Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Based on 2 of 4 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Carnivor Peanut Butter Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by MuscleMeds

Carnivor Peanut Butter label
See full label image
Powder Category: Mineral
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Carnivor Peanut Butter against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Carnivor Peanut Butter is a dietary supplement by MuscleMeds with 4 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for replacing fluids and electrolytes, preventing dehydration during exercise or illness, treating low blood sodium (under medical care).Based on those ingredients, 220 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Sodium, Potassium. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Carnivor Peanut Butter by MuscleMeds

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Carnivor Peanut Butter by MuscleMeds — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Carnivor Peanut Butter by MuscleMeds

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 11, 2026

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 2 of its 2 active ingredients.
  • No proprietary blends here — you can verify the dose of every single component.

This powder has 2 active ingredients: sodium and potassium, both essential electrolytes your body needs for nerve and muscle function and fluid balance. The rest is inactive ingredients — peanut flour, gelatin, maltodextrin, gums, flavoring, sweeteners, and salt — that make up the formula and give it texture and taste.

Does it work?

Couldn't assess
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Not assessable

We hold no graded evidence for this product's ingredients for its stated purpose.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: muscle building and athletic performance.
  • Our graded evidence for these ingredients doesn't cover that particular purpose.

The product facts provided don't include effectiveness ratings for potassium. Sodium has some established uses — it's rated Likely Effective for cystic fibrosis and Possibly Effective for reducing kidney damage from the medication amphotericin B — but this is a peanut butter powder, not a therapeutic sodium product.

We don't have effectiveness data for this formulation as a supplement.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Sodium Potassium

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 2 of the 2 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 2 of 2.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 2 of 2.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Sodium is well tolerated at normal dietary amounts, but too much is linked to high blood pressure and heart strain. Potassium from food is generally fine, but supplements can cause dangerously high blood levels in some people, especially those with kidney disease.

The safety notes are clear: avoid sodium supplements or very high intake without medical advice, and check with your doctor before using potassium supplements. Pregnancy and lactation data shows sodium is Likely Safe and Possibly Unsafe — talk to your pharmacist or doctor before using if you're pregnant or breastfeeding.

Potassium in pregnancy and lactation is rated Likely Safe, but follow their guidance on supplemental amounts.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Sodium Potassium

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 2 of the 2 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Potassium, Sodium.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: lithium.
  • For scale: 220 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Double-check this product if you take blood pressure medications (especially ACE inhibitors, ARBs, or potassium-sparing diuretics), lithium, corticosteroids, didanosine, sodium phosphates, tolvaptan, or any other sodium-containing drug. All of these carry Moderate-severity interactions with the sodium or potassium in this powder.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with no assessable stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This is a peanut butter powder with added electrolytes. If you have normal kidney function and take no medications that interact with sodium or potassium, it's likely fine as an occasional protein supplement.

But if you take any blood pressure medication, diuretic, lithium, corticosteroids, or HIV medication, or if you have kidney disease, high blood pressure, or heart problems, talk to your pharmacist before using it.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 2 of 2 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Feb 25, 2015.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Carnivor Peanut Butter, straight from the product label.

Brand MuscleMeds
Barcode (UPC) 891597003464
Net contents 2.2 lbs; 1008 Gram(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Feb 25, 2015
DSLD ID 42285
Product type Mineral
Supplement form Powder
Dietary claims / uses Nutrient, All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years), Gluten Free, Sugar Free
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Carnivor Peanut Butter by MuscleMeds, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
36 Gram(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
36 Gram(s)
Servings per container
28
UPC/BARCODE
891597003464
IngredientAmount% DV
Calories115 {Calories}--
Total Carbohydrates6 Gram(s)2%
Sugar0 Gram(s)--
Calories from Fat0 {Calories}--
Total Fat0 Gram(s)--
Protein23 Gram(s)46%
Saturated Fat0 Gram(s)--
Sodium250 mg10%
Trans Fat0 Gram(s)--
Potassium80 mg2%
Cholesterol0 mg--

Other ingredients: CARNIVOR-BPI, hydrolyzed Gelatin, Maltodextrin, Peanut Flour, Natural and Artificial flavor, Cellulose Gum, Xanthan Gum, Carrageenan, Salt, Silica, Acesulfame Potassium, Sucralose

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Precautions

WARNING: Very low calorie protein diets (below 400 calories per day) may cause serious illness or death. Do not use for weight reduction in such diets without medical supervision.

