Herb & supplement monograph

American Pawpaw Drug Interactions, Uses, Effectiveness, Safety & More

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American Pawpaw Drug Interactions: The Bottom Line

From the HelloPharmacist Editorial Team · Updated July 2026

Based on the available evidence, the overall risk of a clinically significant American Pawpaw drug interaction appears low for most people. Every interaction on record is rated minor, and none reaches moderate or major severity.

Interactions deserving the most attention

Nothing in this profile is backed by strong human evidence. The one area worth knowing about involves cancer medications (antineoplastics), because American pawpaw contains a natural compound called annonacin that has shown anticancer activity in laboratory studies, raising a theoretical question of overlap with these drugs. Even here, the effect has only appeared in lab research and has not been shown to occur in people, so it remains a precaution rather than a proven problem.

What the rest of the list means

A list covering a couple dozen medications can look worrying, but here it mostly reflects a single theoretical concern spread across a group of related drugs, not evidence that each combination causes harm. These predictions come from laboratory findings rather than human studies, and no meaningful change has been documented in people taking these medicines with American pawpaw.

Check your medications against American Pawpaw

Based on HelloPharmacist’s American Pawpaw interaction data and reviewed under our editorial standards.

Interaction report

Drugs that interact with American Pawpaw

25 medications have a known interaction with American Pawpaw, graded by severity. Select any drug for the full evidence-based detail.

2,830 drugs
AtezolizumabTecentriq
Minor Antineoplastics

American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.

Read the full American Pawpaw + Atezolizumab interaction Atezolizumab drug page: uses, dosage & side effects
BendamustineBelrapzo, Treanda, Vivimusta
Minor Antineoplastics

American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.

Read the full American Pawpaw + Bendamustine interaction Bendamustine drug page: uses, dosage & side effects
Bevacizumab-awwbMvasi
Minor Antineoplastics

American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.

Read the full American Pawpaw + Bevacizumab-awwb interaction Bevacizumab-awwb drug page: uses, dosage & side effects
BusulfanBusulfex, Myleran
Minor Antineoplastics

American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.

Read the full American Pawpaw + Busulfan interaction Busulfan drug page: uses, dosage & side effects
CapecitabineXeloda
Minor Antineoplastics

American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.

Read the full American Pawpaw + Capecitabine interaction Capecitabine drug page: uses, dosage & side effects
CarboplatinParaplatin
Minor Antineoplastics

American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.

Read the full American Pawpaw + Carboplatin interaction Carboplatin drug page: uses, dosage & side effects
ChlorambucilLeukeran
Minor Antineoplastics

American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.

Read the full American Pawpaw + Chlorambucil interaction Chlorambucil drug page: uses, dosage & side effects
CyclophosphamideCytoxan, Neosar
Minor Antineoplastics

American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.

Read the full American Pawpaw + Cyclophosphamide interaction Cyclophosphamide drug page: uses, dosage & side effects
DenosumabProlia, XGEVA
Minor Antineoplastics

American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.

Read the full American Pawpaw + Denosumab interaction Denosumab drug page: uses, dosage & side effects
DurvalumabImfinzi
Minor Antineoplastics

American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.

Read the full American Pawpaw + Durvalumab interaction Durvalumab drug page: uses, dosage & side effects
EtoposideEtopophos, VePesid, VP16
Minor Antineoplastics

American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.

Read the full American Pawpaw + Etoposide interaction Etoposide drug page: uses, dosage & side effects
FluorouracilEfudex, Tolak
Minor Antineoplastics

American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.

Read the full American Pawpaw + Fluorouracil interaction Fluorouracil drug page: uses, dosage & side effects
GemcitabineGemzar
Minor Antineoplastics

American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.

Read the full American Pawpaw + Gemcitabine interaction Gemcitabine drug page: uses, dosage & side effects
HydroxyureaDroxia, Hydrea, Siklos, Xromi
Minor Antineoplastics

American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.

