Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Based on 4 of 6 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Ultimate PC+ Phosphatidyl Choline Liver & Brain Granules Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by ProCaps Laboratories

Ultimate PC+ Phosphatidyl Choline Liver & Brain Granules label
See full label image
Powder Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Ultimate PC+ Phosphatidyl Choline Liver & Brain Granules against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Ultimate PC+ Phosphatidyl Choline Liver & Brain Granules is a dietary supplement by ProCaps Laboratories with 6 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for liver health and fatty liver, brain and memory support, prenatal nutrition and fetal development.Based on those ingredients, 219 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are 1% as Phosphatidyl Serine, Choline. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Ultimate PC+ Phosphatidyl Choline Liver & Brain Granules by ProCaps Laboratories

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Ultimate PC+ Phosphatidyl Choline Liver & Brain Granules by ProCaps Laboratories — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Ultimate PC+ Phosphatidyl Choline Liver & Brain Granules by ProCaps Laboratories

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 11, 2026

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 6 of its 6 active ingredients.
  • No proprietary blends here — you can verify the dose of every single component.

This product contains 6 active ingredients — choline and four phospholipids (fats that support cell membranes): phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl inositol, and phosphatidyl serine — plus soy lecithin granules. The phospholipids and choline are thought to support liver and brain function, though the strength of evidence varies by ingredient.

The product also contains silicon dioxide as an inactive ingredient.

Does it work?

Moderate evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Moderate

Some clinical evidence supports this product's ingredients for its stated purpose, but it isn't conclusive.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: Liver and brain health support.
  • We looked for evidence on: Memory, Age-related cognitive decline, Cognitive function, Dementia, Alzheimer disease, Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) — and 4 related terms.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Phosphatidylserine is rated "Possibly Effective" for Age-related cognitive decline (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Phosphatidylserine is rated "Possibly Effective" for Alzheimer disease.
  • Also on file: Lecithin is rated "Likely Ineffective" for Alzheimer disease.

The evidence picture is mixed. Phosphatidyl serine shows possibly effective evidence for age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer disease.

Phosphatidyl choline is possibly effective for ulcerative colitis. For most other uses listed — including athletic performance, bronchitis, Alzheimer disease, and anxiety — the evidence is either insufficient or, in the case of soy lecithin for Alzheimer disease, likely ineffective.

The evidence for the other ingredients we hold data for doesn't support their use for most conditions, and we have no effectiveness information on file for phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl inositol.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Choline Phosphatidylcholine Phosphatidylserine Lecithin

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 4 of the 4 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 4 of 4.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 4 of 4.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Choline and phosphatidyl choline are generally well tolerated at normal doses, though high intakes (above 3.5 grams daily for choline, 30 grams daily for phosphatidyl choline) can cause digestive upset, nausea, diarrhea, and a fishy body odor. Phosphatidyl serine is generally well tolerated too, though it may cause flatulence, gastrointestinal upset, headache, insomnia, and nausea — insomnia is more likely at higher doses.

Soy lecithin can cause abdominal pain, diarrhea, fullness, and nausea, and may trigger allergic skin reactions in people with egg or soy allergies. For pregnancy, choline and soy lecithin are rated Likely Safe, but phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl serine have insufficient or no safety data in pregnancy — talk with your doctor.

Phosphatidyl serine should be avoided in pregnancy and while breastfeeding due to lack of safety information. For breastfeeding, choline needs are higher and supplements should be used only under professional guidance; phosphatidyl choline lacks reliable data, and phosphatidyl serine should be avoided.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Choline Phosphatidylcholine Phosphatidylserine Lecithin

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 2 of the 4 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Choline, Phosphatidylserine.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • For scale: 219 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Check your medications against this product if you take anticholinergic drugs (like atropine, or medications for overactive bladder or muscle spasms) — phosphatidylserine and choline may reduce their effects. Also check if you're on cholinergic drugs, which could have additive effects with phosphatidylserine.

No other medication types are documented to interact with the ingredients we could check.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

If you don't take anticholinergic or cholinergic medications, this product is likely not a major concern from an interaction standpoint. If you do take those drugs, check your specific medications with the tool on this page first.

