Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Based on 2 of 7 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

AFP Chewable Multiple Protease Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Houston Nutraceuticals

AFP Chewable Multiple Protease label
See full label image
Tablet Or Pill Category: Non-nutrient/non-botanical
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking AFP Chewable Multiple Protease against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

AFP Chewable Multiple Protease is a dietary supplement by Houston Nutraceuticals with 7 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for replacing fluids and electrolytes, preventing dehydration during exercise or illness, treating low blood sodium (under medical care).Based on those ingredients, 205 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Sodium. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against AFP Chewable Multiple Protease by Houston Nutraceuticals

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with AFP Chewable Multiple Protease by Houston Nutraceuticals — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of AFP Chewable Multiple Protease by Houston Nutraceuticals

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 11, 2026

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 4 of its 4 active ingredients.
  • No proprietary blends here — you can verify the dose of every single component.

AFP Chewable Multiple Protease contains 4 active ingredients: sodium, peptidase, protease 4.5, and protease 6. The proteases are digestive enzymes meant to break down proteins.

We hold no interaction data for peptidase, so we can't fully account for what it does or how it might affect your medications. The tablet also contains several inactive ingredients — fructose, xylitol, natural mixed berry flavor, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, citric acid, silicon dioxide, and sodium chloride — which are fillers, binders, flavoring, and texture agents.

Does it work?

Strong evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Strong

Clinical evidence supports at least one of this product's ingredients for its stated purpose.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: High-potency enzyme combination for food protein digestion.
  • We looked for evidence on: Cystic fibrosis, Protein malabsorption, Pancreatic insufficiency, Digestive enzyme deficiency.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Sodium is rated "Likely Effective" for Cystic fibrosis (Natural Medicines).

Sodium is likely effective for cystic fibrosis and possibly effective for reducing kidney damage from amphotericin B (an antifungal drug). Evidence is insufficient to know whether it helps bipolar disorder or congestive heart failure.

We hold no effectiveness ratings for peptidase, protease 4.5, or protease 6 in our data, so we can't tell you what the evidence shows about whether these ingredients work for their intended purpose.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Sodium Proteolytic Enzymes (proteases)

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 2 of the 2 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 2 of 2.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 2 of 2.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Sodium is well tolerated at normal dietary amounts but becomes a concern in large doses. Too much sodium is linked to high blood pressure, heart strain, and kidney problems.

The safety notes advise against sodium supplements or very high intake without medical guidance — normal dietary sodium is fine. Serious side effects from excess sodium are rare but can include worsening heart disease, high blood pressure, and kidney damage.

Protease 4.5 and Protease 6 are generally well tolerated in adults and may cause mild digestive upset or allergic reactions in some people. Rarely, occupational exposure to airborne protease has triggered allergic rhinitis or asthma.

Safety hasn't been established in pregnancy — these ingredients are best avoided unless prescribed. Breastfeeding safety data is sparse, so medical advice is recommended before use.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Sodium Proteolytic Enzymes (proteases)

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 1 of the 2 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Sodium.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: lithium.
  • For scale: 205 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before you start this, double-check with your pharmacist if you take blood pressure drugs, lithium, corticosteroids, didanosine, tolvaptan, sodium phosphate, or any other medication that contains sodium. High sodium intake can reduce how blood pressure medications work and can cause serious interactions with lithium and a few other drugs.

We could not check peptidase for interactions.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with clinical evidence supporting its stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This product is mainly a concern if you take blood pressure medications, lithium, corticosteroids, didanosine, or other sodium-containing drugs — talk to your pharmacist before adding it. If you have high blood pressure, heart disease, or kidney problems, check with your doctor about whether extra sodium is safe for you.

The protease enzymes are generally well tolerated but are not recommended in pregnancy without medical clearance.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 3 of 4 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated May 23, 2014.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about AFP Chewable Multiple Protease, straight from the product label.