Read the full American Pawpaw + Hydroxyurea interaction Hydroxyurea drug page: uses, dosage & side effects
ImatinibGleevec
Minor Antineoplastics

American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.

Read the full American Pawpaw + Imatinib interaction Imatinib drug page: uses, dosage & side effects
IrinotecanCamptosar, Onivyde
Minor Antineoplastics

American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.

Read the full American Pawpaw + Irinotecan interaction Irinotecan drug page: uses, dosage & side effects
LomustineCeenu
Minor Antineoplastics

American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.

Read the full American Pawpaw + Lomustine interaction Lomustine drug page: uses, dosage & side effects
MelphalanAlkeran, Hepzato
Minor Antineoplastics

American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.

Read the full American Pawpaw + Melphalan interaction Melphalan drug page: uses, dosage & side effects
NivolumabOpdivo
Minor Antineoplastics

American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.

Read the full American Pawpaw + Nivolumab interaction Nivolumab drug page: uses, dosage & side effects
OxaliplatinEloxatin
Minor Antineoplastics

American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.

Read the full American Pawpaw + Oxaliplatin interaction Oxaliplatin drug page: uses, dosage & side effects
PanitumumabVectibix
Minor Antineoplastics

American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.

Read the full American Pawpaw + Panitumumab interaction Panitumumab drug page: uses, dosage & side effects
PembrolizumabKeytruda
Minor Antineoplastics

American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.

Read the full American Pawpaw + Pembrolizumab interaction Pembrolizumab drug page: uses, dosage & side effects
TemozolomideTemodar
Minor Antineoplastics

American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.

Read the full American Pawpaw + Temozolomide interaction Temozolomide drug page: uses, dosage & side effects
ThiotepaTepadina, Thioplex
Minor Antineoplastics

American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.

Read the full American Pawpaw + Thiotepa interaction Thiotepa drug page: uses, dosage & side effects
Trastuzumab-dkstOgivri
Minor Antineoplastics

American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.

Read the full American Pawpaw + Trastuzumab-dkst interaction
"phentolamineOraVerse, Rogitine, Ryzumvi 6-mercaptopurinePurinethol Ado-trastuzumab EmtansineKadcyla AbacavirZiagen Abacavir Sulfate, Dolutegravir, LamivudineTriumeq
Read The List Like a Pharmacist

What Severity, Likelihood & Evidence Mean

Severity — How Serious It Can Be

  • Major. Clinically significant; generally best avoided, or used only under direct professional supervision.
  • Moderate. May need monitoring, a dose adjustment, or separating the times you take each one.
  • Minor. Generally not clinically significant, but still worth noting and mentioning to your pharmacist.
  • No known interaction. Checked against our sources with nothing documented — not the same as proven safety.

Likelihood — How Well It’s Documented

  • Likely. Well-controlled human studies have demonstrated the likely existence of this interaction
  • Probable. Interaction has not been documented in well-controlled studies, however, the interaction has been demonstrated in some small human studies or in controlled animal studies in conjunction with multiple case reports.
  • Possible. Interaction has been documented in animal or in lab research, or the interaction has been documented in humans but is limited to case reports or conflicting clinical research exists
  • Unlikely. Interaction has been demonstrated in animal or in lab research but has been shown not to occur in humans.

Where This Data Comes From

  • Interaction records are evidence-graded and sourced from the Natural Medicines database (TRC Healthcare), the same reference used by pharmacists and hospitals.
  • Each drug listed above links to the full report for that exact American Pawpaw combination — clinical detail, likelihood, evidence level, and citations.
  • Content is reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists — see our data sources and editorial standards.
The big picture

The kinds of drugs American Pawpaw affects

Every type of medication (drug category) American Pawpaw is known to interact with. Open any category for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

All 1 drug category American Pawpaw interacts with
Antineoplastics
Antineoplastics

