Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

VenaMend Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Premier Research Labs

VenaMend label
See full label image
Capsule Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 9, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking VenaMend against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

VenaMend is a dietary supplement by Premier Research Labs with 4 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for chronic venous insufficiency, hemorrhoids, leg swelling and heaviness.Based on those ingredients, 1,140 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Diosmin, Hesperidin. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

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Check Your Meds Against VenaMend by Premier Research Labs

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with VenaMend by Premier Research Labs — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of VenaMend by Premier Research Labs

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 11, 2026

What’s inside

Low disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Low

Most active ingredients don't disclose an individual amount — you can't tell how much of each you're getting.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 0 of its 4 active ingredients.
  • “Dio-Max” is listed as a grouped ingredient — the label gives one combined amount (1,180 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.
  • “Dio-Pro” is listed as a grouped ingredient — the label gives one combined amount (82 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.

VenaMend contains four active ingredients. Marine coral is a calcium-based bone substitute rated likely effective for that purpose.

Bovine colostrum — a nutrient-rich fluid from cows after birth — is possibly effective for certain types of diarrhea in people with HIV and may help with respiratory infections from exercise. The two main players for circulation are diosmin and hesperidin, plant-derived compounds that are possibly effective for chronic venous insufficiency (poor blood flow in leg veins), venous leg ulcers, and hemorrhoids.

The product also contains plant-source capsules as an inactive ingredient.

Does it work?

Moderate evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Moderate

Some clinical evidence supports this product's ingredients for its stated purpose, but it isn't conclusive.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: promote healthy venous tone and skin health.
  • We looked for evidence on: Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), Hemorrhoids, Varicose veins, Venous leg ulcers, leg swelling, spider veins — and 1 related terms.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Diosmin is rated "Possibly Effective" for Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Diosmin is rated "Possibly Effective" for Hemorrhoids, Venous leg ulcers.
  • Also on file: Diosmin is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Varicose veins.

Diosmin and hesperidin are the working ingredients for circulation in this product. Both are rated possibly effective for chronic venous insufficiency — a condition where leg veins struggle to pump blood back up to your heart — and for venous leg ulcers and hemorrhoids related to that problem.

Neither has solid evidence for back pain or diabetic nerve pain, so those uses fall into insufficient evidence. Marine coral is likely effective as a bone substitute in surgical settings, and bovine colostrum is possibly effective for specific types of diarrhea, especially in people with HIV, though safety data during pregnancy and breastfeeding is limited.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Diosmin Hesperidin Coral Bovine Colostrum

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 4 of the 4 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 4 of 4.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 4 of 4.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Diosmin is generally well tolerated short-term, though long-term safety is less studied. The most common side effects are abdominal pain, diarrhea, dizziness, nausea, and skin issues; rarely, it can cause heart rhythm problems (cardiac arrhythmias) or a type of anemia.

Hesperidin is also generally well tolerated in food amounts and short-term use, though long-term data is sparse. One case of allergic skin reaction was reported with a topical form.

Bovine colostrum is generally well tolerated in most adults but should be avoided if you have a milk or dairy allergy. A small number of trial participants reported bloating, nausea, diarrhea, and upset stomach at rates similar to a control group; in people with HIV-related infections, it has occasionally caused nausea, vomiting, elevated liver tests, and changes in blood counts.

Marine coral carries a 4% local infection risk if used surgically, though it doesn't carry the risk of transmitting infections like HIV or hepatitis. There isn't enough data on either ingredient's safety during pregnancy and breastfeeding — talk with your doctor or pharmacist for personalized guidance.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Diosmin Hesperidin Coral Bovine Colostrum

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 2 of the 4 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Diosmin, Hesperidin.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs.
  • For scale: 1,141 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Check your medications against diosmin and hesperidin if you take blood thinners or blood clotting preventers (warfarin, aspirin, others) — the biggest risk is increased bleeding. Also double-check pain relievers like diclofenac, muscle relaxants like chlorzoxazone, seizure drugs like carbamazepine, heart medications like verapamil or diltiazem, blood pressure drugs, and any medications that make you drowsy (CNS depressants).