Brand Houston Nutraceuticals
Barcode (UPC) 898631000212
Net contents 120 Chewable Tablet(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD May 23, 2014
DSLD ID 33802
Product type Non-nutrient/non-botanical
Supplement form Tablet Or Pill
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years), Gluten Free, Dairy Free
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for AFP Chewable Multiple Protease by Houston Nutraceuticals, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
1 Tablet(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
2 Tablet(s)
Servings per container
60
UPC/BARCODE
898631000212
IngredientAmount% DV
Total Carbohydrates1.2 Gram(s)--
Sugar1 Gram(s)--
Protein0 Gram(s)--
Sodium3.2 mg--
Total Fat0 Gram(s)--
Peptidase33250 HUT--
Total Calories4 {Calories}--
Protease 4.516500 HUT--
Protease 616500 HUT--

Other ingredients: Fructose, Xylitol, Natural Mixed Berry Flavor, Stearic Acid, Magnesium Stearate, Citric Acid, Silicon Dioxide, Sodium Chloride

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
General Statements

~ High-Potency Enzyme Combination for Digestion of Food Protein ~ High Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV (DPP IV) Activity Without Papain ~ Increases Breakdown of Casein, Gluten, Soy Protein

~ Safe, Non-Toxic Alternative or Companion to GFCF Diet

HNI uses only the highest quality GRAS approved plant-based enzymes available.

Devin Houston, Ph.D., acknowledged inventor and founder of Houston Nutraceuticals, Inc. has 20 years of research experience in enzymes, receptor mechanisms, and nutritional biochemistry. HNI provides effective, safe and affordable digestive enzyme products that support normal digestion...delivered direct from the scientist to the consumer. A chewable digestive enzyme formulation with a slightly sweet berry flavor designed to efficiently breakdown all food proteins including casein, gluten, meat, and soy. Starts to work in the acid environment of the stomach, which decreases the likelihood of peptides being formed and absorbed in the small intestine. May be used as a companion or alternative to the gluten-free/casein-free diet.

329598 01/13

Brand IP Statement(s)

~ Chewable Version of Peptizyde(TM) and AFP-Peptizyde

Peptizyde(TM) is a registered trademark of Houston Nutraceuticals.

An All-Fungal Protease Version of Peptizyde(TM)

FDA Statement of Identity

DIETARY SUPPLEMENT

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested Dosage: Chew 1 - 2 tablets with average size meals. More tablets can be taken as desired. Tablets may be crushed, using care not to inhale enzyme powder.

Formulation

Contains no starch, dairy, soy, wheat, yeast, gluten, artificial flavors, or animal derivatives.

Precautions

Do not use tamper-proof seal is broken.

Do not refrigerate.

Storage

Keep container closed and store at room temperature or in a freezer.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

Seals/Symbols

HNI

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

AFP Chewable Multiple Protease by Houston Nutraceuticals label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

AFP Chewable Multiple Protease label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in AFP Chewable Multiple Protease by Houston Nutraceuticals

These are the 7 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size1 Tablet(s) Dosage formTablet Or Pill Servings per container60 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Sugar

1 Gram(s) per serving

Protein

0 Gram(s) per serving

Sodium

Interacts with
205 drugs
3.2 mg per serving

Sodium is an essential mineral and electrolyte your body needs to balance fluids, support nerves, and help muscles work. Most people in modern diets g...

Sodium monograph & interactions

Peptidase

33250 HUT per serving

Total Calories

4 {Calories} per serving

Protease 4.5

No known
interactions
16500 HUT per serving

Proteolytic enzymes are proteins that help break down other proteins, and common examples include bromelain (from pineapple), papain (from papaya), tr...

Protease 4.5 monograph & interactions

Protease 6

No known
interactions
16500 HUT per serving

Proteolytic enzymes are proteins that help break down other proteins, and common examples include bromelain (from pineapple), papain (from papaya), tr...

Protease 6 monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: Fructose, Xylitol, Natural Mixed Berry Flavor, Stearic Acid, Magnesium Stearate, Citric Acid, Silicon Dioxide, Sodium Chloride. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

AFP Chewable Multiple Protease by Houston Nutraceuticals Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against AFP Chewable Multiple Protease?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
205Drugs
205 Moderate

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Sodium 205

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in AFP Chewable Multiple Protease interact with 205 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

1 of the 7 ingredients in AFP Chewable Multiple Protease interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Sodium

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in AFP Chewable Multiple Protease with known interactions, here are the types of medications it can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Sodium7 drug types · 205 drugs

Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
High intake of dietary sodium can increase systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Also, high intake of sodium may necessitate increased use of antihypertensive medications to achieve blood pressure control in some patients, such as those with chronic kidney disease.