Not for use by infants, children or pregnant or nursing women.

Not for use by infants, children or pregnant or nursing women.

Contains nuts (peanuts).

- Keep out of reach of children.

- Do not purchase if seal is broken.

General Statements

Anabolic Nitrogen Retention Technology

350% MORE CONCENTRATED THAN STEAK AND MORE CONCENTRATED THAN WHEY ISOLATE

ADVANCED FLAVOR TECHNOLOGY

Naturally and Artificially Flavored

BEEF-UP WITH CARNIVOR "THE WORLD'S FIRST BEEF PROTEIN ISOLATE" It has been long been known that bodybuilders and strength athletes consume high amounts of beef to help build muscle and increase strength. The muscle building power of beef cannot be disputed. Ask any bodybuilder and they will tell you that they make their biggest muscle gains and feel their strongest when they eat beef. Now, thanks to the development of an advanced bioengineered beef protein, MuscleMeds has formulated a highly anabolic muscle building protein. CARNIVOR is unlike any other protein supplement in existence. The World's First All Beef Protein Isolate is More Concentrated Than Whey Using new advanced extraction, clarification, hydrolysis and isolation technologies CARNIVOR's Beef Protein Isolate delivers the muscle building power of beef with greater amino acid levels than all other protein sources used in supplements, including whey, soy, milk and egg. CARNIVOR Beef Protein Isolate is even 350% more concentrated in anabolic muscle building aminos than a prime sirloin steak!

ANRT is a major muscle building breakthrough in protein supplementation. While protein is critical for muscle growth, it can sometimes actually decrease performance and muscle growth if nitrogenous waste products like ammonia are not recycled back into anabolic tissue building pathways or otherwise neutralized. ANRT is specially designed to allow the recycling of aminos back toward the muscle building pathway and prevent the build-up of debilitating toxic scavengers such as ammonia.

20 Times the Creatine Content of Steak One of the benefits of eating beef is its naturally high creatine content. Beef is one of the best natural sources of creatine. To push the anabolic activation and cell volumizing effects of creatine even greater, each serving of CARNIVOR supplies 20 times more creatine than whole beef food sources to saturate your muscles for explosive strength and growth. Added BCAA for Increased Anabolic and Anti-Catabolic Effects*

The enhanced BCAA levels promote a positive nitrogen balance, increase protein synthesis, decrease catabolism, improve workout performance and reduce muscle fatigue. Throughout history, the ravenous appetite that "men of muscle" have for top quality beef has become as legendary as their superhuman feats. Ancient warriors, Greek Olympic athletes, strongmen like Sandow and even Roman gladiators craved and consumed pounds of beef per day to build muscle to boost their combat prowess.

{chart} Muscle Building Facts Per Serving (36 g) CARNIVOR Delivers More Muscle Building Nutrient Power Than Steak! 350% More Protein! 20 Times More Creatine! Fat Free & Cholesterol Free! KEY NUTRIENT CONTENT FEATURES CARNIVOR STEAK Protein 23 g 6 g Creatine 2.5 g 0.12 g Fat 0 g 7 g Cholesterol 0 mg 23 mg Approximate Values. Comparison based on 36 grams of Carnivor powder vs. 36 grams of steak.

Seals/Symbols

MuscleMeds(TM) PERFORMANCE TECHNOLOGIES

Formula

BIOENGINEERED BEEF PROTEIN ISOLATE

PACKED WITH ANABOLIC MUSCLE BUILDING AMINOS FROM PURE BEEF* LOADED WITH CREATINE AND BCAAs

Lactose Free

ANRT nitrogen retention factors contained in Carnivor include: GKG (glutamine-alpha-ketoglutarate), OKG (ornithine-alpha-ketoglutarate), AKG (alpha-ketoglutarate) and KIC (alpha-ketoisocaproate).

Added BCAA for Increased Anabolic and Anti-Catabolic Effects* To further boost the anabolic muscle building action of CARNIVOR, additional Branch Chain Amino Acids are added to the purified Beef Protein Isolate.

