Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Alaskan Salmon Oil Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Barlean's

Alaskan Salmon Oil label
See full label image
Softgel Capsule Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 9, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Alaskan Salmon Oil against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Alaskan Salmon Oil is a dietary supplement by Barlean's with 3 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for bone health and osteoporosis, correcting vitamin d deficiency, immune system support.Based on those ingredients, 990 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Vitamin D3, Astaxanthin, Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fat. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Alaskan Salmon Oil by Barlean's

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Alaskan Salmon Oil by Barlean's — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Alaskan Salmon Oil by Barlean's

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 12, 2026

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 7 of its 7 active ingredients.
  • “Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fat” is listed as a grouped ingredient — the label doesn't break down how much of each component you get.

Barlean's Alaskan Salmon Oil is a softgel with 7 active ingredients centered on omega-3 fatty acids harvested from wild Alaskan salmon. The product contains eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid — the two key omega-3s from fish oil — along with other polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats.

It also includes vitamin D3 for bone and immune support, astaxanthin (a carotenoid antioxidant from salmon), and additional omega-3 fatty acids. The capsule itself is made from fish oil.

Does it work?

Not established
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Not established

The graded evidence we hold for these ingredients covers different conditions than the ones this product is marketed for, so there's no established rating for its stated use.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: omega-3 and nutrient support.
  • We looked for evidence on: Age-related cognitive decline, Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), Alzheimer disease, Cardiovascular disease (CVD), Cognitive function, Coronary heart disease (CHD) — and 4 related terms.
  • The closest evidence on file: Vitamin D is rated "Possibly Ineffective" for Cardiovascular disease (CVD) (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Vitamin D is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Age-related cognitive decline, Alzheimer disease, Cognitive function, Dementia, and more.

Vitamin D3 in this product is effective for treating rickets, osteomalacia (soft bones), renal bone disease, hypoparathyroidism, and familial hypophosphatemia — conditions where your body can't absorb or regulate calcium and phosphate properly. For astaxanthin, the evidence we hold doesn't establish how well it works for age-related cognitive decline, macular degeneration, aging skin, Alzheimer disease, athletic performance, or carpal tunnel syndrome — the data are insufficient to rate it.

The omega-3 fatty acids from salmon are not rated in our data.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Vitamin D Docosahexaenoic Acid (dha) Astaxanthin

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 2 of the 2 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 2 of 2.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 2 of 2.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Vitamin D3 is generally well tolerated at recommended doses, but very high doses over time can cause toxicity — symptoms include high blood calcium, bone loss in adults, and slowed growth in children. Vitamin D is often used during pregnancy at normal amounts under a doctor's guidance, though safety at higher doses in pregnancy isn't established.

It's considered acceptable while breastfeeding at recommended levels. Astaxanthin is generally well tolerated in studies, but long-term safety data are limited.

The safety data advise against astaxanthin in pregnancy and while breastfeeding due to insufficient information. Common side effects from astaxanthin in trials included abdominal pain, diarrhea, and red-colored stool; at very high doses (40 mg daily), severe stomach pain has been reported in a small number of people.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Vitamin D Docosahexaenoic Acid (dha) Astaxanthin

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 2 of the 2 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Vitamin D, Astaxanthin.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: heart-rhythm medications.
  • For scale: 744 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before taking this product, double-check if you're on any of these: heart-rhythm medications like verapamil, diltiazem, or digoxin; thiazide diuretics (water pills); atorvastatin or other cholesterol drugs metabolized by CYP3A4; or any drug that depends on CYP2B6 metabolism. Calcipotriene (psoriasis medication) and aluminum-containing antacids or binders also warrant a conversation with your pharmacist if you use them.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with no established evidence rating for its marketed use. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This salmon oil supplement is worth considering if you want omega-3s and vitamin D, but it's essential to check your medications first — especially heart drugs, blood-pressure pills, and cholesterol medications. Anyone on digoxin, calcium-channel blockers, thiazide diuretics, or atorvastatin should talk to their pharmacist before starting.

Pregnant or breastfeeding? Check with your doctor about the astaxanthin component, since safety data are thin.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 2 of 7 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated May 22, 2016.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Alaskan Salmon Oil, straight from the product label.

