Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Based on 3 of 6 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Original Flax Hull Lignan Capsules Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Rapha Global Corporation

Capsule Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Moderate
The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Original Flax Hull Lignan Capsules is a dietary supplement by Rapha Global Corporation with 6 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for replacing fluids and electrolytes, preventing dehydration during exercise or illness, treating low blood sodium (under medical care).Based on those ingredients, 2,139 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Dietary Fiber, Flax Husk Lignans, Sodium. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Original Flax Hull Lignan Capsules by Rapha Global Corporation

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

What’s inside

Low disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Low

Most active ingredients don't disclose an individual amount — you can't tell how much of each you're getting.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 1 of its 5 active ingredients.

This product contains four active ingredients: sodium, alpha-linolenic acid, secoisolariciresinol diglycoside, and flax husk lignans. Sodium is an essential mineral that regulates fluid balance and nerve function in your body.

Alpha-linolenic acid is an omega-3 fatty acid found in plants. Secoisolariciresinol diglycoside and flax husk lignans are compounds from flax that may have mild hormone-like effects.

The capsule itself is made from vegetable material.

Does it work?

Insufficient evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Insufficient

There isn't enough reliable clinical evidence to rate this product's ingredients for its stated purpose.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: immune support and menopausal symptom relief.
  • We looked for evidence on: Menopausal symptoms.
  • The closest evidence on file: Flaxseed is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Menopausal symptoms (Natural Medicines).

The data shows flax husk lignans as possibly effective for high cholesterol, diabetes, breast pain (mastalgia), high blood pressure, and constipation. Sodium's effectiveness is mixed—it's likely effective for cystic fibrosis and possibly effective for amphotericin B kidney damage, but the evidence is insufficient to rate it for bipolar disorder or congestive heart failure.

We hold no effectiveness data for alpha-linolenic acid or secoisolariciresinol diglycoside.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Sodium Black Psyllium Flaxseed

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 3 of the 3 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 3 of 3.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 3 of 3.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Sodium is well tolerated in moderation at normal dietary intake levels, but too much is linked to high blood pressure, heart strain, and kidney disease. Flax husk lignans are usually well tolerated but commonly cause bloating, gas, diarrhea, and other digestive complaints, especially at higher doses.

Serious adverse effects are rare but can include severe allergic reactions. The safety notes advise drinking plenty of water, starting with small amounts of flaxseed to reduce bloating, and avoiding supplement-dose flax unless your doctor approves because of potential hormone-like effects.

For pregnancy, sodium is rated likely safe, but flax husk lignans are possibly unsafe—we hold no breastfeeding data for flax lignans. We hold no pregnancy or breastfeeding information for alpha-linolenic acid or secoisolariciresinol diglycoside.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Sodium Black Psyllium Flaxseed

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 3 of the 3 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Black Psyllium, Flaxseed, Sodium.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; diabetes medications; heart-rhythm medications; lithium.
  • For scale: 2,140 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Check these medication types with your doctor or pharmacist before you take this product: antihypertensive drugs (blood pressure pills), blood thinners and antiplatelet drugs, diabetes medications, corticosteroids, lithium, hormonal contraceptives and estrogens, antibiotic drugs, didanosine, sodium phosphates, tolvaptan, and any other sodium-containing drugs. The most serious risk is sodium's Moderate effect on how well blood pressure medications work.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFormula with limited ingredient disclosure with insufficient evidence for its stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This product may help with cholesterol, blood sugar, or constipation if flaxseed's effects are right for you, but the sodium and flax lignan content means you need to run it past your doctor or pharmacist first, especially if you take blood pressure pills, blood thinners, diabetes drugs, or hormonal contraceptives. The digestive side effects—bloating and gas—are common, so start low.

If you're pregnant, breastfeeding, or take lithium or corticosteroids, talk it over with your doctor or pharmacist before starting.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 3 of 5 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Mar 22, 2024.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Original Flax Hull Lignan Capsules, straight from the product label.

