Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Based on 1 of 3 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Vitargo S2 Unflavored/Unsweetened Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Vitargo

Vitargo S2 Unflavored/Unsweetened label
See full label image
Powder Category: Botanical
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Vitargo S2 Unflavored/Unsweetened against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Vitargo S2 Unflavored/Unsweetened is a dietary supplement by Vitargo with 3 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for replacing fluids and electrolytes, preventing dehydration during exercise or illness, treating low blood sodium (under medical care).Based on those ingredients, 205 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Sodium. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Vitargo S2 Unflavored/Unsweetened by Vitargo

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Vitargo S2 Unflavored/Unsweetened by Vitargo — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Vitargo S2 Unflavored/Unsweetened by Vitargo

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 11, 2026

What’s inside

Low disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Low

Most active ingredients don't disclose an individual amount — you can't tell how much of each you're getting.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 0 of its 1 active ingredient.

Vitargo S2 contains one active ingredient: sodium. It also includes fractionated barley amylopectin as an inactive ingredient (a carbohydrate filler).

Sodium is an essential mineral your body needs for nerve and muscle function, but the amount in supplements or added to your diet can tip the balance — especially if you already eat typical amounts of salt in food.

Does it work?

Couldn't assess
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Not assessable

We hold no graded evidence for this product's ingredients for its stated purpose.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: faster muscle glycogen refueling and performance.
  • Our graded evidence for these ingredients doesn't cover that particular purpose.

Sodium is rated likely effective for cystic fibrosis. For amphotericin B nephrotoxicity (kidney damage from an antifungal drug), the evidence is possibly effective.

There isn't enough reliable evidence to say whether sodium helps with bipolar disorder or congestive heart failure.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Sodium

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 1 of the 1 matched ingredient.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 1 of 1.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 1 of 1.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Sodium is generally well tolerated when you stay within normal dietary amounts — roughly up to 2.3 grams per day. Too much sodium over time is linked to high blood pressure, heart strain, and kidney disease.

Serious side effects are rare but can include worsening of existing heart or kidney problems. Avoid sodium supplements or very high intake without talking to your doctor first — normal dietary sodium is fine.

Pregnancy and lactation: the data rates sodium as likely safe during pregnancy and lactation, though one entry notes possibly unsafe. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist about what's right for you if you're pregnant or breastfeeding.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Sodium

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 1 of the 1 matched ingredient can interact with medications — Sodium.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: lithium.
  • For scale: 205 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Check with your pharmacist before using this product if you take blood pressure medications (antihypertensives), lithium, corticosteroids, didanosine, sodium phosphate bowel prep, tolvaptan, or any other sodium-containing drug. All of these have Moderate interactions with added sodium.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFormula with limited ingredient disclosure with no assessable stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This product is just sodium in a convenient form. It's worth considering only if you have a specific medical reason (like cystic fibrosis) and your doctor has recommended it.

If you take blood pressure medications, lithium, corticosteroids, or any HIV or heart medications, check with your pharmacist before using it. Most people get plenty of sodium from their regular diet.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 1 of 1 active ingredient matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Jan 25, 2016.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Vitargo S2 Unflavored/Unsweetened, straight from the product label.

Brand Vitargo
Barcode (UPC) 855843005121
Net contents 2.98 lbs; 1350 Gram(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Jan 25, 2016
DSLD ID 55922
Product type Botanical
Supplement form Powder
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years), Kosher, Halal, Gluten Free, Sugar Free
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Vitargo S2 Unflavored/Unsweetened by Vitargo, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
2 Level Scoop(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
2 Level Scoop(s)
Servings per container
18
UPC/BARCODE
855843005121
IngredientAmount% DV
Calories280 {Calories}--
Total Carbohydrates70 Gram(s)23%
Sugar0 Gram(s)--
Calories from Fat0 {Calories}--
Sodium0 mg--
Total Fat0 Gram(s)--
Protein0 Gram(s)--

Other ingredients: fractionated Barley amylopectin

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Brand IP Statement(s)

Vitargo S2 is the original super carb, proven in university studies in humans to be up to 2.3x faster than maltodextrin (homopolysaccharide).

Proof Before Promises

Fastest Muscle Fuel

SAME DAY RECOVERY

IF YOU DON'T TRAIN YOU'RE NOT READY FOR VITARGO.