Brand Barlean's
Net contents 180 Softgel(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD May 22, 2016
DSLD ID 59285
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Softgel Capsule
Dietary claims / uses Nutrient, All Other
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Alaskan Salmon Oil by Barlean's, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
3 Softgel(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
3 Softgel(s)
Servings per container
60
IngredientAmount% DV
Calories25 {Calories}--
Calories from Fat20 {Calories}--
Eicosapentaenoic Acid191 mg--
Docosahexaenoic Acid191 mg--
Saturated Fat0 Gram(s)2%
Polyunsaturated Fat1 Gram(s)--
Cholesterol15 mg5%
Total Fat2.5 Gram(s)4%
Monounsaturated Fat0.5 Gram(s)--
Vitamin D31000 IU250%
Other Omega-3 Fatty Acids90 mg--
Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fat0 NP--
Astaxanthin500 mcg--

Other ingredients: Wild Alaskan Salmon Fish Oil, Softgel

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
General Statements

Not actual size of softgel; softgel approximately twice the size of image.

52921-02 Product Of U.S.A.

Our Family is proud to bring you the finest seafood products, while always remaining mindful of our environment.

ESTD 1989 Pathway To A Better Life

Wild & Whole

Fresh & Pure

Each batch tested by IFOS for purity and safety

100% Satisfaction Guaranteed FRESHEST BEFORE

From Our Family To Yours

A Revolution in Whole Food Nutrition The Barlean's four generation family fishing heritage is proud to present Wild & Whole Alaskan Salmon Oil.

Salmon Oil in its natural triglyceride form is highly absorbable and easily digestible, eliminating burp-back (typical of many fish oils). Barlean's Wild & Whole Alaskan Salmon Oil passes stringent 3rd party laboratory tests for purity and freshness. In addition, it receives the coveted 5 star rating from IFOS, a distinguished and accredited third-party certification program.

FDA Statement of Identity

Salmon Oil Supplement

Formula

-Astaxanthin -500 mcg -Vitamin D3 - 1,000 IU Contains Nature's Full Spectrum of Healthful Omega-3s

Wild Caught in the icy cold, pristine waters of Alaska, whole salmon oil contains all of the nutritional goodness with only minimal processing to remove any possible environmental contaminants (including arsenic, lead, cadmium and mercury).

Seals/Symbols

Sustainably Caught

Super Concentrated Mini Softgel

IFOS

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested Use: 3 softgels daily with a meal.

Keep bottle tightly closed.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, out of reach of children.

Precautions

Store in a cool, dry place, out of reach of children.

Formulation

Both non-GMO and gluten free, Wild & Whole Alaskan Salmon Oil provides a full spectrum of healthful Omega-3s, the powerful antioxidant astaxanthin and naturally occurring Vitamin D3.

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Alaskan Salmon Oil by Barlean's label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Alaskan Salmon Oil label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Alaskan Salmon Oil by Barlean's

These are the 3 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size3 Softgel(s) Dosage formSoftgel Capsule Servings per container60 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Vitamin D3

Interacts with
715 drugs
1000 IU per serving Form: Cholecalciferol

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that helps your body absorb calcium and is important for healthy bones, muscles, and immune function. Many people,...

Vitamin D3 monograph & interactions

Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fat

Interacts with
375 drugs
0 NP per serving

DHA is an omega-3 fatty acid found in fatty fish and algae that is a building block for the brain, nervous system, and eyes. It is widely used and gen...

Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fat monograph & interactions
  • › Eicosapentaenoic Acid
  • › Docosahexaenoic Acid
  • › Other Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Astaxanthin

Interacts with
671 drugs
500 mcg per serving Form: Marine Algae

Astaxanthin is a reddish carotenoid pigment with strong antioxidant activity in the lab, and it is widely promoted for skin, eye, heart, and exercise...

Astaxanthin monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: Wild Alaskan Salmon Fish Oil, Softgel. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Alaskan Salmon Oil by Barlean's Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Alaskan Salmon Oil?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
990Drugs
990 Moderate

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Vitamin D3 715
Astaxanthin 671
Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fat 375

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Alaskan Salmon Oil interact with 990 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

3 of the 3 ingredients in Alaskan Salmon Oil interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Vitamin D3 Astaxanthin Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fat

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Alaskan Salmon Oil with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Vitamin D38 drug types · 715 drugs

Aluminum

Vitamin D might increase aluminum absorption and toxicity, but this has only been reported in people with renal failure.
The protein that transports calcium across the intestinal wall can also bind and transport aluminum. This protein is stimulated by vitamin D, which may therefore increase aluminum absorption. This mechanism may contribute to increased aluminum levels and toxicity in people with renal failure, when they take vitamin D and aluminum-containing phosphate binders chronically.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Atorvastatin (Lipitor)