Brand Rapha Global Corporation
Barcode (UPC) 752830384293
Net contents 90 Vegi-Cap(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Mar 22, 2024
DSLD ID 308037
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Capsule
Dietary claims / uses Nutrient, All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years), Menopause
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Original Flax Hull Lignan Capsules by Rapha Global Corporation, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
6 Capsule(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
12 Capsule(s)
Servings per container
8
UPC/BARCODE
752830384293
IngredientAmount% DV
Calories20 Calorie(s)--
Total Carbohydrates3 Gram(s)1%
Sodium0 mg--
Total Fat0 Gram(s)--
Dietary Fiber3 Gram(s)12%
Protein1 Gram(s)2%
Alpha-Linolenic Acid0 NP--
Secoisolariciresinol Diglycoside0 NP--
Flax Husk Lignans0 NP--

Other ingredients: Vegetable Capsule

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Formulation

Not a significant source of calories from fat, saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, sugars, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, calcium, iron.

This product is direct from the inventor of the mechanical extraction process and no other company is able to produce the quality.

Flax Hull Lignans (FHL) boost the body's immune system significantly. May help overcome symptoms such as hot flashes often experienced by women going through menopause. (FHL) Are the best natural substitute for estrogen for both men and women. (FHL) Reduces excessive free radical activity. (FHL) Provides excellent dietary fiber. (FHL) May help with prevention and treatment of breast, prostate and colon cancer, diabetes, high blood pressure, hair loss, as well as hundreds of chronic diseases. Research is available to support these benefits. In Capsules

Made with Non-GMO Ingredients

There is no other product available that can deliver a higher potency from a Natural Source. Produced in North Dakota, USA.

Original Flax Hull Lignans contains 27 naturally balanced lignans that are a group of phytonutrients (plant nutrients) and phytoestrogens (plant estrogens) which are found in seeds, grains and vegetables that have been researched heavily and are mechanically extracted from organic non GMO flax seeds using no chemicals or solvents producing a product that contains a high amount of lignans, omegas and essential fatty acid, (SDG) secoisolariciresinol-diglycoside and (ALA) alpha-linolenic acid.

General Statements

Rapha: Be restored

Formula

Flaxseed is from the plant Linum usitatissimum. Flax Hulls contain 70 times more the amount of lignan nutrition than you can get from regular flaxseed. (6 Capsules) of Original: Flax Hulls is equal in lignan nutritional value to consuming an estimated (one gallon) of flax seeds. Lignans are contained in the Hull of the flax seed.

Flaxseed Powdered hulls only Rich natural source of Omega 3,6,9

Original Flax Hull Lignans contains 27 naturally balanced lignans that are a group of phytonutrients (plant nutrients) and phytoestrogens (plant estrogens) which are found in seeds, grains and vegetables that have been researched heavily and are mechanically extracted from organic non GMO flax seeds using no chemicals or solvents producing a product that contains a high amount of lignans, omegas and essential fatty acid, (SDG) secoisolariciresinol-diglycoside and (ALA) alpha-linolenic acid. Flax seed is by far nature's richest source of plant lignans providing 70 to 800 times more lignans than any other plant.

Seals/Symbols

Made in USA Manufactured in a FDA Registered Facility Top Quality Guaranteed Pride of Dakota North Dakota Originals Made with Non-GMO Ingredients

Precautions

Consult your health care professional before taking any dietary supplements. Do not use if tamper-proof seal is broken.

Keep out of the reach of children.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

See for yourself

Original Flax Hull Lignan Capsules by Rapha Global Corporation label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

What’s inside

The Ingredients in Original Flax Hull Lignan Capsules by Rapha Global Corporation

These are the 6 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size6 Capsule(s) Dosage formCapsule Servings per container8 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Sodium

Interacts with
205 drugs
0 mg per serving

Sodium is an essential mineral and electrolyte your body needs to balance fluids, support nerves, and help muscles work. Most people in modern diets g...