Samples from each bottle of Vitargo S2 multi-serving tubs are analyzed for substances banned by sport.

Protected by US Patent 5929052 and other international patents. Vitargo is a registered trademark of Swecarb. Vitargo patents and trademarks are licensed exclusively to VGS. Vitargo Inside & Fastest Muscle Fuel are also protected by copyright.

General Statements

Vitargo's patented IVg technology delivers faster gut transit, glycemic and insulin responses, muscle glycogen refueling, and performance. No other carb has this span of proof.

~ Leaves the stomach quicker 2.3x faster than maltodextrin + sugars - in the first 10 minutes after indigestion.1 This leads to less stomach "distress" and faster delivery of muscle energy. ~ Gets into muscle faster 1.7x faster glycogen re/fueling than maltodextrin + sugars after exhaustive workouts.2 ~ Boosts performance in your next workout Up to 23% greater maximal endurance (average of 10% greater) 2 hours after exhaustive, glycogen-depleting exercise, compared to maltodextrin + sugars.3 ~ Turns off muscle protein breakdown 1.8x faster/higher insulin response than maltodextrin + sugars, within 10 minutes3 - the most potent, natural way to activate the anti-catabolic signals that spare muscle protein.

VITARGO-Specific Research - this actual product is university proven in HUMANS

References 1. Leiper JB, et al. Improved gastric emptying rate in humans of a unique glucose polymer with gel-forming properties. Scand J Gastroenterol 2000; 35:1143-9 2. Aulin KP, et al. Muscle glycogen resynthesis rate in humas after supplementation of drinks containing carbohydrates with low and high molecular masses. Eur J Appl Physiol 2000; 81:346-51. 3. Stephens FB, et al. Post-exercise ingestion of a unique, high molecular weight glucose polymer solution improves performance during a subsequent bout of cycling exercise. J Sports Sci 2008; 26:149-54.

{chart} 60 {white square} MALTODEXTRIN 100 1.7X {red square} VITARGO GLYCOGEN REFUELING SPEED/2 HOURS 1.7X FASTER MUSCLE GLYCOGEN CARBS DELIVERED TO INTESTINE GRAMS/10 MIN RECOVERY PERFORMANCE (KJ) UP TO 23% GREATER GASTRIC EMPTYING 2.3X FASTER

~ 2.3X FASTER GASTRIC EMPTYING ~ 2X FASTER GLYCEMIC RISE ~ 1.7X FASTER GLYCOGEN

PRE~INTRA~POST

BLOAT-FREE FUELING

Not a low calorie product

36 SCOOPS 18 SERVINGS

For more detailed info, go to VitargoS2.com

Manufactured in the USA at a cGMP facility.

For more details, see www.bscg.org

Formulation

Vitargo S2 is 100% sugar-free, lab tested gluten-free, and certified undetectable banned substances.

SUGAR-FREE DRINK MIX

GLUTEN-FREE (via ELISA testing each batch)

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Seals/Symbols

UNIVERSITY PROVEN

ELISA TESTED GLUTEN-FREE

PATENTED IVg TECHNOLOGY

IFANCA CERTIFIER M HALAL

FOR ELITE ATHLETES & PROFESSIONALS BSCG CERTIFIED DRUG FREE BSCG.ORG

V

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

INSTRUCTIONS Vitargo S2 is a different engineered carbohydrate - please follow directions closely: HOW In a shaker bottle ~ Add 10-12 oz. of water (room temp. is best) to a large shaker bottle. ~ Add 2 level scoops of Vitargo S2 and shake vigorously for 15-20 seconds. In a blender ~ For best results add 2 level scoops into a blender with water while it's blending at low-medium. WHEN PRE- (before) or INTRA- (during) training or competition ~ Mix 1 or 2 level scoops of Vitargo S2 as stated above. Feel free to add your favorite pre-workout, amino acid, electrolytes, or other non-carb supplement. Note that Vitargo is a fractionated STARCH and is thicker/more viscous than other powdered drinks. POST- (after) training or competition, or for glycogen loading ~ Drink 2 level scoops as soon as possible after finishing. Ideally, mix with 20-25 grams of a protein source. After longer training/competition (> 1-1.5 hours) take another 1-2 scoops 30-90 minutes later.