Diosmin and hesperidin slow your liver's ability to clear these drugs, which can raise their levels in your blood.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFormula with limited ingredient disclosure with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

VenaMend is aimed at people with poor leg circulation, leg ulcers, or hemorrhoids who want to try a plant-based approach. If you take blood thinners, blood clotting preventers, heart medications, seizure drugs, or pain relievers, you need to check your exact medications with the tool on this page before starting — diosmin and hesperidin can change how your body processes them.

Anyone with a dairy allergy should skip this product. Talk to your pharmacist before adding it to your routine, especially if you're pregnant, breastfeeding, or take regular medications.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 4 of 4 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Apr 23, 2020.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about VenaMend, straight from the product label.

Brand Premier Research Labs
Net contents 90 Plant-Source Capsule(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Apr 23, 2020
DSLD ID 218947
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Capsule
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for VenaMend by Premier Research Labs, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
2 Capsule(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
3 Capsule(s)
Servings per container
30
IngredientAmount% DV
Marine Coral0 NP--
Bovine Colostrum0 NP--
Diosmin0 NP--
Hesperidin0 NP--
Dio-Max1180 mg--
Dio-Pro82 mg--

Other ingredients: Plant-Source Capsules

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested Use: Take 3 capsules daily for the first 2 months. Then take 2 capsules daily thereafter.

Formula

VenaMend features Dio-Max, two highly effective bioflavonoids, diosmin and hesperidin, coupled with Dio-Pro to promote healthy venous tone and skin health.

Formulation

Enjoy healthy, smooth-looking legs again!

Premier vein support formula

PRL's quality guarantee

Non-GMO

Potency verified Purity verified

No added magnesium stearate

Botanical species confirmed Phytoforensic tested adulterants No chemical or radiation sterilization Pathogen microbiology performed Heavy metal tested

Manufactured in a cGMP compliant facility for superior quality assurance

Precautions

Tamper Seal: Use only if seal is intact.

Consult your health care practitioner if you are pregnant, nursing/lactating, taking medications or have a medical condition, before taking this or any other product.

Keep out of reach of children.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statement have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

General Statements

Premier quality you can count on for a lifetime

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

VenaMend by Premier Research Labs label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

VenaMend label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in VenaMend by Premier Research Labs

These are the 4 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size2 Capsule(s) Dosage formCapsule Servings per container30 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Dio-Max

1180 mg per serving

Dio-Pro

82 mg per serving

Other (inactive) ingredients: Plant-Source Capsules. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

VenaMend by Premier Research Labs Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against VenaMend?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
1,140Drugs
1,140 Moderate

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Diosmin 884
Hesperidin 702

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in VenaMend interact with 1,140 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

2 of the 4 ingredients in VenaMend interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Diosmin Hesperidin

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in VenaMend with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Diosmin9 drug types · 884 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, diosmin may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
A case of spontaneous intraventricular hemorrhage has been reported for a 77-year-old female after 6 weeks of warfarin therapy, despite an international normalized ratio (INR) of only 1.8. The patient had also been taking aspirin and diosmin for several years. Experts speculate that chronic intake of diosmin predisposed the patient to spontaneous intraventricular hemorrhage by inducing chronic microcirculatory hypertension and inhibiting platelet aggregation. The presence of aspirin was also thought to play a role in this event.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Carbamazepine (Tegretol)

Theoretically, diosmin might reduce the effects of carbamazepine and increase the risk for convulsions.
A pharmacokinetic study in humans shows that taking diosmin (Venex) 500 mg daily for 10 days prior to oral administration of carbamazepine 200 mg increases blood levels of carbamazepine by approximately 58% and decreases carbamazepine clearance by 42%. It also decreases the formation of carbamazepine's active metabolite. It is speculated that diosmin reduces the metabolism of carbamazepine by inhibiting cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4).

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Chlorzoxazone (Parafon Forte, Paraflex)

Theoretically, diosmin might increase the levels and clinical effects of chlorzoxazone.
A pharmacokinetic study in humans shows that taking diosmin (Venex 500) 500 mg daily for 9 days prior to oral administration of chlorzoxazone 250 mg increases blood levels of chlorzoxazone by 53% and decreases chlorzoxazone clearance by 40%. It is speculated that diosmin reduces the metabolism of chlorzoxazone by inhibiting cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1).