Sodium monograph & interactions

Dietary Fiber

Interacts with
2,025 drugs
3 Gram(s) per serving

Black psyllium is a soluble-fiber supplement made from the seeds of a Plantago plant, used mostly to ease constipation and support digestive health. I...

Dietary Fiber monograph & interactions

Protein

1 Gram(s) per serving

Alpha-Linolenic Acid

0 NP per serving

Secoisolariciresinol Diglycoside

0 NP per serving

Flax Husk Lignans

Interacts with
597 drugs
0 NP per serving

Flaxseed is a nutritious food rich in fiber, omega-3 fats (ALA), and plant compounds called lignans. It is most reliably helpful for constipation and...

Flax Husk Lignans monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: Vegetable Capsule. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Original Flax Hull Lignan Capsules by Rapha Global Corporation Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Original Flax Hull Lignan Capsules?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

Go to the checker
2,139Drugs
632 Moderate 1,507 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Sodium 205

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Original Flax Hull Lignan Capsules with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Dietary Fiber7 drug types · 2,025 drugs

Carbamazepine (Tegretol)

Theoretically, black psyllium might reduce the effects of carbamazepine and increase the risk for convulsions.
Theoretically, black psyllium might reduce carbamazepine absorption. A preliminary study using blond psyllium reported decreased carbamazepine bioavailability due to binding of the drug to psyllium, as well as reduction of available fluid in the gut for dissolution of the drug. This interaction may also occur with black psyllium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Lithium

Theoretically, taking black psyllium at the same time as lithium might reduce lithium absorption.
The fiber in black psyllium might reduce lithium absorption and plasma levels. Some case reports describe a reduction in plasma lithium levels with concomitant administration of blond psyllium. This was reversed when psyllium was stopped. This interaction may also occur with black psyllium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Metformin (Glucophage)

Theoretically, black psyllium might increase the therapeutic and adverse effects of metformin.
Animal research shows that concurrent consumption of blond psyllium with metformin slows and increases the absorption of metformin. This interaction may also occur with black psyllium. To avoid changes in absorption, take psyllium 30-60 minutes after metformin.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Olanzapine (Zyprexa)

Theoretically, taking black psyllium at the same time as olanzapine might reduce olanzapine absorption.
The fiber in black psyllium might decrease the absorption of olanzapine. A single case report describes a reduction in the effectiveness of olanzapine when it was concomitantly administered with an unspecified type of psyllium 3 grams orally twice daily. This effect was reversed when psyllium was stopped.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Digoxin (Lanoxin)

Theoretically, taking black psyllium at the same time as digoxin might reduce digoxin absorption and decrease digoxin levels.
Psyllium might bind digoxin in the gut. However, some clinical evidence suggests that psyllium does not impact digoxin absorption.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B
Ethinyl Estradiol

Theoretically, taking black psyllium at the same time as ethinyl estradiol might alter levels of estradiol.
Concurrent use of blond psyllium with ethinyl estradiol results in a slight increase in the extent of ethinyl estradiol absorption and a slower rate of absorption. This is unlikely to be clinically significant.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence D
Oral Drugs

Theoretically, psyllium might increase, decrease, or have no effect on the absorption of oral drugs.
Psyllium seems to have variable effects on drug absorption. To avoid changes in absorption, take psyllium 30-60 minutes after oral medications. Animal research shows that blond psyllium delays and increases the absorption of metformin and ethinyl estradiol. Case reports and animal research suggest that blond psyllium might reduce absorption of lithium, digoxin, olanzapine, and carbamazepine. Finally, some pharmacokinetic studies show that psyllium does not affect the absorption of levothyroxine or warfarin. Although many of these studies evaluated blond psyllium, the fiber content in black psyllium may have similar effects.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B