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Vitargo S2 Unflavored/Unsweetened by Vitargo label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Vitargo S2 Unflavored/Unsweetened label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Vitargo S2 Unflavored/Unsweetened by Vitargo

These are the 3 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size2 Level Scoop(s) Dosage formPowder Servings per container18 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Sugar

0 Gram(s) per serving

Sodium

Interacts with
205 drugs
0 mg per serving

Sodium is an essential mineral and electrolyte your body needs to balance fluids, support nerves, and help muscles work. Most people in modern diets g...

Sodium monograph & interactions

Protein

0 Gram(s) per serving

Other (inactive) ingredients: Fractionated Barley amylopectin. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Vitargo S2 Unflavored/Unsweetened by Vitargo Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Vitargo S2 Unflavored/Unsweetened?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
205Drugs
205 Moderate

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Sodium 205

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Vitargo S2 Unflavored/Unsweetened interact with 205 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

1 of the 3 ingredients in Vitargo S2 Unflavored/Unsweetened interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Sodium

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Vitargo S2 Unflavored/Unsweetened with known interactions, here are the types of medications it can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Sodium7 drug types · 205 drugs

Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
High intake of dietary sodium can increase systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Also, high intake of sodium may necessitate increased use of antihypertensive medications to achieve blood pressure control in some patients, such as those with chronic kidney disease.

Likelihood Probable Evidence A
Corticosteroids

Concomitant use of mineralocorticoids and some glucocorticoids with sodium supplements might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Mineralocorticoids and some glucocorticoids (corticosteroids) cause sodium retention. This effect is dose-related and depends on mineralocorticoid potency. It is most common with hydrocortisone, cortisone, and fludrocortisone, followed by prednisone and prednisolone.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Didanosine (Videx)

Concomitant use of didanosine with additional sodium from dietary or supplemental sources may increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Didanosine formulations contain a significant amount of sodium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence C
Lithium

Altering dietary intake of sodium might alter the levels and clinical effects of lithium.
High sodium intake can reduce plasma concentrations of lithium by increasing lithium excretion. Reducing sodium intake can significantly increase plasma concentrations of lithium and cause lithium toxicity in patients being treated with lithium carbonate. Stabilizing sodium intake is shown to reduce the percentage of patients with lithium level fluctuations above 0.8 mEq/L. Patients taking lithium should avoid significant alterations in their dietary intake of sodium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Sodium Phosphates

Theoretically, concomitant use of sodium phosphate with sodium supplements might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Use of high doses (> 45 mL in 24 hours) of sodium phosphate, such as those used for bowel cleansing before surgery, can lead to serious electrolyte disturbances, including hypernatremia. The risk of hypernatremia is highest in the elderly and people with other risk factors for electrolyte disturbances.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Sodium-Containing Drugs

Concomitant use of sodium-containing drugs with additional sodium from dietary or supplemental sources may increase the risk of hypernatremia and long-term sodium-related complications.
The Chronic Disease Risk Reduction (CDRR) intake level of 2.3 grams of sodium daily indicates the intake at which it is believed that chronic disease risk increases for the apparently healthy population. Some medications contain high quantities of sodium. When used in conjunction with sodium supplements or high-sodium diets, the CDRR may be exceeded. Additionally, concomitant use may increase the risk for hypernatremia; this risk is highest in the elderly and people with other risk factors for electrolyte disturbances.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Tolvaptan (Samsca)

Theoretically, concomitant use of tolvaptan with sodium might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Tolvaptan is a vasopressin receptor 2 antagonist that is used to increase sodium levels in patients with hyponatremia. Patients taking tolvaptan should use caution with the use of sodium salts such as sodium chloride.

Likelihood Probable Evidence C
Sodium full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Vitargo S2 Unflavored/Unsweetened, from the product label.

