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Dietary supplement

Fluoride Chewable Tablets (Sodium Fluoride) 0.25 mg Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Cypress Pharmaceutical

Tablet Or Pill Category: Mineral
Most serious interaction: Moderate
The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Fluoride Chewable Tablets (Sodium Fluoride) 0.25 mg is a dietary supplement by Cypress Pharmaceutical with 1 active ingredient. Its ingredients are commonly taken for replacing fluids and electrolytes, preventing dehydration during exercise or illness, treating low blood sodium (under medical care).Based on those ingredients, 205 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Sodium Fluoride. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Fluoride Chewable Tablets (Sodium Fluoride) 0.25 mg by Cypress Pharmaceutical

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

What’s inside

Low disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Low

Most active ingredients don't disclose an individual amount — you can't tell how much of each you're getting.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 0 of its 1 active ingredient.

This product has one active ingredient: sodium fluoride at 0.25 mg per tablet. Sodium fluoride is a mineral used to help prevent tooth decay.

The tablet also contains inactive ingredients (the binders, sweeteners, and other components that hold it together): xylitol, microcrystalline cellulose, malic acid, magnesium stearate, talc, citric acid, natural orange flavor, and sucralose.

Does it work?

Couldn't assess
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Not assessable

We hold no graded evidence for this product's ingredients for its stated purpose.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: dental caries prevention in children.
  • We looked for evidence on: Dental caries, Tooth decay, Cavity prevention, Enamel remineralization.
  • Our graded evidence for these ingredients doesn't cover that particular purpose.

Sodium fluoride is likely effective for preventing cavities in people with cystic fibrosis. It may be possibly effective at reducing kidney damage (nephrotoxicity) from the medication amphotericin B.

For bipolar disorder and heart failure, the evidence we hold is insufficient to rate how well it works.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Sodium

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 1 of the 1 matched ingredient.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 1 of 1.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 1 of 1.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Sodium is essential in small amounts, but excess intake is linked to high blood pressure and heart strain. Normal dietary sodium from food is fine; the caution is to avoid sodium supplements or very high intake without medical advice.

When used in moderation, sodium is generally well tolerated. Rare serious side effects include worsened cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, or kidney disease.

Population research has also found a link between high sodium intake and increased gastric cancer risk. For pregnancy and lactation, the data shows sodium fluoride is likely safe, though one rating in the data flags possibly unsafe — talk with your doctor or pharmacist to clarify what's right for you.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Sodium

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 1 of the 1 matched ingredient can interact with medications — Sodium.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: lithium.
  • For scale: 205 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Check before starting if you take lithium (for mood disorders), blood pressure medications (antihypertensives), corticosteroids, didanosine (Videx, an HIV drug), sodium phosphate laxatives, tolvaptan (Samsca), or any other sodium-containing medications. All are Moderate-severity interactions with sodium.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFormula with limited ingredient disclosure with no assessable stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

These tablets are meant to prevent cavities and are likely effective for that in some groups. If you take lithium, blood pressure medications, corticosteroids, or other sodium-sensitive drugs, check with your pharmacist before adding this supplement — the sodium content could affect how these medications work.

Even if you don't take medications, avoid extra sodium if you have high blood pressure, heart disease, or kidney problems without your doctor's okay.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 1 of 1 active ingredient matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Oct 25, 2012.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Fluoride Chewable Tablets (Sodium Fluoride) 0.25 mg, straight from the product label.

Brand Cypress Pharmaceutical
Net contents 120 Chewable Tablet(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Oct 25, 2012
DSLD ID 12949
Product type Mineral
Supplement form Tablet Or Pill
Dietary claims / uses All Other
Intended target group(s) Children 4 or More Years of Age, Adult (18 - 50 Years), Sugar Free, Children more than 1 but less than 4
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Fluoride Chewable Tablets (Sodium Fluoride) 0.25 mg by Cypress Pharmaceutical, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
0.25 Tablet(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
1 Tablet(s)
IngredientAmount% DV
Sodium Fluoride0 NP--

Other ingredients: Xylitol, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Malic Acid, Magnesium Stearate, Talc, Citric Acid, natural Orange flavor, Sucralose

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
General Statements

Rx Only

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Sodium fluoride acts systemically (before tooth eruption) and topically (post-eruption) by increasing tooth resistance to acid dissolution, by promoting remineralization, and by inhibiting the cariogenic microbial process.