American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects. Laboratory studies suggest that Annonacin may inhibit or prevent the growth and spread of tumors or malignant cells by disrupting mitochondrial function, leading to cell death (source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6672878/; https://www.nature.com/articles/s41419-018-0772-x). It is currently unknown how American pawpaw may interact, if at all, with prescription antineoplastic drugs. However, since both Annonacin and antineoplastic drugs can affect cell processes and metabolism, there is a theoretical risk of interactions that could affect treatment efficacy or increase the risk of side effects. Therefore, caution should be exercised when combining pawpaw with prescription antineoplastic drugs, and consulting with a healthcare professional is recommended before making changes to your medication regimen.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence C
Monograph

American Pawpaw: Uses, Safety & Side Effects

The bottom line

American pawpaw is a North American fruit tree whose leaves, twigs, and seeds contain compounds called acetogenins that have shown cancer-cell-killing activity in laboratory studies. However, strong human evidence for any health benefit is lacking, and the seeds, bark, and unripe parts can be toxic, so supplements should be used cautiously and only under professional guidance.

American Pawpaw
Scientific name
Asimina triloba
Family
Annonaceae
Part used
Fruit, seeds, bark, leaves, and twigs
Common forms
Fresh fruit, capsules, extracts, and standardized acetogenin products
People commonly use it for
  • Anticancer interest
  • Lice and head lice treatment (topical)
  • Traditional digestive remedy
  • General wellness/antioxidant
  • Insecticide (historical seed use)

Popular and traditional uses — not proof it works. See “Uses & effectiveness” below for the evidence.

Safety at a glance
OverallUse caution

The ripe fruit is generally eaten as food, but concentrated leaf, twig, and seed extracts may be toxic and lack good safety data.

PregnancyInsufficient reliable information

Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.

Read the full pregnancy detail
BreastfeedingInsufficient reliable information

Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.

Read the full breastfeeding detail

Pregnancy & breastfeeding ratings are from Natural Medicines (Therapeutic Research Center). Safety guidance is general; always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor for your situation.

Jump to a section

Overview

American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) is a small deciduous tree native to the eastern and midwestern United States. It is known for its large, tropical-looking leaves and its oblong fruit, which has a custard-like flesh that tastes somewhat like a blend of banana and mango. Because of this, it has earned nicknames like "Indiana banana" and "Hoosier banana."

The tree usually grows in moist, rich soils in forest understories and along riverbanks. The ripe fruit is eaten fresh as food. In supplement form, the leaves, twigs, and seeds are most often used because they contain compounds called acetogenins that have drawn scientific interest.

How it works

The most studied compounds in pawpaw are annonaceous acetogenins, including annonacin. In laboratory studies, these compounds appear to interfere with the way cells make energy by disrupting mitochondria (the cell's energy factories). This can cause certain cells, including cancer cells, to die.

Pawpaw also contains other compounds such as epicatechin, epigallocatechin, and p-coumaric acid, which act as antioxidants in lab settings.

It is important to remember that most of this information comes from test-tube and animal research. The same effects that may harm cancer cells could also affect healthy cells, and acetogenins have been linked to nerve-related concerns in some research.

Effectiveness

Does American Pawpaw work?

Evidence overview · 1 use evaluated
1 Insufficient evidence
How to read these evidence grades

Natural Medicines’ 7-point scale. We show each rating’s label word-for-word.

1EffectiveStrong, consistent evidence it works.
2Likely EffectiveGood evidence, though not yet conclusive.
3Possibly EffectiveSome evidence suggests a benefit.
4Possibly IneffectiveSome evidence it may not help.
5Likely IneffectiveFairly strong evidence it doesn’t help.
6IneffectiveStrong evidence it doesn’t work.
7Insufficient Reliable Evidence to RateToo little research to say either way.

For American Pawpaw, current evidence isn’t strong enough to rate any specific use. The conditions it has been studied for are listed below.

Also studied for 1 condition — evidence insufficient to rate
Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate Lice
Rating & evidence shown verbatim from Natural Medicines

A small, uncontrolled study shows that applying a shampoo containing American pawpaw extract 0.5%, thymol 1%, and tea tree oil 0.5% three times over the course of 16 days eradicates lice and nits from children and family members with lice. The validity of these findings is limited by the lack of a control group. Furthermore, it is not clear if this effect is due to American pawpaw, the other ingredients, or the combination. More evidence is needed to rate American pawpaw for this use.