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (Cyp2C9) Substrates

Theoretically, diosmin might inhibit the metabolism of CYP2C9 substrates.
Diclofenac is metabolized by CYP2C9 enzymes. Clinical and laboratory research shows that diosmin inhibits the metabolism of diclofenac. A pharmacokinetic study in humans shows that taking diosmin (Venex 500) 500 mg daily for 9 days prior to oral administration of diclofenac 100 mg increases blood levels of diclofenac and decreases diclofenac clearance.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2E1 (Cyp2E1) Substrates

Theoretically, diosmin might inhibit the metabolism of CYP2E1 substrates.
Chlorzoxazone is metabolized by CYP2E1 enzymes. A pharmacokinetic study in humans shows that taking diosmin (Venex 500) 500 mg daily for 9 days prior to oral administration of chlorzoxazone (Paraflex 250) 250 mg increases blood levels of chlorzoxazone by 34% and decreases chlorzoxazone clearance by 40%. It is speculated that diosmin reduces the metabolism of chlorzoxazone by inhibiting CYP2E1.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, diosmin might inhibit the metabolism of CYP3A4 substrates.
Laboratory research is conflicting with respect to the effects of diosmin on CYP3A4. Some research suggests that diosmin does not affect CYP3A4 activity. However, other research suggests that diosmin alters the metabolism of carbamazepine, a CYP3A4 substrate. Laboratory and animal research show that oral administration of diosmin for 7 days prior to oral administration of carbamazepine increases plasma concentrations of carbamazepine, decreases the clearance of carbamazepine, and decreases the formation of carbamazepine's active metabolite. Additionally, pharmacokinetic research in healthy male subjects shows that taking diosmin (Venex) 500 mg daily for 10 days prior to oral administration of carbamazepine 200 mg increases blood levels of carbamazepine by approximately 58% and decreases carbamazepine clearance by 42%. It is speculated that diosmin reduces the metabolism of carbamazepine by inhibiting CYP3A4. Diosmetin, a metabolite of diosmin, may also inhibit CYP3A4.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Diclofenac (Voltaren, Others)

Theoretically, diosmin might increase the levels and clinical effects of diclofenac.
Clinical and laboratory research shows that diosmin inhibits the metabolism of diclofenac. A pharmacokinetic study in humans shows that taking diosmin (Venex 500) 500 mg daily for 9 days prior to oral administration of diclofenac 100 mg increases blood levels of diclofenac and decreases diclofenac clearance. It is speculated that diosmin reduces the metabolism of diclofenac by inhibiting cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9).

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Fexofenadine (Allegra)

Theoretically, diosmin might increase the levels and clinical effects of fexofenadine.
A pharmacokinetic study in humans shows that taking diosmin (Venex) 500 mg daily for 10 days prior to oral administration of fexofenadine 120 mg increases blood levels of fexofenadine by approximately 49% and decreases the apparent oral clearance of fexofenadine by 41%. The time taken to reach maximum plasma concentration, the half-life, and the apparent renal clearance of fexofenadine are not affected. For this reason, it is speculated that diosmin alters the pharmacokinetics of fexofenadine via inhibition of P-glycoprotein in the intestine, but not in the kidney or liver.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
P-Glycoprotein Substrates

Theoretically, diosmin might increase levels of drugs that are substrates of P-glycoprotein (P-gp).
Preliminary laboratory research suggests that diosmin inhibits P-gp. Additionally, pharmacokinetic research in healthy male subjects shows that taking diosmin (Venex) 500 mg daily for 10 days prior to oral administration of fexofenadine 120 mg increases blood levels of fexofenadine, a P-gp substrate, by approximately 49% and decreases the apparent oral clearance of fexofenadine by 41%. The time taken to reach maximum plasma concentration, the half-life, and the apparent renal clearance of fexofenadine are not affected. For this reason, it is speculated that diosmin inhibits P-gp in the intestine, but not in the kidney or liver.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Diosmin full monograph & interactions

Hesperidin7 drug types · 702 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, hesperidin may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Animal research suggests that hesperetin, a bioflavonoid aglycone derivative of hesperidin, may have antiplatelet activity.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, taking hesperidin with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.
Some clinical and animal research shows that hesperidin can decrease blood pressure. However, other clinical research shows that hesperidin does not affect blood pressure.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Celiprolol (Celicard)

Theoretically, hesperidin may decrease the levels and clinical effects of celiprolol.
Animal research shows that concomitant use of hesperidin may reduce the plasma area under the curve of celiprolol by up to 75%. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cns Depressants