Vitamin D might reduce absorption of atorvastatin.
A small, low-quality clinical study shows that taking vitamin D reduces levels of atorvastatin and its active metabolites by up to 55%. However, while atorvastatin levels decreased, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels did not substantially change. Atorvastatin is metabolized in the gut by CYP3A4 enzymes, and researchers theorized that vitamin D might induce CYP3A4, causing reduced levels of atorvastatin. However, this proposed mechanism was not specifically studied.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Calcipotriene (Dovonex)

Taking calcipotriene with vitamin D increases the risk for hypercalcemia.
Calcipotriene is a vitamin D analog used topically for psoriasis. It can be absorbed in sufficient amounts to cause systemic effects, including hypercalcemia. Theoretically, combining calcipotriene with vitamin D supplements might increase the risk of hypercalcemia.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Digoxin (Lanoxin)

Theoretically, hypercalcemia induced by high-dose vitamin D can increase the risk of arrhythmia from digoxin.
High doses of vitamin D can cause hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia increases the risk of fatal cardiac arrhythmias with digoxin. Avoid vitamin D doses above the tolerable upper intake level (4000 IU daily for adults) and monitor serum calcium levels in people taking vitamin D and digoxin concurrently.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Diltiazem (Cardizem, Others)

Theoretically, hypercalcemia induced by high-dose vitamin D can reduce the therapeutic effects of diltiazem for arrhythmia.
High doses of vitamin D can cause hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia can reduce the effectiveness of verapamil in atrial fibrillation. Theoretically this could also occur with diltiazem. Avoid vitamin D doses above the tolerable upper intake level (4000 IU daily for adults) and monitor serum calcium levels in people taking vitamin D and diltiazem concurrently.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Thiazide Diuretics

Theoretically, taking thiazide diuretics and high-dose vitamin D can increase the risk of hypercalcemia.
Thiazide diuretics decrease urinary calcium excretion, which could lead to hypercalcemia if vitamin D supplements are taken concurrently. This has been reported in people being treated with vitamin D for hypoparathyroidism, and also in elderly people with normal parathyroid function who were taking a thiazide, vitamin D, and calcium-containing antacids daily.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Verapamil (Calan, Others)

Hypercalcemia induced by high-dose vitamin D can reduce the therapeutic effects of verapamil for arrhythmia.
Hypercalcemia due to high doses of vitamin D can reduce the effectiveness of verapamil in atrial fibrillation. Avoid vitamin D doses above the tolerable upper intake level (4000 IU daily for adults) and monitor serum calcium levels in people taking vitamin D and verapamil concurrently.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Vitamin D might induce CYP3A4 enzymes and reduce the bioavailability of CYP3A4 substrates.
There is some concern that vitamin D might induce CYP3A4. In vitro research suggests that vitamin D induces CYP3A4 transcription. Additionally, observational research has found that increased UV light exposure and serum vitamin D levels are associated with decreased serum levels of CYP3A4 substrates such as tacrolimus and sirolimus, while no association between UV light exposure or vitamin D levels and levels of mycophenolic acid, a non-CYP3A4 substrate, was found. A small, low-quality clinical study shows that taking vitamin D reduces levels of the CYP3A4 substrate atorvastatin and its active metabolites by up to 55%; however, the clinical effects of atorvastatin were not reduced. While researchers theorized that vitamin D might induce CYP3A4, this proposed mechanism was not specifically studied.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Vitamin D3 full monograph & interactions

Astaxanthin2 drug types · 671 drugs

Cytochrome P450 2B6 (Cyp2B6) Substrates

Theoretically, astaxanthin may decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2B6.
In vitro research shows that astaxanthin induces cytochrome CYP2B6 enzyme activity in human hepatocytes. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, astaxanthin may decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
In vitro research shows that astaxanthin induces CYP3A4 enzyme activity in human hepatocytes. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Astaxanthin full monograph & interactions

Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fat3 drug types · 375 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, DHA may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Although some clinical evidence suggests that DHA might reduce collagen-stimulated platelet aggregation and thromboxane release, most clinical evidence suggests that DHA alone does not affect blood clotting. However, theoretically, when given in combination with EPA as fish oil, concomitant use with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs (including aspirin) might increase risk of bleeding.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B
Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, taking DHA with antidiabetes drugs might reduce the effects of these medications.
In people with type 2 diabetes, including those taking oral hypoglycemic medications, DHA seems to increase fasting blood glucose levels.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, taking DHA with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.
Fish oils containing DHA can lower blood pressure and might have additive effects in patients treated with antihypertensives; use with caution.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fat full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Alaskan Salmon Oil, from the product label.