Sources Ref 31149

Source & disclaimer. Effectiveness ratings and evidence summaries are provided by Natural Medicines (Therapeutic Research Center) and shown as licensed. Where Natural Medicines hasn’t rated a use, HelloPharmacist’s pharmacists may add their own reviewed rating and evidence (each such entry is labeled). This is educational information, not medical advice — talk with your pharmacist or doctor before starting, stopping, or changing a supplement.

Safety & precautions

The ripe fruit is widely eaten and generally considered safe as a food, though some people experience stomach upset from it. The seeds, bark, leaves, and unripe parts contain higher levels of acetogenins and may be toxic, so they should be handled and used with caution.

There is concern from research that long-term, high exposure to annonacin-rich plants in the same family (Annonaceae) may be linked to nerve and brain problems. Because of this, concentrated pawpaw supplements should be used carefully and only with guidance from a healthcare professional.

Pregnant and breastfeeding people should avoid pawpaw supplements because safety has not been established. People with existing health conditions, and anyone taking other medicines, should talk to a pharmacist or doctor first.

Side effects

The most commonly reported side effects, especially from the supplement form, are nausea, vomiting, and other digestive upset. Some people may also experience an allergic skin reaction when handling the plant.

Because of the acetogenin content, there are theoretical concerns about effects on the nervous system with heavy or long-term use, though this is not fully understood in humans. If you experience any unusual symptoms while taking pawpaw, stop using it and contact a healthcare provider.

American Pawpaw: Reported Adverse Effects

Documented safety reports on American Pawpaw from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database, shown word-for-word from the licensed record.

In general, American pawpaw is well tolerated. However, cases of urticaria, nausea, vomiting, bowel disturbances, headache, and faintness have been reported following ingestion of pawpaw fruit. Similarly, American pawpaw extract may cause vomiting when taken orally or contact dermatitis when applied topically.

  1. Barber MA. Poisoning due to the papaw (Asimina triloba). JAMA. 1905;XLV(27):2013-2014.
  2. McLaughlin JL. Paw paw and cancer: Annonaceous acetogenins from discover to commercial products. J Nat Prod. 2008;71:1311-1321.
  3. Avalos J, Rupprecht JK, McLaughlin JL, et al. Guinea pig maximization test of the bark extract from pawpaw, Asimina triloba (Annonaceae). Contact Dermatitis 1993;29:33-5.
Reports by condition
Cluster headache Neurologic/CNS

Orally, American pawpaw fruit can cause headache and faintness.

  1. Barber MA. Poisoning due to the papaw (Asimina triloba). JAMA. 1905;XLV(27):2013-2014.
Dermatitis Dermatologic

Orally, American pawpaw fruit can cause urticaria.

Topically, American pawpaw extract can cause contact dermatitis.

  1. Barber MA. Poisoning due to the papaw (Asimina triloba). JAMA. 1905;XLV(27):2013-2014.
  2. Avalos J, Rupprecht JK, McLaughlin JL, et al. Guinea pig maximization test of the bark extract from pawpaw, Asimina triloba (Annonaceae). Contact Dermatitis 1993;29:33-5.
Nausea and vomiting Gastrointestinal

Orally, American pawpaw fruit can cause nausea, vomiting, bowel disturbances, and burning of the throat and stomach. American pawpaw extract can cause vomiting when taken orally.

  1. Barber MA. Poisoning due to the papaw (Asimina triloba). JAMA. 1905;XLV(27):2013-2014.
  2. McLaughlin JL. Paw paw and cancer: Annonaceous acetogenins from discover to commercial products. J Nat Prod. 2008;71:1311-1321.
DISCLAIMER: This tool is intended for informational purposes only, and should not be interpreted as specific medical advice. Patients should consult with a qualified healthcare provider before making decisions about therapies and/or health conditions.