Vitargo

Name
Vitargo Global Sciences, LLC.
City
Dana Point
State
CA
ZipCode
92629
Phone Number
877.436.7858
Web Address
VitargoS2.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Vitargo S2 Unflavored/Unsweetened by Vitargo: Common Questions

Does Vitargo S2 Unflavored/Unsweetened by Vitargo interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Vitargo S2 Unflavored/Unsweetened has a known interaction with 205 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Vitargo S2 Unflavored/Unsweetened contains 3 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
What is Vitargo S2 actually for?
Vitargo S2 is a sodium supplement. The evidence supports its use for cystic fibrosis. For amphotericin B kidney damage, the evidence is possibly effective. There isn't solid evidence it helps with bipolar disorder or heart failure.
Is it safe to just add sodium supplements to my diet if I eat normally?
No — normal dietary sodium is fine, but adding a supplement on top is usually unnecessary and can push your intake too high. High sodium is linked to high blood pressure, heart strain, and kidney disease. Avoid sodium supplements without medical advice.
Can I take this if I'm pregnant or breastfeeding?
The data rates sodium as likely safe in pregnancy and lactation, though one entry notes possibly unsafe. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist about what's best for your specific situation — they know your health history.
What's in this product besides sodium?
It contains fractionated barley amylopectin as an inactive ingredient — that's a carbohydrate filler. Otherwise it's just sodium.
Why would I need a sodium supplement if I eat salt?
Most people don't — typical diets provide plenty. Sodium supplements are prescribed for specific medical conditions, like cystic fibrosis, where your doctor believes you need it. Don't take one without medical guidance.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if Vitargo S2 Unflavored/Unsweetened is safe with your meds?

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Vitargo S2 Unflavored/Unsweetened label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Vitargo S2 Unflavored/Unsweetened’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Sodium

Interacts with 205 drugs

Sodium is an essential mineral and electrolyte your body needs to balance fluids, support nerves, and help muscles work. Most people in modern diets get more than enough—often too much—from...