Now, in modern times this muscle building nutrition tradition carries on in the bodybuilding world with CARNIVOR!*

Contains nuts (peanuts).

Brand IP Statement(s)

ANRT(TM) RECYCLES AMINOS AND MINIMIZES AMMONIA*

Anabolic Nitrogen Retention Technology(TM) (ANRT) Recycles Aminos and Minimizes Ammonia*

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

Formulation

0 FAT CHOLESTEROL SUGAR

Cholesterol free, fat free, sugar free, lactose free, gluten free.

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

DIRECTIONS: For a delicious shake, mix 1 scoop of CARNIVOR with 6-8 oz. of cold water in a shaker bottle. Protein may foam after mixing.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

Storage

- Store at 15(0)-30(0)C (59(0)-85(0)F). - Protect from heat, light and moisture.

General

MM-003464-0214

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Carnivor Peanut Butter by MuscleMeds label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Carnivor Peanut Butter label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Carnivor Peanut Butter by MuscleMeds

These are the 4 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size36 Gram(s) Dosage formPowder Servings per container28 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Sugar

0 Gram(s) per serving

Protein

23 Gram(s) per serving

Sodium

Interacts with
205 drugs
250 mg per serving

Sodium is an essential mineral and electrolyte your body needs to balance fluids, support nerves, and help muscles work. Most people in modern diets g...

Sodium monograph & interactions

Potassium

Interacts with
62 drugs
80 mg per serving

Potassium is an essential mineral your body needs for nerve signals, muscle function, and a steady heartbeat, and most people get enough from a balanc...

Potassium monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: CARNIVOR-BPI, Hydrolyzed Gelatin, Maltodextrin, Peanut Flour, Natural and Artificial flavor, Cellulose Gum, Xanthan Gum, Carrageenan, Salt, Silica, Acesulfame Potassium, Sucralose. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Carnivor Peanut Butter by MuscleMeds Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Carnivor Peanut Butter?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
220Drugs
220 Moderate

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Sodium 205
Potassium 62

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Carnivor Peanut Butter interact with 220 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

2 of the 4 ingredients in Carnivor Peanut Butter interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Sodium Potassium

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Carnivor Peanut Butter with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Sodium7 drug types · 205 drugs

Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
High intake of dietary sodium can increase systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Also, high intake of sodium may necessitate increased use of antihypertensive medications to achieve blood pressure control in some patients, such as those with chronic kidney disease.

Likelihood Probable Evidence A
Corticosteroids

Concomitant use of mineralocorticoids and some glucocorticoids with sodium supplements might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Mineralocorticoids and some glucocorticoids (corticosteroids) cause sodium retention. This effect is dose-related and depends on mineralocorticoid potency. It is most common with hydrocortisone, cortisone, and fludrocortisone, followed by prednisone and prednisolone.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Didanosine (Videx)

Concomitant use of didanosine with additional sodium from dietary or supplemental sources may increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Didanosine formulations contain a significant amount of sodium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence C
Lithium

Altering dietary intake of sodium might alter the levels and clinical effects of lithium.
High sodium intake can reduce plasma concentrations of lithium by increasing lithium excretion. Reducing sodium intake can significantly increase plasma concentrations of lithium and cause lithium toxicity in patients being treated with lithium carbonate. Stabilizing sodium intake is shown to reduce the percentage of patients with lithium level fluctuations above 0.8 mEq/L. Patients taking lithium should avoid significant alterations in their dietary intake of sodium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Sodium Phosphates

Theoretically, concomitant use of sodium phosphate with sodium supplements might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Use of high doses (> 45 mL in 24 hours) of sodium phosphate, such as those used for bowel cleansing before surgery, can lead to serious electrolyte disturbances, including hypernatremia. The risk of hypernatremia is highest in the elderly and people with other risk factors for electrolyte disturbances.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Sodium-Containing Drugs

Concomitant use of sodium-containing drugs with additional sodium from dietary or supplemental sources may increase the risk of hypernatremia and long-term sodium-related complications.
The Chronic Disease Risk Reduction (CDRR) intake level of 2.3 grams of sodium daily indicates the intake at which it is believed that chronic disease risk increases for the apparently healthy population. Some medications contain high quantities of sodium. When used in conjunction with sodium supplements or high-sodium diets, the CDRR may be exceeded. Additionally, concomitant use may increase the risk for hypernatremia; this risk is highest in the elderly and people with other risk factors for electrolyte disturbances.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Tolvaptan (Samsca)

Theoretically, concomitant use of tolvaptan with sodium might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Tolvaptan is a vasopressin receptor 2 antagonist that is used to increase sodium levels in patients with hyponatremia. Patients taking tolvaptan should use caution with the use of sodium salts such as sodium chloride.