Adverse-effects data: Natural Medicines, Therapeutic Research Center

Dosing

There is no established standardized dose for American pawpaw supplements. Products vary widely in strength and which part of the plant they use, which makes safe dosing hard to determine.

If you choose to use a pawpaw product, follow the directions on the label and do not exceed them. Because the plant contains potentially toxic compounds, it is best to check with a pharmacist or doctor before starting, and to avoid homemade preparations from seeds, bark, or leaves.

Pregnancy & Breastfeeding

American Pawpaw & Pregnancy

Insufficient reliable information

Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.

American Pawpaw & Breastfeeding

Insufficient reliable information

Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.

DISCLAIMER: This tool is intended for informational purposes only, and should not be interpreted as specific medical advice. Patients should consult with a qualified healthcare provider before making decisions about therapies and/or health conditions.

© 2026 Therapeutic Research Center

Pregnancy & lactation ratings: Natural Medicines, Therapeutic Research Center

References & further reading

The 4 references that drive our American Pawpaw monograph and interaction data, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Citations with a link open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

  1. Avalos J, Rupprecht JK, McLaughlin JL, et al. Guinea pig maximization test of the bark extract from pawpaw, Asimina triloba (Annonaceae). Contact Dermatitis 1993;29:33-5.
  2. McCage, C. M., Ward, S. M., Paling, C. A., Fisher, D. A., Flynn, P. J., and McLaughlin, J. L. Development of a paw paw herbal shampoo for the removal of head lice. Phytomedicine 2002;9(8):743-748. PubMed
  3. Barber MA. Poisoning due to the papaw (Asimina triloba). JAMA. 1905;XLV(27):2013-2014. DOI
  4. McLaughlin JL. Paw paw and cancer: Annonaceous acetogenins from discover to commercial products. J Nat Prod. 2008;71:1311-1321.
Keep reading

This information is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always check with your pharmacist or doctor before starting, stopping, or combining supplements and medications.

Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.

DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

Pharmacist Counseling Corner

American Pawpaw: Common Questions

What is American Pawpaw used for, and does it work?
People use American Pawpaw for a range of reasons, but according to the Natural Medicines database the current clinical evidence is insufficient to confirm it works for the specific conditions it has been studied for. See the graded list on this page, and talk to your pharmacist or doctor before relying on it for any condition.
Does American Pawpaw interact with prescription medications?
Yes. We list 25 medications with a known interaction with American Pawpaw. Use the checker above to see how American Pawpaw interacts with a specific drug.
How are American Pawpaw interactions rated?
Each interaction is graded major, moderate, or minor based on how clinically significant it is and the strength of the evidence behind it. Major interactions are the most serious and are best avoided, or used only under close professional supervision.
Is it safe to take American Pawpaw with my medications?
It depends on the specific medication. Some combinations are fine, while others call for monitoring, timing changes, or should be avoided. Check your exact drug above and confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before starting, stopping, or changing anything.
Where does this American Pawpaw interaction information come from?
Our interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database — an evidence-graded reference for vitamins, herbs, and supplements — and is reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists, who may add clinical context.
Is American Pawpaw the same as papaya?
No. American Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) is a North American tree, while papaya (Carica papaya) is a different tropical plant. They are sometimes confused because of similar names, but they are unrelated.
Can I eat the pawpaw fruit safely?
The ripe fruit is commonly eaten and generally considered safe as a food, though some people get stomach upset. Avoid eating the seeds and skin, which contain more of the plant's toxic compounds.
Does pawpaw treat cancer?
Pawpaw compounds have shown the ability to kill cancer cells in laboratory studies, but there is no strong human evidence that pawpaw supplements treat cancer. It should never replace proven medical treatment.
Is it safe to take pawpaw supplements during pregnancy?
No. Safety has not been studied and some plant parts may be toxic, so pregnant and breastfeeding people should avoid concentrated pawpaw supplements.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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