Penicillin V Potassium
Penicillin V Potassium is an oral antibiotic used to treat mild to moderately severe bacterial infections — including strep throat, skin infections, and respiratory infections — and to prevent recurrence of rheumatic fever.
🧬 Where this information comes from Click to expand
The clinical label records used on this page are FDA-filed Structured Product Labeling (SPL) retrieved through openFDA. We identified 69 clinical label sets within the page’s selected clinical scope after exact ingredient or ingredient-combination matching and applicable route/form matching. Forms, routes, brands, labelers, strengths, and NDC product-record counts are built separately from matching FDA National Drug Code Directory records. The linked DailyMed document is a representative official source for verification, not the page’s only clinical source. View the linked label on DailyMed →
📖 Penicillin V Potassium: Patient Information Guide
A plain-language walkthrough of Penicillin V Potassium — what it treats, how it works, how it’s taken, side effects, warnings and interactions. Tap any section to expand it.
🎯What it's used for▾
Penicillin V Potassium is used to treat and prevent a range of bacterial infections. Here is the full set of supported uses:
- Streptococcal infections (without bacteremia — without bacteria in the bloodstream): mild to moderate upper respiratory infections, strep throat, scarlet fever, and mild erysipelas (a skin infection)
- Pneumococcal infections: mild to moderately severe respiratory tract infections
- Staphylococcal infections (penicillin-sensitive strains only): mild skin and soft-tissue infections
- Fusospirochetosis (Vincent's gingivitis and pharyngitis): mild to moderately severe infections of the mouth and throat
- Prevention of rheumatic fever and chorea recurrence: long-term daily use to keep these conditions from coming back
- Endocarditis prophylaxis: suggested by the American Heart Association and American Dental Association for patients with congenital heart disease or rheumatic or acquired valvular heart disease undergoing dental or upper respiratory tract procedures — not for patients at highest risk such as those with prosthetic heart valves
This medication should not be used for severe infections such as meningitis, pericarditis, or bacteremia (bacteria in the blood), which require more aggressive treatment.
⚙️How it works▾
Penicillin V Potassium kills bacteria by blocking their ability to build a cell wall. Bacteria need a strong outer wall to hold together — without it, they break apart and die. This action only happens while bacteria are actively multiplying, which is why finishing the full course matters. The potassium salt form resists breakdown by stomach acid better than penicillin G, making it well-suited for oral use.
Some bacteria produce an enzyme called penicillinase that destroys penicillin before it can work. Penicillin V Potassium has no effect on these strains. For staphylococcal infections especially, lab testing (culture and sensitivity) is important to confirm the bacteria will actually respond to this drug.
💊How it's taken▾
Penicillin V Potassium comes as a tablet or an oral liquid solution, both taken by mouth. It is generally taken multiple times a day — often every 6 to 8 hours — though the exact schedule depends on the type and severity of infection. It can be taken with or without food, but blood levels are slightly higher when taken on an empty stomach.
- The oral solution must be mixed with water before use, stored in the refrigerator, and discarded after 14 days
- For preventing rheumatic fever recurrence, it is typically taken twice a day on an ongoing basis
- For endocarditis prevention before a procedure, it is taken as a dose before the procedure and a second dose hours later
Always follow your prescriber's exact instructions and finish every dose — stopping early can allow bacteria to come back or become resistant.
🤒Side effects — in detail▾
Most people tolerate Penicillin V Potassium well, but some side effects can occur:
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Stomach upset or discomfort
- Diarrhea
- Black hairy tongue (a harmless, temporary change in the tongue's appearance)
- Skin rash, hives, or other allergic skin reactions
- Fever or elevated eosinophils (a type of immune cell) — sometimes the only sign of a reaction
Serious reactions — including severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis), throat swelling, and a dangerous gut infection from C. difficile bacteria — require prompt medical attention. Stop the medication and call for help right away if these occur.