Likelihood Probable Evidence A
Corticosteroids

Concomitant use of mineralocorticoids and some glucocorticoids with sodium supplements might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Mineralocorticoids and some glucocorticoids (corticosteroids) cause sodium retention. This effect is dose-related and depends on mineralocorticoid potency. It is most common with hydrocortisone, cortisone, and fludrocortisone, followed by prednisone and prednisolone.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Didanosine (Videx)

Concomitant use of didanosine with additional sodium from dietary or supplemental sources may increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Didanosine formulations contain a significant amount of sodium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence C
Lithium

Altering dietary intake of sodium might alter the levels and clinical effects of lithium.
High sodium intake can reduce plasma concentrations of lithium by increasing lithium excretion. Reducing sodium intake can significantly increase plasma concentrations of lithium and cause lithium toxicity in patients being treated with lithium carbonate. Stabilizing sodium intake is shown to reduce the percentage of patients with lithium level fluctuations above 0.8 mEq/L. Patients taking lithium should avoid significant alterations in their dietary intake of sodium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Sodium Phosphates

Theoretically, concomitant use of sodium phosphate with sodium supplements might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Use of high doses (> 45 mL in 24 hours) of sodium phosphate, such as those used for bowel cleansing before surgery, can lead to serious electrolyte disturbances, including hypernatremia. The risk of hypernatremia is highest in the elderly and people with other risk factors for electrolyte disturbances.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Sodium-Containing Drugs

Concomitant use of sodium-containing drugs with additional sodium from dietary or supplemental sources may increase the risk of hypernatremia and long-term sodium-related complications.
The Chronic Disease Risk Reduction (CDRR) intake level of 2.3 grams of sodium daily indicates the intake at which it is believed that chronic disease risk increases for the apparently healthy population. Some medications contain high quantities of sodium. When used in conjunction with sodium supplements or high-sodium diets, the CDRR may be exceeded. Additionally, concomitant use may increase the risk for hypernatremia; this risk is highest in the elderly and people with other risk factors for electrolyte disturbances.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Tolvaptan (Samsca)

Theoretically, concomitant use of tolvaptan with sodium might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Tolvaptan is a vasopressin receptor 2 antagonist that is used to increase sodium levels in patients with hyponatremia. Patients taking tolvaptan should use caution with the use of sodium salts such as sodium chloride.

Likelihood Probable Evidence C
Sodium full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for AFP Chewable Multiple Protease, from the product label.

Houston Nutraceuticals

See all Houston Nutraceuticals products
Name
Houston Nutraceuticals, Inc.
City
Siloam Springs
State
Arkansas
Phone Number
866-757-8627
Web Address
www.houstonni.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

AFP Chewable Multiple Protease by Houston Nutraceuticals: Common Questions

Does AFP Chewable Multiple Protease by Houston Nutraceuticals interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, AFP Chewable Multiple Protease has a known interaction with 205 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
AFP Chewable Multiple Protease contains 7 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
What does this product actually do?
It contains digestive enzymes (proteases) meant to break down proteins, plus sodium. Sodium is likely effective for cystic fibrosis and possibly helpful for kidney protection with certain antifungal drugs, but we don't have solid evidence for the other proteases in this product.
Is it safe if I'm pregnant or breastfeeding?
The protease enzymes haven't been studied enough in pregnancy and aren't recommended unless your doctor prescribes them. During breastfeeding, there's very little safety data, so talk with your doctor or pharmacist before using it. The sodium rating is mixed — likely safe during pregnancy but possibly unsafe during lactation.
Can this cause digestive side effects?
Yes, the protease enzymes may cause mild digestive upset in some people. Rarely, people exposed to airborne protease (mainly in occupational settings) have had allergic reactions like rhinitis or asthma, but that's uncommon with oral supplements.
I have high blood pressure. Should I take this?
No, not without talking to your doctor first. This product contains sodium, which can make blood pressure drugs less effective and may force your doctor to increase your dose. If you have heart disease or kidney problems, extra sodium is especially risky.
What's in this besides the active ingredients?
The inactive ingredients are fructose, xylitol, natural mixed berry flavor, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, citric acid, silicon dioxide, and sodium chloride — all fillers, binders, and flavoring agents.
Is this safe with my medications?
That depends on what you take. Sodium interacts with blood pressure drugs, lithium, corticosteroids, didanosine, and others. Use the interaction checker on this page with your exact medications, or call your pharmacist to be sure.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if AFP Chewable Multiple Protease is safe with your meds?