Likelihood Probable Evidence C
Sodium full monograph & interactions

Potassium3 drug types · 62 drugs

Ace Inhibitors (Aceis)

Using ACEIs with high doses of potassium increases the risk of hyperkalemia.
ACEIs block the actions of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and reduce potassium excretion. Concomitant use of these drugs with potassium supplements increases the risk of hyperkalemia. However, concomitant use of these drugs with moderate dietary potassium intake (about 3775-5200 mg daily) does not increase serum potassium levels.

Likelihood Likely Evidence C
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (Arbs)

Using ARBs with high doses of potassium increases the risk of hyperkalemia.
ARBs block the actions of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and reduce potassium excretion. Concomitant use of these drugs with potassium supplements increases the risk of hyperkalemia. However, concomitant use of these drugs with moderate dietary potassium intake (about 3775-5200 mg daily) does not increase serum potassium levels.

Likelihood Likely Evidence C
Potassium-Sparing Diuretics

Concomitant use increases the risk of hyperkalemia.
Using potassium-sparing diuretics with potassium supplements increases the risk of hyperkalemia.

Likelihood Likely Evidence C
Potassium full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Carnivor Peanut Butter, from the product label.

MuscleMeds

See all MuscleMeds products
Name
MuscleMeds Performance Technologies
Street Address
165 Clinton Road
City
West Caldwell
State
NJ
ZipCode
07006
Phone Number
1.888.575.7067
Web Address
MuscleMedsRx.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Carnivor Peanut Butter by MuscleMeds: Common Questions

Does Carnivor Peanut Butter by MuscleMeds interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Carnivor Peanut Butter has a known interaction with 220 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Carnivor Peanut Butter contains 4 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Is this safe to use if I take blood pressure medication?
It depends on your specific drug. Some blood pressure medications interact with both sodium and potassium — high sodium can make them work less well, and added potassium can dangerously raise your blood potassium. Check your exact medication with the tool on this page or call your pharmacist before using this product.
What are the side effects of sodium and potassium in this?
At normal dietary amounts, both are generally well tolerated. Excess sodium is linked to high blood pressure and heart strain. Too much potassium can cause stomach pain, nausea, diarrhea, and in serious cases, dangerous heart rhythms and low blood pressure — which is why people with kidney disease need to be especially careful.
Can I use this if I'm pregnant or breastfeeding?
Sodium is rated Likely Safe in pregnancy and Possibly Unsafe in breastfeeding, while potassium is Likely Safe for both. But these are ratings for the individual nutrients, not this specific product. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist for personalized advice before using it.
Is this a good source of potassium?
The product facts don't tell us how much potassium is in each serving, so we can't say whether it's a meaningful amount. If you need potassium supplementation, that's a conversation to have with your doctor — supplements can be risky, especially if you have kidney disease or take certain medications.
Can I use this if I have kidney disease?
Potassium supplements are particularly risky for people with kidney problems because your kidneys control how much potassium your body holds. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist before using this product.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if Carnivor Peanut Butter is safe with your meds?

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Carnivor Peanut Butter label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Carnivor Peanut Butter’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Sodium

Interacts with 205 drugs

Sodium is an essential mineral and electrolyte your body needs to balance fluids, support nerves, and help muscles work. Most people in modern diets get more than enough—often too much—from...

Read the full Sodium monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Potassium

Interacts with 62 drugs

Potassium is an essential mineral your body needs for nerve signals, muscle function, and a steady heartbeat, and most people get enough from a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables. P...