Theoretically, concomitant use with CNS depressants may cause additive sedative effects.
Animal studies show that hesperidin has sedative effects, due to opioid receptor activity and can increase sedation when used with diazepam. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Diltiazem (Cardizem, Others)

Theoretically, hesperidin may increase the levels and clinical effects of diltiazem.
Animal research suggests that hesperidin may enhance the bioavailability of diltiazem, increasing the plasma area under the curve of diltiazem by up to 65.3%. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
P-Glycoprotein Substrates

Theoretically, hesperidin might inhibit P-glycoprotein-mediated drug efflux and potentially increase levels of drugs that are substrates of P-glycoprotein.
In vitro research shows that hesperidin can inhibit P-glycoprotein efflux. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Verapamil (Calan, Others)

Theoretically, hesperidin might increase the levels and clinical effects of verapamil.
Animal research suggests that hesperidin may enhance the bioavailability of verapamil, increasing the plasma area under the curve of verapamil by 96.8%. This effect has not been reported in humans

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Hesperidin full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for VenaMend, from the product label.

Premier Research Labs

See all Premier Research Labs products
Name
Premier Research Labs
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

VenaMend by Premier Research Labs: Common Questions

Does VenaMend by Premier Research Labs interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, VenaMend has a known interaction with 1,140 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
VenaMend contains 4 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Can I take this if I'm pregnant or breastfeeding?
There isn't enough reliable safety data to say yes or no for any of the four ingredients in VenaMend. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist about whether it's right for you during pregnancy or while breastfeeding — they can weigh the potential benefit against the uncertainty.
What is diosmin and what does it do?
Diosmin is a plant compound (a flavonoid) that's possibly effective for chronic venous insufficiency — when leg veins don't pump blood back up properly — and for related problems like leg ulcers and hemorrhoids. It's generally well tolerated, though long-term safety is less studied.
Does this product have fillers?
VenaMend contains plant-source capsules as an inactive ingredient — that's the capsule material itself, not a filler inside it.
What are the most common side effects?
Diosmin most commonly causes abdominal pain, diarrhea, dizziness, nausea, and skin redness. Bovine colostrum can cause bloating, nausea, diarrhea, and upset stomach in a small number of people. Both are usually mild.
Is this safe if I have a milk allergy?
No — bovine colostrum is a dairy product and should be avoided if you have a milk or dairy allergy.
Does this help with back pain?
The diosmin in VenaMend has insufficient reliable evidence for back pain, so we can't say whether it works for that use based on the data we hold.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

VenaMend label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind VenaMend’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Diosmin

Interacts with 884 drugs

Diosmin is a citrus-derived flavonoid most often used for vein-related problems such as chronic venous insufficiency and hemorrhoids, and it is usually combined with a related flavonoid call...

Read the full Diosmin monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Hesperidin

Interacts with 702 drugs

Hesperidin is a flavonoid found in citrus fruits that is often combined with diosmin and used for vein and circulation problems like hemorrhoids and varicose veins. Some evidence supports th...

Read the full Hesperidin monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Coral

Coral calcium is a calcium supplement made from coral skeletons (often fossilized) that also contains small amounts of other minerals. It is essentially a form of calcium carbonate, and ther...

Read the full Coral monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Bovine Colostrum

Bovine colostrum is the nutrient-rich first milk from cows, packed with antibodies, growth factors, and protein. Early research suggests it may help with gut health, certain types of diarrhe...

Read the full Bovine Colostrum monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

VenaMend's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 47 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Coral 5 references
  1. Schulz A, Hilgers RD, Niedermeier W. The effect of splinting of teeth in combination with reconstructive periodontal surgery in humans. Clin Oral Investig 2000;4:98-105.. PubMed
  2. Vuola J, Bohling T, Kinnunen J, et al. Natural coral as bone-defect-filling material. J Biomed Mater Res 2000;51:117-22.. DOI
  3. Thalgott JS, Klezl Z, Timlin M, Giuffre JM. Anterior lumbar interbody fusion with processed sea coral (coralline hydroxyapatite) as part of a circumferential fusion. Spine 2002;27:E518-25.. PubMed
  4. Marchac D, Sandor G. Use of coral granules in the craniofacial skeleton. J Craniofac Surg 1994;5:213-7. PubMed
  5. Roux FX, Brasnu D, Menard M, et al. Madreporic coral for cranial base reconstruction. 8 years experience. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1995;133:201-205. PubMed

