flower might reduce the bioavailability of OATP2B1 and OATP1A2 substrates.
In vitro research shows that the passion flower constituents apigenin and vitexin inhibit OATP2B1 and OATP1A2. This inhibition may be dose-dependent. One specific high-flavonoid passion flower extract (Valverde) seems to inhibit OATP2B1 and OATP1A2, while another extract with a lower flavonoid concentration (Arkocaps) shows less potent inhibition. OATPs are responsible for the uptake of drugs and other compounds into the body; however, the specific activities of OATP2B1 and OATP1A2 are not well characterized.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Passionflower full monograph & interactions

Lemon Balm2 drug types · 264 drugs

Cns Depressants

Theoretically, concomitant use of lemon balm might have additive effects with CNS depressant drugs.
Lemon balm seems to have CNS depressant activity in animals and in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Thyroid Hormone

Theoretically, lemon balm might interfere with thyroid hormone replacement therapy.
In vitro, constituents of lemon balm extract bind to thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), preventing TSH receptor-binding and leading to the inhibition of TSH-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. In animals, lemon balm extract has been shown to decrease levels of circulating TSH and inhibit thyroid secretion.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Lemon Balm full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Sleep & Relax Herbal Syrup, from the product label.

GaiaKids

See all GaiaKids products
Name
Gaia Herbs, Inc.
Street Address
101 Gaia Herbs Dr.
City
Brevard
State
NC
ZipCode
28712
Web Address
www.gaiaherbs.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Sleep & Relax Herbal Syrup by GaiaKids: Common Questions

Does Sleep & Relax Herbal Syrup by GaiaKids interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Sleep & Relax Herbal Syrup has a known interaction with 997 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Sleep & Relax Herbal Syrup contains 4 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Can I take this while pregnant?
Passionflower is rated Possibly Unsafe during pregnancy due to lack of safety data and possible effects on the uterus. Lemon balm and chamomile don't have enough reliable data to say either way. Talk with your doctor before using any ingredient in this product during pregnancy — they can weigh the risks and benefits for your situation.
Can I take this while breastfeeding?
Passionflower should be avoided while breastfeeding due to insufficient safety information. Lemon balm and chamomile have limited safety data — use caution and check with your doctor or pharmacist before breastfeeding while taking this product.
What are the most common side effects?
Drowsiness, dizziness, and confusion can occur, especially with passionflower. Allergic reactions (itching, swelling, rash) are possible, particularly in people sensitive to ragweed. Chamomile applied topically may cause skin irritation. Rare cases of nausea, vomiting, and heart rhythm changes have been reported with high doses of passionflower.
Does this actually work for insomnia?
Passionflower is rated Possibly Effective for insomnia based on the data we hold — meaning some research supports it, but evidence isn't definitive. Lemon balm and chamomile don't have established evidence for sleep in our database. Results vary from person to person.
Is this safe for everyday use?
Long-term safety for lemon balm and chamomile is not well studied. Passionflower is generally well tolerated short-term. If you're considering ongoing use, talk with your doctor or pharmacist about what's appropriate for your situation.
Can I use this if I'm allergic to ragweed?
Chamomile is related to ragweed and can trigger allergic reactions in people sensitive to ragweed or related plants. If you have a ragweed allergy, check with your doctor or pharmacist before using this product.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if Sleep & Relax Herbal Syrup is safe with your meds?

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Sleep & Relax Herbal Syrup label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Sleep & Relax Herbal Syrup’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Passion Flower

Interacts with 836 drugs

Passion flower is a traditional calming herb that many people use for anxiety and sleep. Early studies hint it may help with mild anxiety and restlessness, but the evidence is limited and mo...

Read the full Passion Flower monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Lemon Balm

Interacts with 264 drugs

Lemon balm is a gentle, lemon-scented mint-family herb traditionally used to ease stress, support sleep, and calm digestion, and topically for cold sores. Early studies are promising but gen...