Barlean's

See all Barlean's products
Name
Barlean's
City
Ferndale
State
WA
ZipCode
98248
Phone Number
800-445-3529
Web Address
barleans.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Alaskan Salmon Oil by Barlean's: Common Questions

Does Alaskan Salmon Oil by Barlean's interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Alaskan Salmon Oil has a known interaction with 990 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Alaskan Salmon Oil contains 3 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Is it safe to take this while I'm pregnant?
Vitamin D3 at recommended doses is often used in pregnancy under a doctor's supervision, so that part is likely safe. But astaxanthin — another ingredient here — doesn't have enough safety data, and the facts advise against it in pregnancy. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist about whether this product is right for you during pregnancy.
What's astaxanthin and why is it in here?
Astaxanthin is a carotenoid antioxidant naturally found in salmon that gives it its color. It's included for potential antioxidant benefits, though we don't have established evidence it works for specific conditions. It is generally well tolerated, though long-term safety data are limited.
Can I take this if I'm breastfeeding?
Vitamin D3 at recommended doses is considered acceptable while breastfeeding. However, astaxanthin doesn't have enough safety data in lactation, and the facts advise against it. Check with your doctor or pharmacist for personalized guidance.
What are the omega-3s in here actually for?
Omega-3 fatty acids from fish — eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid — are well-known for supporting heart and brain health, though we don't have effectiveness ratings on file for specific conditions. This product draws them directly from wild Alaskan salmon.
Are there any fillers or extra stuff I should know about?
The inactive ingredients are wild Alaskan salmon fish oil and the softgel capsule material itself — so no added binders or flow agents beyond what makes the capsule work.
What happens if I take too much of this?
Very high doses of vitamin D over time can cause toxicity, with symptoms like high blood calcium, bone loss, or slowed growth in children. Stick to the label dose, and if you're considering going higher, talk to your doctor first.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Alaskan Salmon Oil label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Alaskan Salmon Oil’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Vitamin D

Interacts with 715 drugs

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that helps your body absorb calcium and is important for healthy bones, muscles, and immune function. Many people, especially those with low sun exposure,...

Read the full Vitamin D monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Docosahexaenoic Acid (dha)

Interacts with 375 drugs

DHA is an omega-3 fatty acid found in fatty fish and algae that is a building block for the brain, nervous system, and eyes. It is widely used and generally well tolerated, with the stronges...

Read the full Docosahexaenoic Acid (dha) monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Astaxanthin

Interacts with 671 drugs

Astaxanthin is a reddish carotenoid pigment with strong antioxidant activity in the lab, and it is widely promoted for skin, eye, heart, and exercise benefits. Early human studies are promis...