⚠️Warnings & precautions▾
- Severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis): Rare but potentially life-threatening. Most likely in people with a prior penicillin allergy or allergy to multiple substances. Signs include difficulty breathing, throat swelling, and collapse. Call emergency services immediately.
- Cross-reactivity with cephalosporins: Some people allergic to penicillin have also had serious reactions to cephalosporin antibiotics. Tell your doctor about any past antibiotic reactions.
- C. difficile–associated diarrhea (CDAD): Antibiotics can disrupt gut bacteria, allowing C. difficile to overgrow and cause diarrhea — sometimes severe or even life-threatening colitis (colon inflammation). This can happen even up to two months after finishing the antibiotic. Report new or worsening diarrhea to your doctor promptly.
- Antibiotic resistance: Use only for proven or strongly suspected bacterial infections to help preserve the drug's effectiveness over time.
🔀What it interacts with▾
The FDA label for Penicillin V Potassium does not specify particular drug, food, or supplement interactions in the supplied evidence.
This is not a complete list of interactions. Always talk with your doctor or pharmacist before starting, stopping, or changing any medication.
📋Before taking it▾
- Penicillin allergy: Do not take this medication if you have ever had any allergic reaction to a penicillin antibiotic — this is an absolute contraindication
- Cephalosporin allergy: Tell your doctor if you have reacted to cephalosporin antibiotics; cross-reactions are possible
- Multiple allergies: People with a history of reacting to many different allergens face a higher risk of serious reactions to penicillin
- Kidney problems: The drug is cleared more slowly in people with impaired kidney function and in newborns and young infants — dosing requires extra care in these groups
- Prosthetic heart valves or high-risk heart conditions: Oral penicillin should not be used for endocarditis prevention in patients at particularly high risk (such as those with prosthetic valves or surgically constructed shunts)
- Severe infections: This drug is not appropriate for acute severe infections like meningitis, pericarditis, or bacteremia — tell your doctor if your symptoms are severe or rapidly worsening
📡Pharmacodynamics — effects in the body▾
Penicillin V Potassium is bactericidal — meaning it actively kills bacteria rather than just slowing their growth. It works only during the stage when bacteria are actively multiplying. It is effective against a range of gram-positive bacteria including most streptococci, penicillin-sensitive staphylococci, and pneumococci, but it has no activity against bacteria that produce penicillinase or that are otherwise resistant.
🔬Pharmacokinetics — how your body processes it▾
Penicillin V Potassium is well absorbed when taken by mouth and resists breakdown by stomach acid — an advantage over penicillin G. Blood levels are slightly higher when taken on an empty stomach. Once absorbed, about 80% of the drug binds to proteins in the blood. It distributes widely into body tissues, with the highest concentrations in the kidneys, and is excreted rapidly in the urine in people with normal kidney function. Only about 25% of an oral dose is actually absorbed. In newborns, young infants, and people with kidney problems, the drug is cleared more slowly, so it stays in the body longer.
📦How to store it▾
Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F) . Dispense in a tight container as defined in the USP, with a child-resistant closure as required. Store dry powder at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F) .
📄 Written from Penicillin V Potassium’s FDA-approved label information, summarized in plain language with AI, and reviewed by our pharmacy team before publication. Every point is grounded in that labeling — nothing is invented. How we use AI →
Supplements & herbs that interact with Penicillin V Potassium
56 supplements and herbal products have documented interactions with Penicillin V Potassium in the licensed clinical database we use. Most are manageable — but your pharmacist should know about everything you take, including vitamins and herbals.
- Major · 3
- Moderate · 42
- Minor · 11
Educational information from a licensed clinical database (Natural Medicines) — see our data sources & update cadence. Not medical advice: an interaction being documented does not mean it will happen to you; do not start or stop medications or supplements without professional guidance.
Nutrient depletion considerations
Penicillin V Potassium has been associated with lower levels of 7 nutrients in the clinical literature. This does not mean a deficiency will occur — it means these may be worth discussing with your pharmacist or healthcare provider, especially with long-term use.