See these in context on the Coral monograph →

Bovine Colostrum 8 references
  1. Lewis CJ. Letter to reiterate certain public health and safety concerns to firms manufacturing or importing dietary supplements that contain specific bovine tissues. FDA. Available at: www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/dspltr05.html.
  2. Greenberg PD, Cello JP. Treatment of severe diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium parvum with oral bovine immunoglobulin concentrate in patients with AIDS. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1996;13:348-54. PubMed
  3. Duff WR, Chilibeck PD, Rooke JJ, Kaviani M, Krentz JR, Haines DM. The effect of bovine colostrum supplementation in older adults during resistance training. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2014 Jun;24(3):276-85. PubMed
  4. Sanctuary MR, Kain JN, Chen SY, et al. Pilot study of probiotic/colostrum supplementation on gut function in children with autism and gastrointestinal symptoms. PLoS One. 2019;14(1):e0210064. PubMed
  5. Porcaro F, Caminiti L, Crisafulli G, Guglielmo F, Pajno GB. Anaphylaxis to cutaneous exposure to bovine colostrum based cream. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2019;37(1):9-11.
  6. Yan X, Pan X, Ding L, et al. Bovine colostrum to supplement the first feeding of very preterm infants: The PreColos randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2023;42(8):1408-1417. PubMed
  7. Halasa M, Skonieczna-Zydecka K, Machalinski B, Bühner L, Baskiewicz-Halasa M. Six Weeks of Supplementation with Bovine Colostrum Effectively Reduces URTIs Symptoms Frequency and Gravity for Up to 20 Weeks in Pre-School Children. Nutrients 2023;15(16):3626 PubMed
  8. Simonsen MB, Kappel SS, Aunsholt L, Möller S, Sangild PT, Zachariassen G. Mineral supplementation for very preterm infants fed fortified human milk. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2024;78(6):1389-1397. PubMed