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility: In a study conducted in rodents, no carcinogenesis was found in male and female mice and female rats treated with fluoride at dose levels ranging from 4.1 to 9.1 mg/kg of body weight. Equivocal evidence of carcinogenesis was reported for male rats treated with 2.5 and 4.1 mg/kg of body weight. In a second study, no carcinogenesis was observed in rats, males or females, treated with fluoride up to 11.3 mg/kg of body weight. This dose is at least 400 times greater than the recommended daily dose of Fluoride Chewable Tablets. Fluoride ion is not mutagenic in standard bacterial systems. It has been shown that fluoride ion has potential to induce chromosome aberrations in cultured human and rodent cells at doses much higher than those to which humans are exposed. In vivo data is conflicting. Some studies report chromosome damage in rodents while other studies using similar protocols report negative results. Potential adverse reproductive effects of fluoride exposure in humans has not been adequately evaluated. Adverse effects on reproduction were reported for rats, mice, fox, and cattle exposed to 100 ppm or greater concentrations of fluoride in their diet or drinking water. Other studies conducted in rats demonstrated that lower doses of fluoride (5 mg/kg of body weight) did not result in impaired fertility and reproductive capabilities. This dose is approximately 200 times greater than the recommended daily dose of Fluoride Chewable Tablets.

HOW SUPPLIED: Fluoride 1 mg F- Chewable Tablets are available in bottles of 120 (NDC 60258-157-20) as off-white, orange flavored, round shaped chewable tablets. Debossed “SCI” on one side and “4” on the other. Fluoride 0.5 mg F- Chewable Tablets are available in bottles of 120 (NDC 60258-156-20) and bottles of 1000 (NDC 60258-156-10) as off-white, orange flavored, round shaped chewable tablets Debossed “SCI” on one side and “1007” on the other. Fluoride 0.25 mg F- Chewable Tablets are available in bottles of 120 (NDC 60258-155-20) as off-white, orange flavored, round shaped chewable tablets. Debossed “SCI” on one side and “6” on the other.

REFERENCES: 1. Accepted Dental Therapeutics, Ed. 40, American Dental Association, Chicago, 399-402 (1984). 2. J. Jakush, New Fluoride Schedule Adopted, ADA News, 12, 14 (May 16, 1994). 3. Aasenden, R., and Peebles, T.C. “Effects of Fluoride Supplementation From Birth on Dental Caries and Fluorosis in Teenaged Children”, Arch. Oral, Biol., 23, 111 - 115 (1974). 4. Hamberg, L. “Controlled Trial of Fluoride Vitamin Drops for Prevention of Caries in Children”, Lancet, 1, 441-442 (1971). 5. Hennon, D.K. Stookey, G.K. and Beiswanger, B.B. “Fluoride-Vitamin Supplements: Effects on Dental Caries and Fluorosis When Used in Areas with Suboptimum Fluoride in the Water Supply”, JADA, 95, 965-971 (1977).

Pregnancy: Teratogenic Effects: Pregnancy Category B. It has been shown that fluoride crosses the placenta of rats, but only 0.01% of the amount administered is incorporated in fetal tissue. Animal studies (rats, mice, rabbits) have shown that fluoride is not a teratogen. Maternal exposure to 12.2 mg fluoride/kg of body weight (rats) or 13.1 mg/kg of body weight (rabbits) did not affect the litter size or fetal weight and did not increase the frequency of skeletal or visceral malformations.

Water F- Content Ages 0 ppm F- to <0.3 ppm F- 0.3 ppm F- to 0.6 ppm F- >0.6 ppm F- 3 to 6 yrs. 0.5 mg* 0.25 mg* 0 >6 to 16 yrs. 1 mg* 0.5 mg* 0 * per day

Formulation

DESCRIPTION: Each Fluoride Chewable Tablet is sugar free, saccharin free and erythrosine (FD&C Red Dye #3) free.