- Higher significance · 6
- Moderate · 1
Educational information from a licensed clinical database (Natural Medicines) — not medical advice. Do not start or stop medications or supplements without professional guidance.
🩺 Pharmacist Counseling Corner
Quick, plain-English answers to the questions patients ask most about Penicillin V Potassium — the kind of thing our pharmacy team would talk through with you at the counter.
What kinds of infections does Penicillin V Potassium actually treat? ▾
Should I take it with food or on an empty stomach? ▾
What side effects should I watch out for? ▾
I've had a penicillin reaction before — is this safe for me? ▾
Do I really need to finish all the pills even if I feel better? ▾
I'm taking the liquid (oral solution) — anything special I should know? ▾
Is Penicillin V Potassium available over the counter? ▾
When was Penicillin V Potassium first available? ▾
Who makes Penicillin V Potassium? ▾
💬 Answers drafted from Penicillin V Potassium’s FDA-approved label information, summarized in plain language with AI, and reviewed by our pharmacy team before publication. Grounded in that labeling — nothing is made up. How we use AI →
🧰 Keep exploring
💊 How Penicillin V Potassium comes
Penicillin V Potassium is available in 2 forms. Different forms and brands can have different approved uses, doses, schedules, and directions. Follow the instructions for your exact product, and do not switch forms without guidance from your prescriber or pharmacist.
Tablet
How this form is used
- Penicillin V Potassium tablets treat mild to moderately severe streptococcal infections of the upper respiratory tract, including scarlet fever and erysipelas
- Penicillin V Potassium tablets treat mild to moderately severe pneumococcal respiratory infections
- Penicillin V Potassium tablets treat fusospirochetosis (Vincent's gingivitis and pharyngitis) — mild to moderately severe oropharyngeal infections
- Penicillin V Potassium tablets are used to prevent recurrence of rheumatic fever and for endocarditis prophylaxis in eligible patients
- Penicillin V Potassium tablets are taken by mouth several times a day as directed by your prescriber — typically every 6 to 8 hours depending on the infection
- Penicillin V Potassium tablets can be taken with or without food; taking on an empty stomach produces slightly higher drug levels
- Take every dose as scheduled and complete the full prescribed course, even if symptoms improve early
- For endocarditis prophylaxis, Penicillin V Potassium tablets are taken as a single dose before a procedure and a second dose hours later — follow your prescriber's exact instructions
Oral solution
How this form is used
- Penicillin V Potassium oral solution treats mild to moderately severe streptococcal infections, including strep throat and scarlet fever
- Penicillin V Potassium oral solution treats mild to moderately severe pneumococcal respiratory infections
- Penicillin V Potassium oral solution treats mild staphylococcal skin and soft-tissue infections (penicillin-sensitive strains only)
- Penicillin V Potassium oral solution is used to prevent recurrence of rheumatic fever and chorea
- Penicillin V Potassium oral solution must be mixed with water before dispensing — do not add water until ready to dispense
- Penicillin V Potassium oral solution should be stored in the refrigerator after mixing and discarded after 14 days
- Shake the bottle well after adding water to ensure the powder is fully dissolved
- Penicillin V Potassium oral solution can be taken with or without food; blood levels are slightly higher on an empty stomach
📊 Penicillin V Potassium across the U.S. market
How Penicillin V Potassium appears in the FDA’s National Drug Code Directory — including its dosage forms, strengths, brand names, manufacturers, and FDA-listed product records. These are directory records, not sales or prescription volume.
FDA-listed product records by dose form (tablet variants merged) — FDA National Drug Code Directory. Record counts are not sales or prescription volume.
Also listed with the FDA, not a patient dose form: Powder (2) — bulk drug substance sold to compounders/manufacturers and multi-item kits. These aren’t counted in the dose-form total above.
Share of FDA-listed product records by manufacturer — FDA National Drug Code Directory. Record counts are not sales or prescription volume.