Read the full Astaxanthin monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Alaskan Salmon Oil's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 78 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Vitamin D 26 references
  1. McEvoy GK, ed. AHFS Drug Information. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 1998.
  2. Tatro DS, ed. Drug Interactions Facts. Facts and Comparisons Inc., St. Louis, MO. 1999.
  3. Koutkia P, Chen TC, Holick MF. Vitamin D intoxication associated with an over-the-counter supplement. N Engl J Med 2001;345:66-7. PubMed
  4. Bar-Or D, Yoel G. Calcium and calciferol antagonize effect of verapamil in atrial fibrillation. Br Med J 1981;282:1585-6.
  5. Demontis R, Leflon A, Fournier A, et al. 1 alpha(OH) vitamin D3 increases plasma aluminum in hemodialyzed patients taking AI(OH)3. Clin Nephrol 1986;26:146-9.
  6. Crowe M, Wollner L, Griffiths RA. Hypercalcemia following vitamin D and thiazide therapy in the elderly. Practitioner 1984;228:312-3.
  7. Parfitt AM. Thiazide-induced hypercalcemia in vitamin D-treated hypoparathyroidism. Ann Intern Med 1972;77:557-63. PubMed
  8. Thiazide diuretics and the risk of osteoporosis. Pharmacist's Letter/Prescriber's Letter 2003;19(11):191105.
  9. Moon J. The role of vitamin D in toxic metal absorption. J Am Coll Nutr 1994;13:559-64.
  10. Demontis R, Reissi D, Noel C, et al. Indirect clinical evidence that 1alphaOH vitamin D<SUB>3</SUB> increases the intestinal absorption of aluminum. Clin Nephrol 1989;31:123-7.
  11. Adler AJ, Berlyne GM. Duodenal aluminum absorption in the rat: effect of vitamin D. Am J Physiol 1985;249:G209-13. PubMed
  12. Schwartz JB. Effects of vitamin D supplementation in atorvastatin-treated patients: A new drug interaction with an unexpected consequence. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2009;85:198-203. PubMed
  13. Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. Institute of Medicine, November 30, 2010. Available at: http://www.iom.edu/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2010/Dietary-Reference-Intakes-for-Calcium-and-Vitamin-D/Vitamin%20D%20and%20Calcium%202010%20Repo
  14. Cox KA, Dunn MA. Aluminum toxicity alters the regulation of calbindin-D28k protein and mRNA expression in chick intestine. J Nutr 2001;131:2007-13. PubMed
  15. Escribano, J., Balaguer, A., Pagone, F., Feliu, A., and Roque, I. Figuls. Pharmacological interventions for preventing complications in idiopathic hypercalciuria. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2009;(1):CD004754. PubMed
  16. Carlton, S., Clopton, D., and Cappuzzo, K. A. Vitamin D deficiency: appropriate replenishment therapies and the effects of vitamin D toxicity. Consult Pharm 2010;25(3):171-177. PubMed
  17. Wang, H., Xia, N., Yang, Y., and Peng, D. Q. Influence of vitamin D supplementation on plasma lipid profiles: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Lipids Health Dis. 2012;11:42. PubMed
  18. Turner AN, Carr Reese P, Fields KS, Anderson J, Ervin M, Davis JA, Fichorova RN, Roberts MW, Klebanoff MA, Jackson RD. A blinded, randomized controlled trial of high-dose vitamin D supplementation to reduce recurrence of bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet G PubMed
  19. Weiner M, Epstein FH. Signs and symptoms of electrolyte disorders. Yale J Biol Med. 1970;43(2):76-109.
  20. Lappe J, Watson P, Travers-Gustafson D, Recker R, Garland C, Gorham E, Baggerly K, McDonnell SL. Effect of Vitamin D and Calcium Supplementation on Cancer Incidence in Older Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2017 Mar 28;317(12):1234-1243. PubMed
  21. Roth DE, Leung M, Mesfin E, Qamar H, Watterworth J, Papp E. Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: state of the evidence from a systematic review of randomised trials. BMJ. 2017;359:j5237. PubMed
  22. Murai IH, Fernandes AL, Sales LP, et al. Effect of a single high dose of vitamin D3 on hospital length of stay in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2021.
  23. Wang Z, Schuetz EG, Xu Y, Thummel KE. Interplay between vitamin D and the drug metabolizing enzyme CYP3A4. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013;136:54-8. PubMed
  24. Doyle D, Browne U, Brickley A, Murphy D. Vitamin D-induced hypercalcaemia and acute kidney injury in sarcoidosis. BMJ Case Rep 2023;16(1):e250580. PubMed
  25. Williamson A, Martineau AR, Sheikh A, Jolliffe D, Griffiths CJ. Vitamin D for the management of asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023;2(2):CD011511. PubMed
  26. Kinesya E, Santoso D, Gde Arya N, et al. Vitamin D as adjuvant therapy for diabetic foot ulcers: Systematic review and meta-analysis approach. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023;54:137-143. PubMed

See these in context on the Vitamin D monograph →

Docosahexaenoic Acid (dha) 49 references
  1. Akedo I, Ishikawa H, Nakamura T, et al. Three cases with familial adenomatous polyposis diagnosed as having malignant lesions in the course of a long-term trial using docosahexanoic acid (DHA)-concentrated fish oil capsules (abstract). Jpn J Clin Oncol PubMed
  2. Prisco D, Paniccia R, Bandinelli B, et al. Effect of medium-term supplementation with a moderate dose of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on blood pressure in mild hypertensive patients. Thromb Res 1998;1:105-12.
  3. Grimsgaard S, Bonaa KH, Hansen JB, Nordoy A. Highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in humans have similar triacylglycerol-lowering effects but divergent effects on serum fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;66:649-59.
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See these in context on the Docosahexaenoic Acid (dha) monograph →

Astaxanthin 3 references
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See these in context on the Astaxanthin monograph →

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