The strongest evidence here is for phosphatidyl serine in cognitive decline and phosphatidyl choline in ulcerative colitis, but most uses are not well established. Talk with your pharmacist before starting if you're pregnant, breastfeeding, or on prescription medications.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 4 of 6 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Feb 26, 2014.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Ultimate PC+ Phosphatidyl Choline Liver & Brain Granules, straight from the product label.

Brand ProCaps Laboratories
Net contents 16 oz.; 1 lb; 450 Gram(s); 180 Serving(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Feb 26, 2014
DSLD ID 30441
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Powder
Dietary claims / uses Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Ultimate PC+ Phosphatidyl Choline Liver & Brain Granules by ProCaps Laboratories, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
1 tsp
Maximum serving Sizes:
1 tsp
Servings per container
180
IngredientAmount% DV
Calories20 {Calories}--
Calories from Fat15 {Calories}--
Trans Fat0 Gram(s)--
Total Fat1.5 Gram(s)2%
Choline135 mg--
40% as Phosphatidyl Choline1000 mg--
16% as Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine400 mg--
11% as Phosphatidyl Inositol275 mg--
1% as Phosphatidyl Serine25 mg--
Soy Lecithin Granules2.5 Gram(s)--

Other ingredients: Silicon Dioxide

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
FDA Disclaimer Statement

This statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

SUGGESTED USE Consume one or more teaspoon(s) daily or as recommended by a health care professional. You can enjoy the taste of ULTIMATE PC+ GRANULES consumed directly from the container or you can sprinkle them on just about any food such as fruit, toast and cereal (hot or cold); or blend them with yogurt, smoothies, pureed fruit and more.

Brand IP Statement(s)

This product is most effective when used in conjunction with a high potency, comprehensive multi-vitamin-mineral supplement such as one of Andrew Lessman’s Life Rx(TM) formulas.

(C)2009 PROCAPS LABS

General Statements

For answers to questions about the use of this product call 800.800.1200. This package contains the full weight indicated on the label. Settling of contents can occur after production.

UNSURPASSED. Purity. Quality. Integrity. Effectiveness. Andrew Lessman Founder of ProCaps Labs

Andrew Lessman’s Ultimate PC+ Liver and Brain Granules provides a unique ultra-concentrated source of four essential phospholipids with exceptionally high levels of Phosphatidyl Choline (PC), which is the most abundant and important phospholipid in the body – particularly in the liver and brain. Phospholipids are vital to the structure of all cell membranes, and Phosphatidyl Choline is an essential building block of both liver and brain cells. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration now recognizes Choline as essential because its content in our diet is inadequate and Choline plays such a vital role in so many processes throughout the body, including the liver, nervous and cardiovascular systems, as well as the integrity of all cell membranes, the metabolism of fat and the growth of healthy hair. PC is a necessary raw material for the production of two vital components of the nervous system, acetylcholine, which is the primary neurotransmitter that allows all our nerve cells to communicate, as well as sphingomyelin, which forms the sheath that protects nerve cells. Both are absolutely essential for the normal, healthy functioning of the nervous system and brain – particularly as we age.

PC and PS are the most concentrated and critical phospholipids in the brain and both have been observed to help with the mild memory problems associated with the normal aging process. PS also supports our body’s healthy response to stress while supporting mental clarity, memory and cognitive function. The liver is perhaps the hardest working organ in our body and is comprised of more than 355,000 square feet of membrane surface area. PC makes up almost two-thirds of the more than 8 acres (about 8 football fields) of that hard-working membrane surface area within the liver. PC is essential to the liver’s vital role of cleansing the body’s internal environment and processing waste products, including virtually all medicines and alcohol. It is also required for the transport and metabolism of fat, protein and cholesterol within the body. PC is absolutely unique in its predominance in both the brain and liver, as well as the critical role it plays in the healthy function of these two vital organs. Given our concerns about fat and cholesterol metabolism, along with our society’s increasing consumption of medicines and alcohol, PC and PS just make sense and our new Ultimate PC+ is our most concentrated, comprehensive and economical way of delivering these essential nutrients.