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

AFP Chewable Multiple Protease label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind AFP Chewable Multiple Protease’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Sodium

Interacts with 205 drugs

Sodium is an essential mineral and electrolyte your body needs to balance fluids, support nerves, and help muscles work. Most people in modern diets get more than enough—often too much—from...

Read the full Sodium monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Proteolytic Enzymes (proteases)

Proteolytic enzymes are proteins that help break down other proteins, and common examples include bromelain (from pineapple), papain (from papaya), trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pancreatin. Peo...

Read the full Proteolytic Enzymes (proteases) monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

AFP Chewable Multiple Protease's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 41 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Sodium 38 references
  1. Garabedian-Ruffalo SM, Ruffalo RL. Drug and nutrient interactions. Am Fam Physician 1986;33:165-74.
  2. Food and Drug Administration Science Background: Safety of Sodium Phosphates Oral Solution. September 17, 2001. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/safety/sodiumphospate.htm
  3. Coton T, Mallaret C, Coilliot C, Carre D, Guisset M. Severe acute ulcerated gastritis induced by salt. Presse Med 2009;38(3):499-500. PubMed
  4. Frings-Meuthen P, Buehlmeier J, Baecker N, et al. High sodium chloride intake exacerbates immobilization-induced bone resorption and protein losses. J Appl Physiol 2011;111(2):537-542. PubMed
  5. Frings-Meuthen P, Baecker N, Heer M. Low-grade metabolic acidosis may be the cause of sodium chloride-induced exaggerated bone resorption. J Bone Miner Res 2008;23(4):517-524. PubMed
  6. Alam S, Johnson AG. A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCT) among healthy normotensive and essential hypertensive elderly patients to determine the effect of high salt (NaCl) diet of blood pressure. J Hum Hypertens 1999;13(6):367-74.
  7. Boudville N, Ward S, Benaroia M, House AA. Increased sodium intake correlates with greater use of antihypertensive agents by subjects with chronic kidney disease. Am J Hypertens 2005;18(10):1300-5. PubMed
  8. Bennett WM. Drug interactions and consequences of sodium restriction. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65(2 Suppl):678S-681S. PubMed
  9. Okusa MD, Crystal LJ. Clinical manifestations and management of acute lithium intoxication. Am J Med 1994;97(4):383-9. PubMed
  10. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2005. Available at: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10925. DOI
  11. D'Elia L, Rossi G, Ippolito R, Cappuccio FP, Strazzullo P. Habitual salt intake and risk of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Clin Nutr 2012;31(4):489-98. PubMed
  12. Goldsmith SR. Hyponatremia in heart failure: time for a trial. J Card Fail 2013;19(6):398-400. PubMed
  13. Willocks L, Brettle R, Keen J, Valentine C, Pinching AJ. Formulations of didanosine (ddI) and salt overload. Lancet 1992;339(8786):190.
  14. Chen L, Zhang Z, Chen W, Whelton PK, Appel LJ. Lower Sodium Intake and Risk of Headaches: Results From the Trial of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(7):1270-5. PubMed
  15. Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Lower levels of sodium intake and reduced cardiovascular risk. Circulation. 2014;129(9):981-9. PubMed
  16. Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Sodium Intake and All-Cause Mortality Over 20 Years in the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(15):1609-1617. PubMed
  17. Mente A, O'Donnell M, Rangarajan S, et al. Associations of urinary sodium excretion with cardiovascular events in individuals with and without hypertension: a pooled analysis of data from four studies. Lancet. 2016;388(10043):465-75. PubMed
  18. Moosavian SP, Haghighatdoost F, Surkan PJ, Azadbakht L. Salt and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2017;68(3):265-277. PubMed
  19. O'Donnell M, Mente A, Rangarajan S, et al. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion, mortality, and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(7):612-23. DOI
  20. Poggio R, Gutierrez L, Matta MG, Elorriaga N, Irazola V, Rubinstein A. Daily sodium consumption and CVD mortality in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Public Health Nutr. 2015;18(4):695-704. PubMed