Read the full Lemon Balm monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

German Chamomile

Interacts with 960 drugs

German chamomile is a widely used herbal remedy taken mainly as a tea for calming, sleep, and digestive complaints. Early research suggests possible benefits for mild anxiety and some skin o...

Read the full German Chamomile monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Sleep & Relax Herbal Syrup's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 46 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Passion Flower 19 references
  1. Newall CA, Anderson LA, Philpson JD. Herbal Medicine: A Guide for Healthcare Professionals. London, UK: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1996.
  2. The Review of Natural Products by Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis, MO: Wolters Kluwer Co., 1999.
  3. Fisher AA, Purcell P, Le Couteur DG. Toxicity of Passiflora incarnata L. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2000;38:63-6.
  4. Akhondzadeh S, Naghavi HR, Shayeganpour A, et al. Passionflower in the treatment of generalized anxiety: a pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial with oxazepam. J Clin Pharm Ther 2001;26:363-7. PubMed
  5. Farnsworth N, Bingel A, Cordell G, et al. Potential value of plants as sources of new antifertility agents I. J Pharm Sci 1975;64:535-98. DOI
  6. Mori A, Hasegawa K, Murasaki M, et al. Clinical evaluation of Passiflamin (passiflora extract) on neurosis - multicenter double blind study in comparison with mexazolam. Rinsho Hyoka (Clinical Evaluation) 1993;21:383-440.
  7. Miyasaka LS, Atallah AN, Soares BG. Passiflora for anxiety disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(1):CD004518. DOI
  8. Speroni E., Minghetti A. Neuropharmacological activity of extracts from Passiflora incarnata. Planta Med. 1988;54:488-91.
  9. Capasso A., Sorrentino L. Pharmacological studies on the sedative and hypnotic effect of Kava kava and Passiflora extracts combination. Phytomedicine. 2005;12:39-45. PubMed
  10. Carrasco MC, Vallejo JR, Pardo-de-Santayana M, et al. Interactions of Valeriana officinalis L. and Passiflora incarnata L. in a patient treated with lorazepam. Phytother Res. 2009 Dec;23:1795-6.
  11. Smith, G. W., Chalmers, T. M., and Nuki, G. Vasculitis associated with herbal preparation containing Passiflora extract. Br J Rheumatol. 1993;32(1):87-88.
  12. Soulimani, R., Younos, C., Jarmouni, S., Bousta, D., Misslin, R., and Mortier, F. Behavioural effects of Passiflora incarnata L. and its indole alkaloid and flavonoid derivatives and maltol in the mouse. J Ethnopharmacol. 1997;57(1):11-20. PubMed
  13. Nojoumi M, Ghaeli P, Salimi S, Sharifi A, Raisi F. Effects of Passion Flower Extract, as an Add-On Treatment to Sertraline, on Reaction Time in Patients ?with Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study. Iran J Psychiatry. 2016;1
  14. Rokhtabnak F, Ghodraty MR, Kholdebarin A, et al. Comparing the Effect of Preoperative Administration of Melatonin and Passiflora incarnata on Postoperative Cognitive Disorders in Adult Patients Undergoing Elective Surgery. Anesth Pain Med. 2016;7(1):e4123 PubMed
  15. Dantas LP, de Oliveira-Ribeiro A, de Almeida-Souza LM, Groppo FC. Effects of passiflora incarnata and midazolam for control of anxiety in patients undergoing dental extraction. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2017;22(1):e95-e101. PubMed
  16. Ozturk Z, Kalayci CC. Pregnancy outcomes in psychiatric patients treated with passiflora incarnata. Complement Ther Med. 2018 Feb;36:30-32. PubMed
  17. da Cunha RS, Amorim KS, Gercina AC, et al. Herbal medicines as anxiolytics prior to third molar surgical extraction. A randomized controlled clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig. 2020. PubMed
  18. Schäfer AM, Gilgen PM, Spirgi C, et al. Constituents of Passiflora incarnata, but Not of Valeriana officinalis, Interact with the Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides (OATP)2B1 and OATP1A2. Planta Med. 2021. PubMed
  19. Mazzari ALDA, Lacerda MG, Milton FA, et al. In vitro effects of European and Latin-American medicinal plants in CYP3A4 gene expression, glutathione levels, and P-glycoprotein activity. Front Pharmacol 2022;13:826395. PubMed