Read the full Potassium monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Carnivor Peanut Butter's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 50 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Sodium 38 references
  1. Garabedian-Ruffalo SM, Ruffalo RL. Drug and nutrient interactions. Am Fam Physician 1986;33:165-74.
  2. Food and Drug Administration Science Background: Safety of Sodium Phosphates Oral Solution. September 17, 2001. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/safety/sodiumphospate.htm
  3. Coton T, Mallaret C, Coilliot C, Carre D, Guisset M. Severe acute ulcerated gastritis induced by salt. Presse Med 2009;38(3):499-500. PubMed
  4. Frings-Meuthen P, Buehlmeier J, Baecker N, et al. High sodium chloride intake exacerbates immobilization-induced bone resorption and protein losses. J Appl Physiol 2011;111(2):537-542. PubMed
  5. Frings-Meuthen P, Baecker N, Heer M. Low-grade metabolic acidosis may be the cause of sodium chloride-induced exaggerated bone resorption. J Bone Miner Res 2008;23(4):517-524. PubMed
  6. Alam S, Johnson AG. A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCT) among healthy normotensive and essential hypertensive elderly patients to determine the effect of high salt (NaCl) diet of blood pressure. J Hum Hypertens 1999;13(6):367-74.
  7. Boudville N, Ward S, Benaroia M, House AA. Increased sodium intake correlates with greater use of antihypertensive agents by subjects with chronic kidney disease. Am J Hypertens 2005;18(10):1300-5. PubMed
  8. Bennett WM. Drug interactions and consequences of sodium restriction. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65(2 Suppl):678S-681S. PubMed
  9. Okusa MD, Crystal LJ. Clinical manifestations and management of acute lithium intoxication. Am J Med 1994;97(4):383-9. PubMed
  10. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2005. Available at: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10925. DOI
  11. D'Elia L, Rossi G, Ippolito R, Cappuccio FP, Strazzullo P. Habitual salt intake and risk of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Clin Nutr 2012;31(4):489-98. PubMed
  12. Goldsmith SR. Hyponatremia in heart failure: time for a trial. J Card Fail 2013;19(6):398-400. PubMed
  13. Willocks L, Brettle R, Keen J, Valentine C, Pinching AJ. Formulations of didanosine (ddI) and salt overload. Lancet 1992;339(8786):190.
  14. Chen L, Zhang Z, Chen W, Whelton PK, Appel LJ. Lower Sodium Intake and Risk of Headaches: Results From the Trial of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(7):1270-5. PubMed
  15. Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Lower levels of sodium intake and reduced cardiovascular risk. Circulation. 2014;129(9):981-9. PubMed
  16. Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Sodium Intake and All-Cause Mortality Over 20 Years in the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(15):1609-1617. PubMed
  17. Mente A, O'Donnell M, Rangarajan S, et al. Associations of urinary sodium excretion with cardiovascular events in individuals with and without hypertension: a pooled analysis of data from four studies. Lancet. 2016;388(10043):465-75. PubMed
  18. Moosavian SP, Haghighatdoost F, Surkan PJ, Azadbakht L. Salt and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2017;68(3):265-277. PubMed
  19. O'Donnell M, Mente A, Rangarajan S, et al. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion, mortality, and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(7):612-23. DOI
  20. Poggio R, Gutierrez L, Matta MG, Elorriaga N, Irazola V, Rubinstein A. Daily sodium consumption and CVD mortality in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Public Health Nutr. 2015;18(4):695-704. PubMed
  21. Stallings VA, Harrison M, Oria M; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium, Food and Nutrition Board, Health and Medicine Division, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington (DC): National Acad
  22. Mahtani KR, Heneghan C, Onakpoya I, et al. Reduced Salt Intake for Heart Failure: A Systematic Review. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Dec 1;178(12):1693-1700. PubMed
  23. Yancy CW. Sodium Restriction in Heart Failure: Too Much Uncertainty-Do the Trials. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Dec 1;178(12):1700-1701. PubMed
  24. He FJ, Campbell NRC, Ma Y, MacGregor GA, Cogswell ME, Cook NR. Errors in estimating usual sodium intake by the Kawasaki formula alter its relationship with mortality: implications for public health. Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47(6):1784-1795. PubMed
  25. Murthy K, Ondrey GJ, Malkani N, et al. THE EFFECTS OF HYPONATREMIA ON BONE DENSITY AND FRACTURES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. Endocr Pract. 2019;25(4):366-378. PubMed
  26. Messerli FH, Hofstetter L, Syrogiannouli L, et al. Sodium intake, life expectancy, and all-cause mortality. Eur Heart J 2021;42(21):2103-2112. PubMed
  27. Graudal NA, Hubeck-Graudal T, Jurgens G. Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020;12(12):CD004022. PubMed
  28. Giatti S, Santos RB, Aielo AN, et al. Association of sodium with obstructive sleep apnea. The ELSA-Brasil study. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021;18(3):502-510. PubMed
  29. Nan X, Lu H, Wu J, et al. The interactive association between sodium intake, alcohol consumption and hypertension among elderly in northern China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr 2021;21(1):135. PubMed
  30. Kyozuka H, Fukusda T, Murata T, et al. Impact of preconception sodium intake on hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: The Japan Environment and Children's study. Pregnancy Hypertens 2021;23:66-72. PubMed
  31. Zhao L, Ogden CL, Yang Q, et al. Association of usual sodium intake with obesity among US children and adolescents, NHANES 2009-2016. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021;29(3):587-594. PubMed
  32. Ma Y, He FJ, Sun Q, et al. 24-Hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med 2022;386(3):252-263. PubMed
  33. Liu J, Yang X, Zhang P, et al. Association of urinary sodium excretion and left ventricular hypertrophy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021;12:728493. PubMed
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  37. George S, Maiti R, Mishra BR, Jena M, Mohapatra D. Effect of regulated add-on sodium chloride intake on stabilization of serum lithium concentration in bipolar disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Bipolar Disord 2023;25(1):66-75. PubMed
  38. Zhou TL, Schütten MTJ, Kroon AA, et al. Urinary Sodium Excretion and Salt Intake Are Not Associated With Blood Pressure Variability in a White General Population. J Am Heart Assoc 2023;12(1):e026578. PubMed