  21. Stallings VA, Harrison M, Oria M; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium, Food and Nutrition Board, Health and Medicine Division, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington (DC): National Acad
  22. Mahtani KR, Heneghan C, Onakpoya I, et al. Reduced Salt Intake for Heart Failure: A Systematic Review. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Dec 1;178(12):1693-1700. PubMed
  23. Yancy CW. Sodium Restriction in Heart Failure: Too Much Uncertainty-Do the Trials. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Dec 1;178(12):1700-1701. PubMed
  24. He FJ, Campbell NRC, Ma Y, MacGregor GA, Cogswell ME, Cook NR. Errors in estimating usual sodium intake by the Kawasaki formula alter its relationship with mortality: implications for public health. Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47(6):1784-1795. PubMed
  25. Murthy K, Ondrey GJ, Malkani N, et al. THE EFFECTS OF HYPONATREMIA ON BONE DENSITY AND FRACTURES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. Endocr Pract. 2019;25(4):366-378. PubMed
  26. Messerli FH, Hofstetter L, Syrogiannouli L, et al. Sodium intake, life expectancy, and all-cause mortality. Eur Heart J 2021;42(21):2103-2112. PubMed
  27. Graudal NA, Hubeck-Graudal T, Jurgens G. Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020;12(12):CD004022. PubMed
  28. Giatti S, Santos RB, Aielo AN, et al. Association of sodium with obstructive sleep apnea. The ELSA-Brasil study. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021;18(3):502-510. PubMed
  29. Nan X, Lu H, Wu J, et al. The interactive association between sodium intake, alcohol consumption and hypertension among elderly in northern China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr 2021;21(1):135. PubMed
  30. Kyozuka H, Fukusda T, Murata T, et al. Impact of preconception sodium intake on hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: The Japan Environment and Children's study. Pregnancy Hypertens 2021;23:66-72. PubMed
  31. Zhao L, Ogden CL, Yang Q, et al. Association of usual sodium intake with obesity among US children and adolescents, NHANES 2009-2016. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021;29(3):587-594. PubMed
  32. Ma Y, He FJ, Sun Q, et al. 24-Hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med 2022;386(3):252-263. PubMed
  33. Liu J, Yang X, Zhang P, et al. Association of urinary sodium excretion and left ventricular hypertrophy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021;12:728493. PubMed
  34. Filippini T, Malavolti M, Whelton PK, Vinceti M. Sodium intake and risk of hypertension: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational cohort studies. Curr Hypertens Rep 2022;24(5):133-144. PubMed
  35. Wang DD, Li Y, Nguyen XT, et al. Dietary sodium and potassium intake and risk of non-fatal cardiovascular diseases: The million veteran program. Nutrients 2022;14(5):1121. PubMed
  36. Kwak JH, Park CH, Eun CS, et al. The associations of dietary intake of high sodium and low zinc with gastric cancer mortality: A prospective cohort study in Korea. Nutr Cancer 2022;74(10):3501-3508. PubMed
  37. George S, Maiti R, Mishra BR, Jena M, Mohapatra D. Effect of regulated add-on sodium chloride intake on stabilization of serum lithium concentration in bipolar disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Bipolar Disord 2023;25(1):66-75. PubMed
  38. Zhou TL, Schütten MTJ, Kroon AA, et al. Urinary Sodium Excretion and Salt Intake Are Not Associated With Blood Pressure Variability in a White General Population. J Am Heart Assoc 2023;12(1):e026578. PubMed

See these in context on the Sodium monograph →

Proteolytic Enzymes (proteases) 3 references
  1. Weeks JA, Harper RA, Simon RA, Burdick JD. Assessment of sensitization risk of a laundry pre-spotter containing protease. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2011;30(4):272-9. PubMed
  2. Marquès LI, Lara S, Abós T, Bartolomé B. Occupational rhinitis due to pepsin. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2006;16(2):136-7. DOI
  3. Cartier A, Malo JL, Pineau L, Dolovich J. Occupational asthma due to pepsin. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1984;73(5 Pt 1):574-7. PubMed

See these in context on the Proteolytic Enzymes (proteases) monograph →

Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.

DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

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