📈 How widely Penicillin V Potassium is used
A general measure of how commonly Penicillin V Potassium is prescribed, based on Medicaid — one of the largest public drug programs. The figure below is prescriptions filled in Q1–Q4 2025, summed across every form and brand of the drug.
Think of this as a proxy for how widely Penicillin V Potassium is used, drawn from freely available public data. Medicaid is just one program — these numbers don’t include Medicare, other government coverage, or commercial and cash-pay prescriptions, so real-world use is higher than what’s shown here.
How commonly is Penicillin V Potassium prescribed? Of the 1,596 medications we measure, Penicillin V Potassium ranks #273 by Medicaid prescriptions — more than 83% of them.
Utilization by Penicillin V Potassium product
Pick a product to see its own Medicaid numbers. Each chip is one clinical product — a specific strength & dosage form as defined by RxNorm — with brand-name and generic versions combined.
penicillin V potassium 500 MG Oral Tablet Most dispensed
Summed across the 11 of 167 listed NDC products with Medicaid activity — every brand and generic of this exact strength & form. RxNorm 834102
penicillin V potassium 50 MG/ML Oral Solution
Summed across the 2 of 13 listed NDC products with Medicaid activity — every brand and generic of this exact strength & form. RxNorm 834040
penicillin V potassium 250 MG Oral Tablet
Summed across the 9 of 91 listed NDC products with Medicaid activity — every brand and generic of this exact strength & form. RxNorm 834061
penicillin V potassium 25 MG/ML Oral Solution
Summed across the 2 of 8 listed NDC products with Medicaid activity — every brand and generic of this exact strength & form. RxNorm 834046
Shares are of the Medicaid prescriptions shown here. Product grouping follows RxNorm (the National Library of Medicine’s drug terminology), so “one product” means one strength & dosage form regardless of manufacturer. Dollar figures are gross Medicaid reimbursement before mandatory rebates — rebates (often large, especially for brand-name drugs) are confidential, so actual net cost to Medicaid is lower than shown.
Source: Medicaid State Drug Utilization Data (CMS), aggregated by generic ingredient — summed across every NDC (all brands, strengths, salt forms and dosage forms) of Penicillin V Potassium, and across all states and both fee-for-service and managed-care claims. A general popularity signal; it excludes Medicare, commercial insurance and cash prescriptions, so it is not total U.S. use. Based on the 24 of 279 listed Penicillin V Potassium NDCs with Medicaid activity.
🔍 Compare Penicillin V Potassium products
A representative set of FDA-listed product records for Penicillin V Potassium — across manufacturers, strengths, and dosage forms, grouped by form with each product’s manufacturer and how the FDA approved it. The same medicine may be made and packaged by different companies, so a single drug can have many directory entries. (It’s also why a refill can look different — a new shape, color, or box — even though it contains the same medication.)