Formula

Each Fluoride 1 mg F- tablet (full-strength) contains 1 mg fluoride ion (F-) from 2.2 mg sodium fluoride (NaF). Each Fluoride 0.5 mg F- tablet (halfstrength) contains 0.5 mg F- from 1.1 mg NaF. Each Fluoride 0.25 mg F- tablet (quarter-strength) contains 0.25 mg F- from 0.55 mg NaF.

Fluoride Chewable Tablets were developed to provide systemic fluoride for use as a supplement in patients from age 3 years to age 16 years living in areas where the drinking water fluoride content does not exceed 0.6 ppm F-.

A treatment dose of Fluoride Chewable Tablets contains 0.25, 0.5 or 1 mg fluoride. The treatment of choice depends upon the age of the child and the water fluoride content. A bottle of 120 0.25 mg tablets contains 30 mg fluoride. A bottle of 120 0.5 mg tablets contains 60 mg fluoride. A bottle of 120 1 mg tablets contains 120 mg fluoride. [The total amount of sodium fluoride in a bottle of 120 Fluoride Chewable Tablets (all strengths) conforms with the recommendations of the American Dental Association for the maximum to be dispensed at one time for safety purposes.]

Pediatric Use: The use of Fluoride Chewable Tablets as a caries preventive in pediatric age groups 3 to 16 years of age is supported by evidence from adequate and well controlled studies on fluoride supplementation from birth through adolescence.1-5

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

INDICATIONS AND USAGE: For once daily self-applied systemic use as a dental caries preventative. It has been established that ingestion of fluoridated drinking water (1 ppm F-) during the period of tooth development results in a significant decrease in the incidence of dental caries.1

DOSAGE2 AND ADMINISTRATION: Dissolve in the mouth or chew before swallowing, preferably at bedtime after brushing teeth. See schedule below to determine dosage.

Precautions

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Fluoride 1 mg F- Tablets are contraindicated when the fluoride content of drinking water is 0.3 ppm F- or more and should not be administered to pediatric patients under age 6 years. Fluoride 0.5 mg F- Tablets are contraindicated when the fluoride content of drinking water is more than 0.6 ppm F- and should not be administered to pediatric patients under age 6 when the fluoride content of drinking water is 0.3 ppm For more or to pediatric patients under age 3 years. Fluoride 0.25 mg F- Tablets are contraindicated when the fluoride content of drinking water is more than 0.6 ppm F- and should not be administered to pediatric patients under age 3 years when the fluoride content of drinking water is 0.3 ppm F- or more. Do not administer Fluoride Chewable Tablets (any strength) to pediatric patients under age 3 years due to choking hazard.

Drug Interactions: Do not eat or drink dairy products within one hour of fluoride administration. Incompatibility of fluoride with dairy foods has been reported due to formation of calcium fluoride which is poorly absorbed.

WARNINGS: Prolonged daily ingestion of quantities greater than the recommended amount may result in various degrees of dental fluorosis in pediatric patients under age 6 years, especially if the water fluoridation exceeds 0.6 ppm. Read directions carefully before using. Keep out of reach of infants and children. PRECAUTIONS: General: Please refer to the CONTRAINDICATIONS, WARNINGS and OVERDOSAGE sections for overdosage concerns. Use in pediatric patients below the age of 3 years not recommended by current American Dental Association and American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines.

OVERDOSAGE: Accidental ingestion of large amounts of fluoride may result in acute burning in the mouth and sore tongue. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may occur soon after ingestion (within 30 minutes) and are accompanied by salivation, hematemesis, and epigastric cramping abdominal pain. These symptoms may persist for 24 hours. If less than 5 mg fluoride/kg body weight (i.e., less than 2.3 mg fluoride/lb body weight) have been ingested, give calcium (e.g., milk) orally to relieve gastrointestinal symptoms and observe for a few hours. If more than 5 mg fluoride/kg body weight (i.e., more than 2.3 mg fluoride/lb body weight) have been ingested, induce vomiting, give orally soluble calcium (e.g., milk, 5% calcium gluconate or calcium lactate solution) and immediately seek medical assistance. For accidental ingestion of more than 15 mg fluoride/kg of body weight (i.e., more than 6.9 mg fluoride/ lb body weight), induce vomiting and admit immediately to a hospital facility.