See these in context on the Bovine Colostrum monograph →

Diosmin 20 references
  1. Misra MC, Parshad R. Randomized clinical trial of micronized flavonoids in the early control of bleeding from acute internal haemorrhoids. Br J Surgery 2000;87:868-72. PubMed
  2. Thanapongsathorn W, Vajrabukka T. Clinical trial of oral diosmin (Daflon) in the treatment of hemorrhoids. Dis Colon Rectum 1992;35:1085-8. PubMed
  3. Cospite M. Double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of clinical activity and safety of Daflon 500 mg in the treatment of acute hemorrhoids. Angiology 1994;45:566-73.
  4. Guilhou JJ, Dereure O, Marzin L, et al. Efficacy of Daflon 500 mg in venous leg ulcer healing: a double-blind, randomized, controlled versus placebo trial in 107 patients. Angiology 1997;48:77-85.. PubMed
  5. Cospite, M. and Dominici, A. Double blind study of the pharmacodynamic and clinical activities of 5682 SE in venous insufficiency. Advantages of the new micronized form. Int Angiol. 1989;8(4 Suppl):61-65.
  6. Buckshee, K., Takkar, D., and Aggarwal, N. Micronized flavonoid therapy in internal hemorrhoids of pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1997;57(2):145-151. PubMed
  7. Kumar RM, Van Gompel JJ, Bower R, Rabinstein AA. Spontaneous intraventricular hemorrhage associated with prolonged diosmin therapy. Neurocrit Care. 2011 Jun;14(3):438-40. PubMed
  8. Milano G, Leone S, Fucile C, Zuccoli ML, Stimamiglio A, Martelli A, Mattioli F. Uncommon serum creatine phosphokinase and lactic dehydrogenase increase during diosmin therapy: two case reports. J Med Case Rep. 2014 Jun 16;8:194. PubMed
  9. Rajnarayana K, Venkatesham A, Krishna DR. Bioavailability of diclofenac sodium after pretreatment with diosmin in healthy volunteers. Drug Metabol Drug Interact. 2007;22(2-3):165-74. PubMed
  10. Rajnarayana K, Venkatesham A, Nagulu M, Srinivas M, Krishna DR. Influence of diosmin pretreatment on the pharmacokinetics of chlorzoxazone in healthy male volunteers. Drug Metabol Drug Interact. 2008;23(3-4):311-21. PubMed
  11. Yoo HH, Lee M, Chung HJ, Lee SK, Kim DH. Effects of diosmin, a flavonoid glycoside in citrus fruits, on P-glycoprotein-mediated drug efflux in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Sep 5;55(18):7620-5. PubMed
  12. Bedada SK, Neerati P. Modulation of CYP3A enzyme activity by diosmin and its consequence on carbamazepine pharmacokinetics in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2018;391(2):115-21. PubMed
  13. Burkina V, Zlabek V, Halsne R, Ropstad E, Zamaratskaia G. In vitro effects of the citrus flavonoids diosmin, naringenin and naringin on the hepatic drug-metabolizing CYP3A enzyme in human, pig, mouse and fish. Biochem Pharmacol. 2016;110-111:109-16 PubMed
  14. Bedada SK, Boga PK. Influence of diosmin on the metabolism and disposition of carbamazepine in healthy subjects. Xenobiotica. 2017;47(10):879-84. PubMed
  15. Bedada SK, Boga PK, Kotakonda HK. The effect of diosmin on the pharmacokinetics of fexofenadine in healthy human volunteers. Xenobiotica. 2017;47(3):230-35. PubMed
  16. Poór M, Boda G, Mohos V, et al. Pharmacokinetic interaction of diosmetin and silibinin with other drugs: Inhibition of CYP2C9-mediated biotransformation and displacement from serum albumin. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;102:912-921. PubMed
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  18. Steinbruch M, Nunes C, Gama R, et al. Is nonmicronized diosmin 600?mg as effective as micronized diosmin 900?mg plus hesperidin 100?mg on chronic venous disease symptoms? Results of a noninferiority study. Int J Vasc Med. 2020;2020:4237204. PubMed
  19. Schastlivtsev I, Lobastov K, Barinov V, Kanzafarova I. Diosmin 600 in adjunction to rivaroxaban reduces the risk of post-thrombotic syndrome after femoropopliteal deep vein thrombosis: results of the RIDILOTT DVT study. Int Angiol. 2020;39(5):361-371. PubMed
  20. Mansilha A, Caldevilla H, Puskás A, Lucien A, Roby L, Kirienko A. MPFF 1000 mg chewable once daily vs. MPFF 500 mg twice daily in chronic venous disease: the double-blind, randomized, non-inferiority CHEWY trial. Int Angiol 2022;41(6):464-475. PubMed

See these in context on the Diosmin monograph →

Hesperidin 14 references
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  3. Loscalzo, L. M., Wasowski, C., Paladini, A. C., and Marder, M. Opioid receptors are involved in the sedative and antinociceptive effects of hesperidin as well as in its potentiation with benzodiazepines. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 2-12-2008;580(3):306-313. PubMed
  4. Yamamoto, M., Suzuki, A., Jokura, H., Yamamoto, N., and Hase, T. Glucosyl hesperidin prevents endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Nutrition 2008;24(5):470-476. PubMed
  5. El-Readi, M. Z., Hamdan, D., Farrag, N., El-Shazly, A., and Wink, M. Inhibition of P-glycoprotein activity by limonin and other secondary metabolites from Citrus species in human colon and leukaemia cell lines. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1-25-2010;626(2-3):139-145 PubMed
  6. Buckshee, K., Takkar, D., and Aggarwal, N. Micronized flavonoid therapy in internal hemorrhoids of pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1997;57(2):145-151. PubMed
  7. Uesawa, Y. and Mohri, K. Hesperidin in orange juice reduces the absorption of celiprolol in rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2008;29(3):185-188. PubMed
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  9. Piao, YJ and Choi, JS. Enhanced bioavailability of verapamil after oral administration with hesperidin in rats. Arch Pharm Res. 2008;31(4):518-522. PubMed
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  14. Valls RM, Pedret A, Calderón-Pérez L, et al. Effects of hesperidin in orange juice on blood and pulse pressures in mildly hypertensive individuals: a randomized controlled trial (Citrus study). Eur J Nutr. 2021;60(3):1277-1288. PubMed

See these in context on the Hesperidin monograph →

Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.

DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

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