Seals/Symbols

All-Solar MANUFACTURING

General

602059 05.01.09 PC

Formula

ULTRA HIGH POTENCY PHOSPHOLIPIDS 1,000 mg PC 400 mg PE 275 mg PI 25 mg PS

In addition to providing extremely high levels of Phosphatidyl Choline (1,000 mg per tsp), our special PC+ Granules also provide almost 700 mg of Phosphatidyl Inositol (PI) and Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine (PE), as well as 25 mg of all-important Phosphatidyl Serine (PS).

FDA Statement of Identity

DIETARY SUPPLEMENT

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Ultimate PC+ Phosphatidyl Choline Liver & Brain Granules by ProCaps Laboratories label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Ultimate PC+ Phosphatidyl Choline Liver & Brain Granules label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Ultimate PC+ Phosphatidyl Choline Liver & Brain Granules by ProCaps Laboratories

These are the 6 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size1 tsp Dosage formPowder Servings per container180 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Choline

Interacts with
16 drugs
135 mg per serving

Choline is an essential nutrient your body needs for liver function, brain health, and nerve signaling, and many people get enough from foods like egg...

Choline monograph & interactions

40% as Phosphatidyl Choline

No known
interactions
1000 mg per serving

Phosphatidylcholine is a phospholipid that is part of every cell membrane and a source of choline. People take it for liver, brain, and gut health, bu...

40% as Phosphatidyl Choline monograph & interactions

16% as Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine

400 mg per serving

11% as Phosphatidyl Inositol

275 mg per serving

1% as Phosphatidyl Serine

Interacts with
219 drugs
25 mg per serving

Phosphatidylserine is a natural fat-like compound found in cell membranes, especially in the brain, and it is sold mainly to support memory and thinki...

1% as Phosphatidyl Serine monograph & interactions

Soy Lecithin Granules

No known
interactions
2.5 Gram(s) per serving

Lecithin is a natural fatty substance found in foods and made by the body that is widely used as a supplement and food emulsifier. Evidence supporting...

Soy Lecithin Granules monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: Silicon Dioxide. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Ultimate PC+ Phosphatidyl Choline Liver & Brain Granules by ProCaps Laboratories Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Ultimate PC+ Phosphatidyl Choline Liver & Brain Granules?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
219Drugs
219 Moderate

Ingredients driving the most interactions

1% as Phosphatidyl Serine 219
Choline 16

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Ultimate PC+ Phosphatidyl Choline Liver & Brain Granules interact with 219 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

2 of the 6 ingredients in Ultimate PC+ Phosphatidyl Choline Liver & Brain Granules interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. 1% as Phosphatidyl Serine Choline

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Ultimate PC+ Phosphatidyl Choline Liver & Brain Granules with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

1% as Phosphatidyl Serine2 drug types · 219 drugs

Anticholinergic Drugs

Theoretically, phosphatidylserine might decrease the effectiveness anticholinergic drugs.
Phosphatidylserine is thought to increase acetylcholine levels, which could theoretically interfere with the activity of anticholinergic agents.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Cholinergic Drugs

Theoretically, phosphatidylserine might have additive effects with cholinergic drugs.
Phosphatidylserine is thought to increase acetylcholine levels, which could theoretically lead to additive cholinergic effects when used with cholinergic drugs.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
1% as Phosphatidyl Serine full monograph & interactions

Choline1 drug type · 16 drugs

Atropine

Theoretically, choline might decrease the effects of atropine in the brain.
Animal research shows that administering choline one hour before administering atropine can attenuate atropine-induced decreases in brain levels of acetylcholine. Theoretically, concomitant use of choline and atropine may decrease the effects of atropine.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Choline full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Ultimate PC+ Phosphatidyl Choline Liver & Brain Granules, from the product label.