Read the full Sodium monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Vitargo S2 Unflavored/Unsweetened's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 38 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Sodium 38 references
  1. Garabedian-Ruffalo SM, Ruffalo RL. Drug and nutrient interactions. Am Fam Physician 1986;33:165-74.
  2. Food and Drug Administration Science Background: Safety of Sodium Phosphates Oral Solution. September 17, 2001. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/safety/sodiumphospate.htm
  3. Coton T, Mallaret C, Coilliot C, Carre D, Guisset M. Severe acute ulcerated gastritis induced by salt. Presse Med 2009;38(3):499-500. PubMed
  4. Frings-Meuthen P, Buehlmeier J, Baecker N, et al. High sodium chloride intake exacerbates immobilization-induced bone resorption and protein losses. J Appl Physiol 2011;111(2):537-542. PubMed
  5. Frings-Meuthen P, Baecker N, Heer M. Low-grade metabolic acidosis may be the cause of sodium chloride-induced exaggerated bone resorption. J Bone Miner Res 2008;23(4):517-524. PubMed
  6. Alam S, Johnson AG. A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCT) among healthy normotensive and essential hypertensive elderly patients to determine the effect of high salt (NaCl) diet of blood pressure. J Hum Hypertens 1999;13(6):367-74.
  7. Boudville N, Ward S, Benaroia M, House AA. Increased sodium intake correlates with greater use of antihypertensive agents by subjects with chronic kidney disease. Am J Hypertens 2005;18(10):1300-5. PubMed
  8. Bennett WM. Drug interactions and consequences of sodium restriction. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65(2 Suppl):678S-681S. PubMed
  9. Okusa MD, Crystal LJ. Clinical manifestations and management of acute lithium intoxication. Am J Med 1994;97(4):383-9. PubMed
  10. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2005. Available at: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10925. DOI
  11. D'Elia L, Rossi G, Ippolito R, Cappuccio FP, Strazzullo P. Habitual salt intake and risk of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Clin Nutr 2012;31(4):489-98. PubMed
  12. Goldsmith SR. Hyponatremia in heart failure: time for a trial. J Card Fail 2013;19(6):398-400. PubMed
  13. Willocks L, Brettle R, Keen J, Valentine C, Pinching AJ. Formulations of didanosine (ddI) and salt overload. Lancet 1992;339(8786):190.
  14. Chen L, Zhang Z, Chen W, Whelton PK, Appel LJ. Lower Sodium Intake and Risk of Headaches: Results From the Trial of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(7):1270-5. PubMed
  15. Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Lower levels of sodium intake and reduced cardiovascular risk. Circulation. 2014;129(9):981-9. PubMed
  16. Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Sodium Intake and All-Cause Mortality Over 20 Years in the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(15):1609-1617. PubMed
  17. Mente A, O'Donnell M, Rangarajan S, et al. Associations of urinary sodium excretion with cardiovascular events in individuals with and without hypertension: a pooled analysis of data from four studies. Lancet. 2016;388(10043):465-75. PubMed
  18. Moosavian SP, Haghighatdoost F, Surkan PJ, Azadbakht L. Salt and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2017;68(3):265-277. PubMed
  19. O'Donnell M, Mente A, Rangarajan S, et al. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion, mortality, and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(7):612-23. DOI
  20. Poggio R, Gutierrez L, Matta MG, Elorriaga N, Irazola V, Rubinstein A. Daily sodium consumption and CVD mortality in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Public Health Nutr. 2015;18(4):695-704. PubMed
  21. Stallings VA, Harrison M, Oria M; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium, Food and Nutrition Board, Health and Medicine Division, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington (DC): National Acad
  22. Mahtani KR, Heneghan C, Onakpoya I, et al. Reduced Salt Intake for Heart Failure: A Systematic Review. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Dec 1;178(12):1693-1700. PubMed
  23. Yancy CW. Sodium Restriction in Heart Failure: Too Much Uncertainty-Do the Trials. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Dec 1;178(12):1700-1701. PubMed
  24. He FJ, Campbell NRC, Ma Y, MacGregor GA, Cogswell ME, Cook NR. Errors in estimating usual sodium intake by the Kawasaki formula alter its relationship with mortality: implications for public health. Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47(6):1784-1795. PubMed
  25. Murthy K, Ondrey GJ, Malkani N, et al. THE EFFECTS OF HYPONATREMIA ON BONE DENSITY AND FRACTURES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. Endocr Pract. 2019;25(4):366-378. PubMed
  26. Messerli FH, Hofstetter L, Syrogiannouli L, et al. Sodium intake, life expectancy, and all-cause mortality. Eur Heart J 2021;42(21):2103-2112. PubMed
  27. Graudal NA, Hubeck-Graudal T, Jurgens G. Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020;12(12):CD004022. PubMed
  28. Giatti S, Santos RB, Aielo AN, et al. Association of sodium with obstructive sleep apnea. The ELSA-Brasil study. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021;18(3):502-510. PubMed
  29. Nan X, Lu H, Wu J, et al. The interactive association between sodium intake, alcohol consumption and hypertension among elderly in northern China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr 2021;21(1):135. PubMed
  30. Kyozuka H, Fukusda T, Murata T, et al. Impact of preconception sodium intake on hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: The Japan Environment and Children's study. Pregnancy Hypertens 2021;23:66-72. PubMed
  31. Zhao L, Ogden CL, Yang Q, et al. Association of usual sodium intake with obesity among US children and adolescents, NHANES 2009-2016. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021;29(3):587-594. PubMed
  32. Ma Y, He FJ, Sun Q, et al. 24-Hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med 2022;386(3):252-263. PubMed
  33. Liu J, Yang X, Zhang P, et al. Association of urinary sodium excretion and left ventricular hypertrophy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021;12:728493. PubMed
  34. Filippini T, Malavolti M, Whelton PK, Vinceti M. Sodium intake and risk of hypertension: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational cohort studies. Curr Hypertens Rep 2022;24(5):133-144. PubMed
  35. Wang DD, Li Y, Nguyen XT, et al. Dietary sodium and potassium intake and risk of non-fatal cardiovascular diseases: The million veteran program. Nutrients 2022;14(5):1121. PubMed
  36. Kwak JH, Park CH, Eun CS, et al. The associations of dietary intake of high sodium and low zinc with gastric cancer mortality: A prospective cohort study in Korea. Nutr Cancer 2022;74(10):3501-3508. PubMed
  37. George S, Maiti R, Mishra BR, Jena M, Mohapatra D. Effect of regulated add-on sodium chloride intake on stabilization of serum lithium concentration in bipolar disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Bipolar Disord 2023;25(1):66-75. PubMed
  38. Zhou TL, Schütten MTJ, Kroon AA, et al. Urinary Sodium Excretion and Salt Intake Are Not Associated With Blood Pressure Variability in a White General Population. J Am Heart Assoc 2023;12(1):e026578. PubMed

See these in context on the Sodium monograph →

Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.

DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

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