Epidemiological studies conducted in areas with high levels of naturally fluoridated water showed no increase in birth defects. Heavy exposure to fluoride during in utero development may result in skeletal fluorosis which becomes evident in childhood. Nursing Mothers: It is not known if fluoride is excreted in human milk. However, many drugs are excreted in human milk and caution should be exercised when Fluoride Chewable Tablets are administered to a nursing woman. Reduced milk production was reported in farm-raised fox when the animals were fed a diet containing a high concentration of fluoride (98-137 mg/kg of body weight). No adverse effects on parturition, lactation, or offspring were seen in rats administered fluoride up to 5 mg/kg of body weight. This dose is at least 200 times greater than the recommended daily dose of Fluoride Chewable Tablets.

Geriatric Use: Fluoride Chewable Tablets (any strength) are not indicated for use in geriatric patients.

ADVERSE REACTIONS: Allergic rash and other idiosyncrasies have been rarely reported.

Storage

STORAGE: Store in a cool, dry place at a controlled room temperature 20(0) - 25(0)C (68(0) - 77(0)F); excursions permitted to 15(0) - 30(0)C (59(0) - 86(0)F) and away from heat and sunlight. Store in original container. Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container with a child-resistant closure as defined in the USP/NF.

Seals/Symbols

SCI

General

I 376S Rev. 02/11

See for yourself

Fluoride Chewable Tablets (Sodium Fluoride) 0.25 mg by Cypress Pharmaceutical label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

What’s inside

The Ingredients in Fluoride Chewable Tablets (Sodium Fluoride) 0.25 mg by Cypress Pharmaceutical

This is the 1 active ingredient this product is made of. Select it to open its full monograph.

Serving size0.25 Tablet(s) Dosage formTablet Or Pill Amounts shown are per serving.

Sodium Fluoride

Interacts with
205 drugs
0 NP per serving

Sodium is an essential mineral and electrolyte your body needs to balance fluids, support nerves, and help muscles work. Most people in modern diets g...

Sodium Fluoride monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: Xylitol, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Malic Acid, Magnesium Stearate, Talc, Citric Acid, Natural Orange flavor, Sucralose. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Fluoride Chewable Tablets (Sodium Fluoride) 0.25 mg by Cypress Pharmaceutical Drug Interactions

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Go to the checker
205Drugs
205 Moderate

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Fluoride Chewable Tablets (Sodium Fluoride) 0.25 mg with known interactions, here are the types of medications it can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Sodium Fluoride7 drug types · 205 drugs

Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
High intake of dietary sodium can increase systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Also, high intake of sodium may necessitate increased use of antihypertensive medications to achieve blood pressure control in some patients, such as those with chronic kidney disease.

Likelihood Probable Evidence A
Corticosteroids

Concomitant use of mineralocorticoids and some glucocorticoids with sodium supplements might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Mineralocorticoids and some glucocorticoids (corticosteroids) cause sodium retention. This effect is dose-related and depends on mineralocorticoid potency. It is most common with hydrocortisone, cortisone, and fludrocortisone, followed by prednisone and prednisolone.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Didanosine (Videx)

Concomitant use of didanosine with additional sodium from dietary or supplemental sources may increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Didanosine formulations contain a significant amount of sodium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence C
Lithium

Altering dietary intake of sodium might alter the levels and clinical effects of lithium.
High sodium intake can reduce plasma concentrations of lithium by increasing lithium excretion. Reducing sodium intake can significantly increase plasma concentrations of lithium and cause lithium toxicity in patients being treated with lithium carbonate. Stabilizing sodium intake is shown to reduce the percentage of patients with lithium level fluctuations above 0.8 mEq/L. Patients taking lithium should avoid significant alterations in their dietary intake of sodium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Sodium Phosphates

Theoretically, concomitant use of sodium phosphate with sodium supplements might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Use of high doses (> 45 mL in 24 hours) of sodium phosphate, such as those used for bowel cleansing before surgery, can lead to serious electrolyte disturbances, including hypernatremia. The risk of hypernatremia is highest in the elderly and people with other risk factors for electrolyte disturbances.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Sodium-Containing Drugs