| Strength | Route | Manufacturer / Labeler | Category ⓘ | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 💊Oral solution | ||||
| 250 mg/5 mL | Oral | A-S Medication Solutions × 4 listings | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 125 mg/5 mL | Oral | Chartwell RX, LLC | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 250 mg/5 mL | Oral | Chartwell RX, LLC | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 250 mg/5 mL | Oral | NuCare Pharmaceuticals,Inc. × 2 listings | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 125 mg/5 mL | Oral | Preferred Pharmaceuticals, Inc × 4 listings | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 250 mg/5 mL | Oral | Preferred Pharmaceuticals, Inc × 4 listings | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 250 mg/5 mL | Oral | Proficient Rx LP | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 250 mg/5 mL | Oral | RPK Pharmaceuticals, Inc. × 2 listings | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 125 mg/5 mL | Oral | Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. × 3 listings | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 250 mg/5 mL | Oral | Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. × 3 listings | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 💊Tablet | ||||
| 250 mg | Oral | A-S Medication Solutions × 10 listings | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 500 mg | Oral | A-S Medication Solutions × 10 listings | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 250 mg | Oral | Aurobindo Pharma Limited | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 250 mg | — | Aurobindo Pharma Limited | DRUG FOR FURTHER PROCESSING | View NDC → |
| 500 mg | Oral | Aurobindo Pharma Limited | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 500 mg | — | Aurobindo Pharma Limited | DRUG FOR FURTHER PROCESSING | View NDC → |
| 250 mg | Oral | Bryant Ranch Prepack × 2 listings | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 500 mg | Oral | Bryant Ranch Prepack × 7 listings | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 250 mg | Oral | Chartwell RX, LLC | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 500 mg | Oral | Chartwell RX, LLC | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 500 mg | Oral | Denton Pharma, Inc. DBA Northwind Pharmaceuticals | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 500 mg | Oral | DirectRX | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 500 mg | Oral | Direct_Rx | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 250 mg | Oral | Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc. × 3 listings | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 500 mg | Oral | Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc. × 3 listings | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 250 mg | Oral | NorthStar Rx LLC | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 500 mg | Oral | NorthStar Rx LLC | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 250 mg | Oral | NuCare Pharmaceuticals,Inc. × 15 listings | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 250 mg | Oral | NuCare Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 500 mg | Oral | NuCare Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | ANDA | Find on DailyMed ↗ |
| 500 mg | Oral | NuCare Pharmaceuticals,Inc. × 13 listings | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 250 mg | Oral | PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. × 17 listings | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 500 mg | Oral | PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. × 21 listings | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 500 mg | Oral | Pharmasource Meds LLC | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 500 mg | Oral | Preferred Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 500 mg | Oral | Preferred Pharmaceuticals Inc. × 4 listings | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 250 mg | Oral | Proficient Rx LP | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 500 mg | Oral | Proficient Rx LP × 3 listings | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 500 mg | Oral | QPharma Inc × 3 listings | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 250 mg | Oral | Redpharm Drug | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 500 mg | Oral | Redpharm Drug × 2 listings | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 250 mg | Oral | RedPharm Drug, Inc. × 4 listings | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 500 mg | Oral | RedPharm Drug, Inc. × 4 listings | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 250 mg | Oral | Remedyrepack Inc. × 7 listings | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 500 mg | Oropharyngeal | Remedyrepack Inc. | ANDA | Find on DailyMed ↗ |
| 500 mg | Oral | Remedyrepack Inc. × 14 listings | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 250 mg | Oral | Rising Health, LLC | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 500 mg | Oral | Rising Health, LLC | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 250 mg | Oral | RPK Pharmaceuticals, Inc. × 2 listings | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 500 mg | Oral | RPK Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 250 mg | Oral | Sandoz Inc | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 500 mg | Oropharyngeal | Sandoz Inc | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 250 mg | Oral | Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. × 3 listings | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 500 mg | Oral | Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. × 3 listings | ANDA | View NDC → |
| 💊Bulk drug substance | ||||
| 1 kg/kg | — | BIOTIKA a.s. | BULK INGREDIENT | View NDC → |
| 1 kg/kg | — | Sinopharm Weiqida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | BULK INGREDIENT | View NDC → |
Showing 200 of 201 products — FDA National Drug Code Directory. See every product, package size and price: browse all 201 Penicillin V Potassium NDCs →
📈 What people report — real-world data (FDA FAERS)
After a medicine reaches the market, patients, doctors and drugmakers can send the FDA reports of problems they think may be linked to it. Here’s what’s been reported for Penicillin V Potassium — a signal of what to watch for, not proof the drug caused it.
Source: openFDA, from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). These are voluntary reports — they don’t prove the drug caused the effect, and counts reflect how often something was reported, not how often it actually happens. Reports also often name the very problem the medicine is taken for — a common reason to file one is that the drug didn’t help — so for a pain reliever you may see “pain” high on the list; that points to why the report was filed, not to the drug causing the symptom. This counts every report that lists Penicillin V Potassium in any role, so the total runs higher than the FDA’s official dashboard, which counts only cases where the drug is the suspect. For the authoritative figures, see the FDA FAERS Public Dashboard. Always talk to your pharmacist or doctor.