ProCaps Laboratories

See all ProCaps Laboratories products
Name
ProCaps Laboratories
Street Address
430 Parkson Road
City
Henderson
State
NV
ZipCode
89011
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Ultimate PC+ Phosphatidyl Choline Liver & Brain Granules by ProCaps Laboratories: Common Questions

Does Ultimate PC+ Phosphatidyl Choline Liver & Brain Granules by ProCaps Laboratories interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Ultimate PC+ Phosphatidyl Choline Liver & Brain Granules has a known interaction with 219 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Ultimate PC+ Phosphatidyl Choline Liver & Brain Granules contains 6 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Does this product contain any soy or egg?
Yes — it contains soy lecithin granules. If you have a soy or egg allergy, lecithin can trigger allergic skin reactions, so you should avoid this product or talk to your doctor first.
Is it safe to take while pregnant?
Choline and soy lecithin are rated Likely Safe in pregnancy, and choline is actually important during pregnancy — but use only prenatal or supplement doses as your doctor advises. Phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl serine don't have enough safety data, so talk with your doctor before using this product while pregnant.
Can this help with memory or Alzheimer disease?
Phosphatidyl serine shows possibly effective evidence for age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer disease, which is the strongest claim in this product. The other ingredients don't have reliable evidence for those uses, and soy lecithin is actually rated likely ineffective for Alzheimer disease.
What side effects should I expect?
At normal doses, side effects are usually mild — digestive upset like bloating, nausea, or diarrhea. High doses of choline (over 3.5 grams daily) can cause a fishy body odor, and phosphatidyl serine at higher doses may cause insomnia. Stop and call your pharmacist if you develop severe nausea, vomiting, or persistent diarrhea.
Is this safe while breastfeeding?
Choline needs are actually higher while breastfeeding, but supplements should only be used under your healthcare provider's guidance. Phosphatidyl choline lacks reliable safety data for breastfeeding, and phosphatidyl serine should be avoided. Talk with your doctor or lactation specialist first.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if Ultimate PC+ Phosphatidyl Choline Liver & Brain Granules is safe with your meds?

Our pharmacists answer your medication & supplement questions — free.

Ask a pharmacist

Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Ultimate PC+ Phosphatidyl Choline Liver & Brain Granules label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Ultimate PC+ Phosphatidyl Choline Liver & Brain Granules’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Choline

Interacts with 16 drugs

Choline is an essential nutrient your body needs for liver function, brain health, and nerve signaling, and many people get enough from foods like eggs, meat, and fish. Supplements may help...

Read the full Choline monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Phosphatidylcholine

Phosphatidylcholine is a phospholipid that is part of every cell membrane and a source of choline. People take it for liver, brain, and gut health, but solid human evidence is limited for mo...

Read the full Phosphatidylcholine monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Phosphatidylserine

Interacts with 219 drugs

Phosphatidylserine is a natural fat-like compound found in cell membranes, especially in the brain, and it is sold mainly to support memory and thinking. Some research suggests possible bene...

Read the full Phosphatidylserine monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Lecithin

Lecithin is a natural fatty substance found in foods and made by the body that is widely used as a supplement and food emulsifier. Evidence supporting most of its health claims is limited, t...