Concomitant use of sodium-containing drugs with additional sodium from dietary or supplemental sources may increase the risk of hypernatremia and long-term sodium-related complications.
The Chronic Disease Risk Reduction (CDRR) intake level of 2.3 grams of sodium daily indicates the intake at which it is believed that chronic disease risk increases for the apparently healthy population. Some medications contain high quantities of sodium. When used in conjunction with sodium supplements or high-sodium diets, the CDRR may be exceeded. Additionally, concomitant use may increase the risk for hypernatremia; this risk is highest in the elderly and people with other risk factors for electrolyte disturbances.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Tolvaptan (Samsca)

Theoretically, concomitant use of tolvaptan with sodium might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Tolvaptan is a vasopressin receptor 2 antagonist that is used to increase sodium levels in patients with hyponatremia. Patients taking tolvaptan should use caution with the use of sodium salts such as sodium chloride.

Likelihood Probable Evidence C
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Fluoride Chewable Tablets (Sodium Fluoride) 0.25 mg, from the product label.

Cypress Pharmaceutical

See all Cypress Pharmaceutical products
Name
Cypress Pharmaceutical, Inc.
City
Madison
State
MS
ZipCode
39110
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Fluoride Chewable Tablets (Sodium Fluoride) 0.25 mg by Cypress Pharmaceutical: Common Questions