Flax Husk Lignans5 drug types · 597 drugs

Antibiotic Drugs

Theoretically, antibiotics might interfere with the metabolism of flaxseed constituents, which could potentially alter the effects of flaxseed.
Some potential benefits of flaxseed are thought to be due to its lignan content. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), a major lignan precursor, is found in high concentrations in flaxseed. SDG is converted by bacteria in the colon to the lignans enterolactone and enterodiol. Antibiotics alter the flora of the colon, which could theoretically alter the metabolism of flaxseed.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, using flaxseed in combination with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs might have additive effects and increase the risk of bleeding.
Some clinical evidence suggests that the oil contained in flaxseed can decrease platelet aggregation.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, flaxseed might have additive effects when used with antidiabetes drugs and increase the risk for hypoglycemia.
Some clinical research suggests that flaxseed can lower blood glucose levels.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, flaxseed might have additive effects when used with antihypertensive drugs and increase the risk of hypotension.
Clinical research shows that daily flaxseed consumption, especially for longer than 12 weeks, modestly reduces blood pressure.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Estrogens

Theoretically, taking flaxseed might decrease the effects of estrogens.
Flaxseed contains lignans with mild estrogenic and possible antiestrogenic effects. The lignans seem to compete with circulating endogenous estrogen and might reduce estrogen binding to estrogen receptors, resulting in an anti-estrogen effect. It is unclear if this effect transfers to exogenously administered estrogens.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D

Sodium7 drug types · 205 drugs

Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
High intake of dietary sodium can increase systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Also, high intake of sodium may necessitate increased use of antihypertensive medications to achieve blood pressure control in some patients, such as those with chronic kidney disease.

Likelihood Probable Evidence A
Corticosteroids

Concomitant use of mineralocorticoids and some glucocorticoids with sodium supplements might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Mineralocorticoids and some glucocorticoids (corticosteroids) cause sodium retention. This effect is dose-related and depends on mineralocorticoid potency. It is most common with hydrocortisone, cortisone, and fludrocortisone, followed by prednisone and prednisolone.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Didanosine (Videx)

Concomitant use of didanosine with additional sodium from dietary or supplemental sources may increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Didanosine formulations contain a significant amount of sodium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence C
Lithium

Altering dietary intake of sodium might alter the levels and clinical effects of lithium.
High sodium intake can reduce plasma concentrations of lithium by increasing lithium excretion. Reducing sodium intake can significantly increase plasma concentrations of lithium and cause lithium toxicity in patients being treated with lithium carbonate. Stabilizing sodium intake is shown to reduce the percentage of patients with lithium level fluctuations above 0.8 mEq/L. Patients taking lithium should avoid significant alterations in their dietary intake of sodium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Sodium Phosphates

Theoretically, concomitant use of sodium phosphate with sodium supplements might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Use of high doses (> 45 mL in 24 hours) of sodium phosphate, such as those used for bowel cleansing before surgery, can lead to serious electrolyte disturbances, including hypernatremia. The risk of hypernatremia is highest in the elderly and people with other risk factors for electrolyte disturbances.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Sodium-Containing Drugs

Concomitant use of sodium-containing drugs with additional sodium from dietary or supplemental sources may increase the risk of hypernatremia and long-term sodium-related complications.
The Chronic Disease Risk Reduction (CDRR) intake level of 2.3 grams of sodium daily indicates the intake at which it is believed that chronic disease risk increases for the apparently healthy population. Some medications contain high quantities of sodium. When used in conjunction with sodium supplements or high-sodium diets, the CDRR may be exceeded. Additionally, concomitant use may increase the risk for hypernatremia; this risk is highest in the elderly and people with other risk factors for electrolyte disturbances.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Tolvaptan (Samsca)

Theoretically, concomitant use of tolvaptan with sodium might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Tolvaptan is a vasopressin receptor 2 antagonist that is used to increase sodium levels in patients with hyponatremia. Patients taking tolvaptan should use caution with the use of sodium salts such as sodium chloride.