See these in context on the Sodium monograph →

Potassium 12 references
  1. McEvoy GK, ed. AHFS Drug Information. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 1998.
  2. Gennaro A. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. 19th ed. Lippincott: Williams & Wilkins, 1996.
  3. Whelton PK, He J, Cutler JA, et al. Effects of oral potassium on blood pressure. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. JAMA 1997;277:1624-32. PubMed
  4. Phillips, C. O., Kashani, A., Ko, D. K., Francis, G., and Krumholz, H. M. Adverse effects of combination angiotensin II receptor blockers plus angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors for left ventricular dysfunction: a quantitative review of data from ra DOI
  5. Altieri, P. I., Herrero, C., Suero, R., and Ortiz, A. Bleeding duodenal ulcer in a patient taking slow-releasing potassium tablets. Bol.Asoc.Med P.R. 1977;69(8):276.
  6. Raf, L. E. Enteric-coated potassium chloride tablets and ulcer of the small intestine. Acta Chir Scand Suppl 1967;(374):1-87.
  7. Potassium chloride oral solution [package insert]. Allentown, PA: Lehigh Valley Technologies, Inc.; 2014.
  8. Potassium chloride injection [package insert]. Lake Forest, IL: Hospira Inc.; 2009.
  9. Patel RB, Tannenbaum S, Viana-Tejedor A, et al. Serum potassium levels, cardiac arrhythmias, and mortality following non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction or unstable angina: insights from MERLIN-TIMI 36. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2017 Feb;6(1):1 PubMed
  10. Malta D, Arcand J, Ravindran A, Floras V, Allard JP, Newton GE. Adequate intake of potassium does not cause hyperkalemia in hypertensive individuals taking medications that antagonize the renin angiotensin aldosterone system. Am J Clin Nutr 2016 Oct;104(4 PubMed
  11. Keskin M, Kaya A, Tatlisu MA, et al. The effect of serum potassium level on in-hospital and long-term mortality in ST elevation myocardial infarction. Int J cardiol. 2016 Oct 15;221:505-10.
  12. Stallings VA, Harrison M, Oria M; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium, Food and Nutrition Board, Health and Medicine Division, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington (DC): National Acad

See these in context on the Potassium monograph →

Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.

DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

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