Does Fluoride Chewable Tablets (Sodium Fluoride) 0.25 mg by Cypress Pharmaceutical interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Fluoride Chewable Tablets (Sodium Fluoride) 0.25 mg has a known interaction with 205 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Fluoride Chewable Tablets (Sodium Fluoride) 0.25 mg contains a single active ingredient, and that one ingredient can interact with many different medications on its own. We check it against each medication and show the mechanism responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Is this safe during pregnancy or while breastfeeding?
The data shows sodium fluoride is likely safe during pregnancy and lactation, but one entry flags possibly unsafe. Because the guidance is mixed, talk with your doctor or pharmacist to get personalized advice for your situation.
Can I just take more of these to get better cavity protection?
No — excess sodium from any source, including supplements, can raise your blood pressure and strain your heart. Stick to the recommended dose and the Chronic Disease Risk Reduction intake level of 2.3 grams of sodium daily.
Does this have any fillers?
Yes, it has several inactive ingredients: xylitol, microcrystalline cellulose, malic acid, magnesium stearate, talc, citric acid, natural orange flavor, and sucralose. These help form and flavor the tablet.
What is sodium fluoride actually used for?
It's used to prevent cavities and tooth decay. It's likely effective for people with cystic fibrosis and may help reduce kidney damage from a specific cancer medication called amphotericin B.
If I have high blood pressure, should I take these?
Talk to your doctor or pharmacist first. The sodium content could make your blood pressure harder to control, and these tablets may also interact with your blood pressure medications.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Fluoride Chewable Tablets (Sodium Fluoride) 0.25 mg label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Fluoride Chewable Tablets (Sodium Fluoride) 0.25 mg’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Fluoride Chewable Tablets (Sodium Fluoride) 0.25 mg's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 38 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Sodium 38 references
  1. Garabedian-Ruffalo SM, Ruffalo RL. Drug and nutrient interactions. Am Fam Physician 1986;33:165-74.
  2. Food and Drug Administration Science Background: Safety of Sodium Phosphates Oral Solution. September 17, 2001. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/safety/sodiumphospate.htm
  3. Coton T, Mallaret C, Coilliot C, Carre D, Guisset M. Severe acute ulcerated gastritis induced by salt. Presse Med 2009;38(3):499-500. PubMed
  4. Frings-Meuthen P, Buehlmeier J, Baecker N, et al. High sodium chloride intake exacerbates immobilization-induced bone resorption and protein losses. J Appl Physiol 2011;111(2):537-542. PubMed
  5. Frings-Meuthen P, Baecker N, Heer M. Low-grade metabolic acidosis may be the cause of sodium chloride-induced exaggerated bone resorption. J Bone Miner Res 2008;23(4):517-524. PubMed
  6. Alam S, Johnson AG. A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCT) among healthy normotensive and essential hypertensive elderly patients to determine the effect of high salt (NaCl) diet of blood pressure. J Hum Hypertens 1999;13(6):367-74.
  7. Boudville N, Ward S, Benaroia M, House AA. Increased sodium intake correlates with greater use of antihypertensive agents by subjects with chronic kidney disease. Am J Hypertens 2005;18(10):1300-5. PubMed
  8. Bennett WM. Drug interactions and consequences of sodium restriction. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65(2 Suppl):678S-681S. PubMed
  9. Okusa MD, Crystal LJ. Clinical manifestations and management of acute lithium intoxication. Am J Med 1994;97(4):383-9. PubMed
  10. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2005. Available at: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10925. DOI
  11. D'Elia L, Rossi G, Ippolito R, Cappuccio FP, Strazzullo P. Habitual salt intake and risk of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Clin Nutr 2012;31(4):489-98. PubMed
  12. Goldsmith SR. Hyponatremia in heart failure: time for a trial. J Card Fail 2013;19(6):398-400. PubMed
  13. Willocks L, Brettle R, Keen J, Valentine C, Pinching AJ. Formulations of didanosine (ddI) and salt overload. Lancet 1992;339(8786):190.
  14. Chen L, Zhang Z, Chen W, Whelton PK, Appel LJ. Lower Sodium Intake and Risk of Headaches: Results From the Trial of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(7):1270-5. PubMed
  15. Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Lower levels of sodium intake and reduced cardiovascular risk. Circulation. 2014;129(9):981-9. PubMed
  16. Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Sodium Intake and All-Cause Mortality Over 20 Years in the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(15):1609-1617. PubMed
  17. Mente A, O'Donnell M, Rangarajan S, et al. Associations of urinary sodium excretion with cardiovascular events in individuals with and without hypertension: a pooled analysis of data from four studies. Lancet. 2016;388(10043):465-75. PubMed
  18. Moosavian SP, Haghighatdoost F, Surkan PJ, Azadbakht L. Salt and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2017;68(3):265-277. PubMed
  19. O'Donnell M, Mente A, Rangarajan S, et al. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion, mortality, and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(7):612-23. DOI
  20. Poggio R, Gutierrez L, Matta MG, Elorriaga N, Irazola V, Rubinstein A. Daily sodium consumption and CVD mortality in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Public Health Nutr. 2015;18(4):695-704. PubMed
  21. Stallings VA, Harrison M, Oria M; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium, Food and Nutrition Board, Health and Medicine Division, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington (DC): National Acad
  22. Mahtani KR, Heneghan C, Onakpoya I, et al. Reduced Salt Intake for Heart Failure: A Systematic Review. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Dec 1;178(12):1693-1700. PubMed
  23. Yancy CW. Sodium Restriction in Heart Failure: Too Much Uncertainty-Do the Trials. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Dec 1;178(12):1700-1701. PubMed
  24. He FJ, Campbell NRC, Ma Y, MacGregor GA, Cogswell ME, Cook NR. Errors in estimating usual sodium intake by the Kawasaki formula alter its relationship with mortality: implications for public health. Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47(6):1784-1795. PubMed
  25. Murthy K, Ondrey GJ, Malkani N, et al. THE EFFECTS OF HYPONATREMIA ON BONE DENSITY AND FRACTURES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. Endocr Pract. 2019;25(4):366-378. PubMed
  26. Messerli FH, Hofstetter L, Syrogiannouli L, et al. Sodium intake, life expectancy, and all-cause mortality. Eur Heart J 2021;42(21):2103-2112. PubMed
  27. Graudal NA, Hubeck-Graudal T, Jurgens G. Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020;12(12):CD004022. PubMed
  28. Giatti S, Santos RB, Aielo AN, et al. Association of sodium with obstructive sleep apnea. The ELSA-Brasil study. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021;18(3):502-510. PubMed
  29. Nan X, Lu H, Wu J, et al. The interactive association between sodium intake, alcohol consumption and hypertension among elderly in northern China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr 2021;21(1):135. PubMed
  30. Kyozuka H, Fukusda T, Murata T, et al. Impact of preconception sodium intake on hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: The Japan Environment and Children's study. Pregnancy Hypertens 2021;23:66-72. PubMed
  31. Zhao L, Ogden CL, Yang Q, et al. Association of usual sodium intake with obesity among US children and adolescents, NHANES 2009-2016. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021;29(3):587-594. PubMed
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See these in context on the Sodium monograph →

Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.

DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

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