Read the full Lecithin monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Ultimate PC+ Phosphatidyl Choline Liver & Brain Granules's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 47 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Choline 14 references
  1. Yates AA, Schlicker SA, Suitor CW. Dietary reference intakes: The new basis for recommendations for calcium and related nutrients, B vitamins, and choline. J Am Diet Assoc 1998;98:699-706. PubMed
  2. Cho E, Willett WC, Colditz GA, et al. Dietary choline and betaine and the risk of distal colorectal adenoma in women. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007;99:1224-31. PubMed
  3. Schmidt, C., Abicht, A., Krampfl, K., Voss, W., Stucka, R., Mildner, G., Petrova, S., Schara, U., Mortier, W., Bufler, J., Huebner, A., and Lochmuller, H. Congenital myasthenic syndrome due to a novel missense mutation in the gene encoding choline acetyl
  4. Tamminga, C., Smith, R. C., Chang, S., Haraszti, J. S., and Davis, J. M. Depression associated with oral choline. Lancet 10-23-1976;2(7991):905. PubMed
  5. Wood, J. L. and Allison, R. G. Effects of consumption of choline and lecithin on neurological and cardiovascular systems. Fed.Proc. 1982;41(14):3015-3021.
  6. Growdon, J. H. and Gelenberg, A. J. Choline and lecithin administration to patients with tardive dyskinesia. Trans.Am.Neurol.Assoc. 1978;103:95-99.
  7. Smith, C. M., Swash, M., Exton-Smith, A. N., Phillips, M. J., Overstall, P. W., Piper, M. E., and Bailey, M. R. Choline therapy in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 8-5-1978;2(8084):318. PubMed
  8. Morrison, L. M. and W. F. Gonzales. Choline in coronary atherosclerosis. Amer.Heart J. 1950;39:729.
  9. Christie, J. G. Blackburn 1. M. Glen A. I. M. Zeisel S. Shering A. & Yates C. M. Effects of choline and lecithin on CSF choline levels and on cognitive functioning in patients with presenile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Nutrition and the brain 1979;5
  10. Sidhu N, Davies S, Nadarajah A, et al. Oral choline supplementation for postoperative pain. Br J Anaesth 2013;111(2):249-55. PubMed
  11. Wozniak JR, Fuglestad AJ, Eckerle JK, et al. Choline supplementation in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders has high feasibility and tolerability. Nutr Res. 2013;33(11):897-904. PubMed
  12. Wozniak JR, Fuglestad AJ, Eckerle JK, et al. Choline supplementation in children with fetal alcohol disorders: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102(5): 1113-25.
  13. Ross RG, Hunter SK, McCarthy L, et al. Perinatal choline effects on neonatal pathophysiology related to later schizophrenia risk. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170(3):290-8. PubMed
  14. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Choline. Dietary Reference Intakes: Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B-6, Vitamin B-12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press; 1998:390-422.

See these in context on the Choline monograph →

Phosphatidylcholine 15 references
  1. Domino EF, May WW, Demetriou S, et al. Lack of clinically significant improvement of patients with tardive dyskinesia following phosphatidylcholine therapy. Biol Psychiatry 1985;20:1189-96. PubMed
  2. Aronson PJ, Lorincz AL. Promotion of palmar sweating with oral phosphatidylcholine. Acta Derm Venereol 1985;65:19-24. DOI
  3. Hexsel DM, Serra M, de Oliveira Dal'Forno T, et al. Cosmetic uses of injectable phosphatidylcholine on the face. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2005;38:1119-29. PubMed
  4. Kopera D, Binder B, Toplak H, et al. Histopathologic changes after intralesional application of phosphatidylcholine for lipoma reduction: report of a case. Am J Dermatopathol 2006;28:331-3. PubMed
  5. Rittes PG. The use of phosphatidylcholine for correction of lower lid bulging due to prominent fat pads. Dermatol Surg 2001;27:391-2. PubMed
  6. Rotunda AM, Kolodney MS. Mesotherapy and phosphatidylcholine injections: historical clarification and review. Dermatol Surg 2006;32:465-80. PubMed
  7. Hexsel D, Serra M, Mazzuco R, et al. Phosphatidylcholine in the treatment of localized fat. J Drugs Dermatol 2003;2:511-8.
  8. Hasengschwandtner F. Phosphatidylcholine treatment to induce lipolysis. Cosmet Dermatol 2005;4:308-13. PubMed
  9. Rittes PG. The use of phosphatidylcholine for correction of localized fat deposits. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2003;27:315-8. PubMed
  10. Ablon G, Rotunda AM. Treatment of lower eyelid fat pads using phosphatidylcholine: clinical trial and review. Dermatol Surg 2004;30:422-7. PubMed
  11. Loguercio C, Andreone P, Brisc C, et al. Silybin combined with phosphatidylcholine and vitamin E in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial. Free Radic Biol Med 2012;52(9):1658-65. PubMed
  12. Panos, J. M., Palson, R., Johnson, R., Portmann, B., and Williams, R. Polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine for acute alcoholic hepatitis: a double blind randomized placebo controlled trial. Eur.J.Gastroenterol 1990;2:351-355.
  13. Stremmel W, Braun A, Hanemann A, Ehehalt R, Autschbach F, Karner M. Delayed release phosphatidylcholine in chronic-active ulcerative colitis: a randomized, double-blinded, dose finding study. J Clin Gastroenterol 2010;44(5):e101-7. PubMed
  14. Stremmel W, Ehehalt R, Autschbach F, Karner M. Phosphatidylcholine for steroid-refractory chronic ulcerative colitis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(9):603-10. PubMed
  15. Stremmel W, Vural H, Evliyaoglu O, Weiskirchen R. Delayed Release Phosphatidylcholine is Effective for Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis: A Meta-Analysis. Dig Dis 2021;39(5):508-515. PubMed