See these in context on the Passion Flower monograph →

Lemon Balm 12 references
  1. Wolbling RH, Leonhardt K. Local therapy of herpes simplex with dried extract from Melissa officinalis. Phytomedicine 1994;1:25-31.
  2. Akhondzadeh S, Noroozian M, Mohammadi M, et al. Melissa officinalis extract in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a double blind, randomised, placebo controlled trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003;74:863-6. PubMed
  3. Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Tildesley NT, et al. Modulation of mood and cognitive performance following acute administration of Melissa officinalis (lemon balm). Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2002;72:953-64. PubMed
  4. Albrecht M, Berger W, Laux P, Schmidt U, et al. Psychopharmaka und Verkehrssicherheit. Der Einfluß von Euvegal® - Dragees forte auf die Fahrtüchtigkeit und Kombinationswirkungen mit Alkohol Z Allg Med 1995;71:1215-25.
  5. Herberg, KW. Nebenwirkungen pflanzlicher Beruhigungsmittel/ Leistung und Befinden nach Einnahme einer Baldrian-Hopfen-Kombination. Z.Allg Med 1996;72:234-240.
  6. Soulimani R, Fleurentin J, Mortier F, et al. Neurotropic action of the hydroalcoholic extract of Melissa officinalis in the mouse. Planta Med. 1991 Apr;57:105-9.
  7. Sourgens H, Winterhoff H, Gumbinger HG, et al. Antihormonal effects of plant extracts. TSH- and prolactin-suppressing properties of Lithospermum officinale and other plants. Planta Med. 1982 Jun;45:78-86. DOI
  8. Auf'mkolk M, Ingbar JC, Amir SM, et al. Inhibition by certain plant extracts of the binding and adenylate cyclase stimulatory effect of bovine thyrotropin in human thyroid membranes. Endocrinology. 1984 Aug;115:527-34. PubMed
  9. Santini F, Vitti P, Ceccarini G, et al. In vitro assay of thyroid disruptors affecting TSH-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. J Endocrinol Invest. 2003 Oct;26:950-5. PubMed
  10. Alijaniha F, et al. Heart palpitation relief with Melissa officinalis leaf extract: double blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial of efficacy and safety. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;164:378-384. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.007. Epub 2015 Feb 11. PubMed
  11. Araj-Khodaei M, Noorbala AA, Yarani R, et al. A double-blind, randomized pilot study for comparison of Melissa officinalis L. and Lavandula angustifolia Mill. with Fluoxetine for the treatment of depression. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2020;20(1):207. PubMed
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German Chamomile 15 references
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  2. Budzinski JW, Foster BC, Vandenhoek S, Arnason JT. An in vitro evaluation of human cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition by selected commercial herbal extracts and tinctures. Phytomedicine 2000;7:273-82. PubMed
  3. Viola H, Wasowski C, Levi de Stein M, et al. Apigenin, a component of Matricaria recutita flowers, is a central benzodiazepine receptors-ligand with anxiolytic effects. Planta Med 1995;61:213-6.
  4. van Ketel WG. Allergy to Matricaria chamomilla. Contact Dermatitis 1982;8:143. PubMed
  5. van Ketel WG. Allergy to Matricaria chamomilla. Contact Dermatitis 1987;16:50-1. PubMed
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  14. Braga FT, Santos AC, Bueno PC, et al. Use of Chamomilla recutita in the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a randomized, controlled, phase II clinical trial. Cancer Nurs 2015;38(4):32 PubMed
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DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

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