Likelihood Probable Evidence C
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Original Flax Hull Lignan Capsules, from the product label.

Rapha Global Corporation

See all Rapha Global Corporation products
Name
Rapha Global Corporation
Web Address
raphaglobal.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Original Flax Hull Lignan Capsules by Rapha Global Corporation: Common Questions

Does Original Flax Hull Lignan Capsules by Rapha Global Corporation interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Original Flax Hull Lignan Capsules has a known interaction with 2,139 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Original Flax Hull Lignan Capsules contains 6 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Will this product affect my blood pressure medication?
Yes—sodium can reduce how well blood pressure pills work, and flax lignans may theoretically add a blood-pressure-lowering effect on top of your medication. Both effects are Moderate-severity concerns, so check with your doctor or pharmacist before starting.
Can I take this if I use a hormonal contraceptive or hormone therapy?
Flax lignans may theoretically decrease how estrogen works in your body. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist first to see if this product is right for you alongside your specific hormone medication.
What are the most common side effects?
Bloating, gas, diarrhea, and other digestive complaints are typical, especially at higher doses. Starting with a small amount and drinking plenty of water can help. Doses over 45 grams per day may not be tolerated because of the risk for diarrhea.
Is this safe if I'm pregnant?
Sodium is rated likely safe in pregnancy, but flax husk lignans are possibly unsafe. There isn't enough reliable data on the other ingredients during pregnancy, so talk with your doctor before you take this product.
Can I take this if I have diabetes?
Flax lignans may lower blood sugar levels and theoretically increase the risk of low blood sugar if you're on diabetes medication. Check with your doctor or pharmacist to see if it's safe for you and whether your medication dose needs adjustment.
Will this interact with my blood thinner?
Flax lignans may theoretically increase bleeding risk when combined with blood thinners or antiplatelet drugs. Your doctor or pharmacist should clear this product before you start it.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Original Flax Hull Lignan Capsules label
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Original Flax Hull Lignan Capsules's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 93 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Sodium 38 references
  1. Garabedian-Ruffalo SM, Ruffalo RL. Drug and nutrient interactions. Am Fam Physician 1986;33:165-74.
  2. Food and Drug Administration Science Background: Safety of Sodium Phosphates Oral Solution. September 17, 2001. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/safety/sodiumphospate.htm
  3. Coton T, Mallaret C, Coilliot C, Carre D, Guisset M. Severe acute ulcerated gastritis induced by salt. Presse Med 2009;38(3):499-500. PubMed
  4. Frings-Meuthen P, Buehlmeier J, Baecker N, et al. High sodium chloride intake exacerbates immobilization-induced bone resorption and protein losses. J Appl Physiol 2011;111(2):537-542. PubMed
  5. Frings-Meuthen P, Baecker N, Heer M. Low-grade metabolic acidosis may be the cause of sodium chloride-induced exaggerated bone resorption. J Bone Miner Res 2008;23(4):517-524. PubMed
  6. Alam S, Johnson AG. A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCT) among healthy normotensive and essential hypertensive elderly patients to determine the effect of high salt (NaCl) diet of blood pressure. J Hum Hypertens 1999;13(6):367-74.
  7. Boudville N, Ward S, Benaroia M, House AA. Increased sodium intake correlates with greater use of antihypertensive agents by subjects with chronic kidney disease. Am J Hypertens 2005;18(10):1300-5. PubMed
  8. Bennett WM. Drug interactions and consequences of sodium restriction. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65(2 Suppl):678S-681S. PubMed
  9. Okusa MD, Crystal LJ. Clinical manifestations and management of acute lithium intoxication. Am J Med 1994;97(4):383-9. PubMed
  10. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2005. Available at: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10925. DOI