See these in context on the Phosphatidylcholine monograph →

Phosphatidylserine 9 references
  1. Crook T, Petrie W, Wells C, Massari DC. Effects of phosphatidylserine in Alzheimer's disease. Psychopharmacol Bull 1992;28:61-6.
  2. Pepping J. Phosphatidylserine. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 1999;56:2038,2043-4.
  3. Kidd PM. Phosphatidylserine; Membrane nutrient for memory. A clinical and mechanistic assessment. Altern Med Rev 1996;1:70-84.
  4. Kim HY, Akbar M, Lau A, et al. Inhibition of neuronal apoptosis by docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3). Role of phosphatidylserine in antiapoptotic effect. J Biol Chem 2000;275:35215-23.. PubMed
  5. Zanotti A, Valzelli L, Toffano G. Chronic phosphatidylserine treatment improves spatial memory and passive avoidance in aged rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1989;99:316-21.. PubMed
  6. Schreiber S, Kampf-Sherf O, Gorfine M, et al. An open trial of plant-source derived phosphatydilserine for treatment of age-related cognitive decline. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 2000;37:302-7.
  7. Pepping, J. Phosphatidylserine. Am J Health Syst.Pharm. 10-15-1999;56(20):2038, 2043-2038, 2044.
  8. Monteverde, A., Gnemmi, P., Rossi, F., Monteverde, A., and Finali, G. C. Selegiline in the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer-type dementia. Clin.Ther 1990;12(4):315-322.
  9. Vakhapova V, Cohen T, Richter Y, Herzog Y, Kam Y, Korczyn AD. Phosphatidylserine containing omega-3 Fatty acids may improve memory abilities in nondemented elderly individuals with memory complaints: results from an open-label extension study. Dement Geri PubMed

See these in context on the Phosphatidylserine monograph →

Lecithin 9 references
  1. Buchman AL, Dubin M, Jenden D, et al. Lecithin increases plasma free choline and decreases hepatic steatosis in long-term total parenteral nutrition patients. Gastroenterology 1992;102:1363-70.
  2. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (2000). Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000. Available at: http://b
  3. Chatellier G, Lacomblez L. Tacrine (tetrahydroaminoacridine; THA) and lecithin in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type: a multicentre trial. Groupe Francais d'Etude de la Tetrahydroaminoacridine. BMJ 1990;300:495-9.
  4. Gelenberg AJ, Dorer DJ, Wojcik JD, et al. A crossover study of lecithin treatment of tardive dyskinesia. J Clin Psychiatry 1990;51:149-53.
  5. Little A, Levy R, Chuaqui-Kidd P, Hand D. A double-blind, placebo controlled trial of high-dose lecithin in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985;48:736-42. PubMed
  6. Palm M, Moneret-Vautrin DA, Kanny G, et al. Food allergy to egg and soy lecithins. Allergy 1999;54:1116-7. PubMed
  7. Drachman DA, Glosser G, Fleming P, et al. Memory decline in the aged: treatment with lecithin and physostigmine. Neurology 1982;32:944-50. PubMed
  8. Gelenberg, A. J., Doller-Wojcik, J. C., and Growdon, J. H. Choline and lecithin in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia: preliminary results from a pilot study. Am J Psychiatry 1979;136(6):772-776. PubMed
  9. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21, Chapter 1, Subchapter B, Part 184: Direct food substances affirmed as Generally Recognized as Safe. Subpart B - listing of specific substances affirmed as GRAS. Sec. 184.1400 Lecithin. Available at: https:

See these in context on the Lecithin monograph →

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DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

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