🏛️ The road to your pharmacy
How Penicillin V Potassium went from FDA review to the pharmacy shelf — the key milestones in its regulatory journey.
Source: Drugs@FDA.
🚨 Recall history
A recall is when a specific batch of a medicine is pulled from the market — usually a manufacturing issue, not a problem with the drug itself. Class I is most serious, Class III least.
Source: openFDA drug enforcement (recall) reports.
RxNorm Concept Web — From Ingredient to Every Form and Strength
This page starts with one ingredient concept (IN). The branches below show its dose-form concepts (SCDF), then the available clinical drug and strength concepts (SCD). Combination products remain separate concepts with their own pages.
RxCUI 7984 4 dose forms · 5 strengths
-
Dose form (SCDF) Ophthalmic Solution RxCUI 377416No current FDA listingClinical drug / strength (SCD) potassium 3 MG/MLRxCUI 834182 -
Dose form (SCDF) Oral Solution RxCUI 373265In current FDA listings -
Dose form (SCDF) Oral Suspension RxCUI 373267No current FDA listing -
Dose form (SCDF) Oral Tablet RxCUI 373266In current FDA listings
Look up RxCUI 7984 in the RxCUI Atlas →
RxNorm is the U.S. National Library of Medicine’s normalized drug vocabulary. Its concept hierarchy can include forms that are not currently marketed; the status on each branch compares that concept with current FDA listings. RxCUIs identify vocabulary concepts, not individual packages or manufacturers.
📦 Supply & shortage status
Whether Penicillin V Potassium is in short supply in the U.S. right now, plus any shortage history the FDA has on record. A shortage usually reflects a manufacturing or demand issue — not a safety problem with the drug.
Source: openFDA, from the FDA Drug Shortages database.
🏷️ Sold under these brand names
🏭 Manufacturers & labelers
…and 3 more on the FDA NDC directory.
RxNorm drug class
Penicillin V Potassium belongs to the Penicillin-class Antibacterial class.
Classified by RxNorm RxClass — the U.S. National Library of Medicine's standardized drug-classification service (Established Pharmacologic Class from the FDA, the ATC drug family from the WHO, and mechanism of action). Reference only, not medical advice.
🔬 Where this comes from
Core label, product, RxNorm, safety, and utilization data on this page come from the sources identified below. AI-written, editorial, and licensed sections are labeled separately.
How we combine label and product data
HelloPharmacist combines public FDA and NLM records; we don’t author the underlying clinical facts. We identified 69 FDA-filed SPL label sets within the page’s selected clinical scope after exact ingredient or ingredient-combination matching and applicable route/form matching. The representative label is the starting point for the displayed reference monograph; the 12 largest stored in-scope SPL records, which may include that representative, are compared section by section, and the longest available version of each section is retained. Forms, routes, brands, labelers, product-listed strengths, and product-record counts are aggregated separately from ingredient-matched FDA NDC Directory records; package records listed above are associated with the linked SPL; and the normalized concept hierarchy comes from NLM RxNorm.
For canonical ingredient pages, bounded product-attributed indication and administration excerpts may be added to the AI evidence, and the generator is instructed to preserve available product, brand, route, and form qualifiers instead of treating one label as universal. Where a section is identified as AI-written, its plain-language text is generated from bounded label evidence. New draft drug pages remain in the admin review queue before first publication. NuCare Pharmaceuticals,Inc. is the representative DailyMed label linked for verification and dates; it is not the sole source used for the page.
This is general education, not medical advice — always consult your doctor or pharmacist about your medications and any medical condition. For the exact wording of the linked representative label, view that label on DailyMed; some displayed composite sections may come from other in-scope SPL labels. Learn how we use AI and our data sources & update cadence.