  11. D'Elia L, Rossi G, Ippolito R, Cappuccio FP, Strazzullo P. Habitual salt intake and risk of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Clin Nutr 2012;31(4):489-98. PubMed
  12. Goldsmith SR. Hyponatremia in heart failure: time for a trial. J Card Fail 2013;19(6):398-400. PubMed
  13. Willocks L, Brettle R, Keen J, Valentine C, Pinching AJ. Formulations of didanosine (ddI) and salt overload. Lancet 1992;339(8786):190.
  14. Chen L, Zhang Z, Chen W, Whelton PK, Appel LJ. Lower Sodium Intake and Risk of Headaches: Results From the Trial of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(7):1270-5. PubMed
  15. Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Lower levels of sodium intake and reduced cardiovascular risk. Circulation. 2014;129(9):981-9. PubMed
  16. Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Sodium Intake and All-Cause Mortality Over 20 Years in the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(15):1609-1617. PubMed
  17. Mente A, O'Donnell M, Rangarajan S, et al. Associations of urinary sodium excretion with cardiovascular events in individuals with and without hypertension: a pooled analysis of data from four studies. Lancet. 2016;388(10043):465-75. PubMed
  18. Moosavian SP, Haghighatdoost F, Surkan PJ, Azadbakht L. Salt and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2017;68(3):265-277. PubMed
  19. O'Donnell M, Mente A, Rangarajan S, et al. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion, mortality, and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(7):612-23. DOI
  20. Poggio R, Gutierrez L, Matta MG, Elorriaga N, Irazola V, Rubinstein A. Daily sodium consumption and CVD mortality in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Public Health Nutr. 2015;18(4):695-704. PubMed
  21. Stallings VA, Harrison M, Oria M; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium, Food and Nutrition Board, Health and Medicine Division, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington (DC): National Acad
  22. Mahtani KR, Heneghan C, Onakpoya I, et al. Reduced Salt Intake for Heart Failure: A Systematic Review. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Dec 1;178(12):1693-1700. PubMed
  23. Yancy CW. Sodium Restriction in Heart Failure: Too Much Uncertainty-Do the Trials. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Dec 1;178(12):1700-1701. PubMed
  24. He FJ, Campbell NRC, Ma Y, MacGregor GA, Cogswell ME, Cook NR. Errors in estimating usual sodium intake by the Kawasaki formula alter its relationship with mortality: implications for public health. Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47(6):1784-1795. PubMed
  25. Murthy K, Ondrey GJ, Malkani N, et al. THE EFFECTS OF HYPONATREMIA ON BONE DENSITY AND FRACTURES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. Endocr Pract. 2019;25(4):366-378. PubMed
  26. Messerli FH, Hofstetter L, Syrogiannouli L, et al. Sodium intake, life expectancy, and all-cause mortality. Eur Heart J 2021;42(21):2103-2112. PubMed
  27. Graudal NA, Hubeck-Graudal T, Jurgens G. Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020;12(12):CD004022. PubMed
  28. Giatti S, Santos RB, Aielo AN, et al. Association of sodium with obstructive sleep apnea. The ELSA-Brasil study. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021;18(3):502-510. PubMed
  29. Nan X, Lu H, Wu J, et al. The interactive association between sodium intake, alcohol consumption and hypertension among elderly in northern China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr 2021;21(1):135. PubMed
  30. Kyozuka H, Fukusda T, Murata T, et al. Impact of preconception sodium intake on hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: The Japan Environment and Children's study. Pregnancy Hypertens 2021;23:66-72. PubMed
  31. Zhao L, Ogden CL, Yang Q, et al. Association of usual sodium intake with obesity among US children and adolescents, NHANES 2009-2016. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021;29(3):587-594. PubMed
  32. Ma Y, He FJ, Sun Q, et al. 24-Hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med 2022;386(3):252-263. PubMed
  33. Liu J, Yang X, Zhang P, et al. Association of urinary sodium excretion and left ventricular hypertrophy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021;12:728493. PubMed
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Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.

DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

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