American Pawpaw Drug Interactions, Uses, Effectiveness, Safety & More
What is this page for?
First and foremost: how American Pawpaw interacts with medications. The heart of this page is the interaction list — every drug American Pawpaw is known to interact with, and how serious each one is.
But these pages have grown well beyond that into a full monograph — what American Pawpaw is, what people use it for and how strong the evidence is, its safety and side effects, and answers to the questions we’re asked most — written and reviewed by the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases, not medical advice, and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy
Check American Pawpaw against your medication
Add one medicationAmerican Pawpaw Drug Interactions: The Bottom Line
From the HelloPharmacist Editorial Team · Updated July 2026Based on the available evidence, the overall risk of a clinically significant American Pawpaw drug interaction appears low for most people. Every interaction on record is rated minor, and none reaches moderate or major severity.
Nothing in this profile is backed by strong human evidence. The one area worth knowing about involves cancer medications (antineoplastics), because American pawpaw contains a natural compound called annonacin that has shown anticancer activity in laboratory studies, raising a theoretical question of overlap with these drugs. Even here, the effect has only appeared in lab research and has not been shown to occur in people, so it remains a precaution rather than a proven problem.
A list covering a couple dozen medications can look worrying, but here it mostly reflects a single theoretical concern spread across a group of related drugs, not evidence that each combination causes harm. These predictions come from laboratory findings rather than human studies, and no meaningful change has been documented in people taking these medicines with American pawpaw.
Based on HelloPharmacist’s American Pawpaw interaction data and reviewed under our editorial standards.
Drugs that interact with American Pawpaw
25 medications have a known interaction with American Pawpaw, graded by severity. Select any drug for the full evidence-based detail.
Don’t want to scroll the list? Just ask.
Tell us the medications you take and we’ll check each one against American Pawpaw using our pharmacist-reviewed interaction data.
AI summaries are generated from our American Pawpaw interaction data for education only — always confirm with your pharmacist. How we use AI
No drugs match “”.
AtezolizumabTecentriq
American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.
Read the full American Pawpaw + Atezolizumab interaction Atezolizumab drug page: uses, dosage & side effectsBendamustineBelrapzo, Treanda, Vivimusta
American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.
Read the full American Pawpaw + Bendamustine interaction Bendamustine drug page: uses, dosage & side effectsBevacizumab-awwbMvasi
American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.
Read the full American Pawpaw + Bevacizumab-awwb interaction Bevacizumab-awwb drug page: uses, dosage & side effectsBusulfanBusulfex, Myleran
American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.
Read the full American Pawpaw + Busulfan interaction Busulfan drug page: uses, dosage & side effectsCapecitabineXeloda
American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.
Read the full American Pawpaw + Capecitabine interaction Capecitabine drug page: uses, dosage & side effectsCarboplatinParaplatin
American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.
Read the full American Pawpaw + Carboplatin interaction Carboplatin drug page: uses, dosage & side effectsChlorambucilLeukeran
American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.
Read the full American Pawpaw + Chlorambucil interaction Chlorambucil drug page: uses, dosage & side effectsCyclophosphamideCytoxan, Neosar
American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.
Read the full American Pawpaw + Cyclophosphamide interaction Cyclophosphamide drug page: uses, dosage & side effectsDenosumabProlia, XGEVA
American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.
Read the full American Pawpaw + Denosumab interaction Denosumab drug page: uses, dosage & side effectsDurvalumabImfinzi
American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.
Read the full American Pawpaw + Durvalumab interaction Durvalumab drug page: uses, dosage & side effectsEtoposideEtopophos, VePesid, VP16
American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.
Read the full American Pawpaw + Etoposide interaction Etoposide drug page: uses, dosage & side effectsFluorouracilEfudex, Tolak
American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.
Read the full American Pawpaw + Fluorouracil interaction Fluorouracil drug page: uses, dosage & side effectsGemcitabineGemzar
American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.
Read the full American Pawpaw + Gemcitabine interaction Gemcitabine drug page: uses, dosage & side effectsHydroxyureaDroxia, Hydrea, Siklos, Xromi
American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.
Read the full American Pawpaw + Hydroxyurea interaction Hydroxyurea drug page: uses, dosage & side effectsImatinibGleevec
American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.
Read the full American Pawpaw + Imatinib interaction Imatinib drug page: uses, dosage & side effectsIrinotecanCamptosar, Onivyde
American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.
Read the full American Pawpaw + Irinotecan interaction Irinotecan drug page: uses, dosage & side effectsLomustineCeenu
American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.
Read the full American Pawpaw + Lomustine interaction Lomustine drug page: uses, dosage & side effectsMelphalanAlkeran, Hepzato
American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.
Read the full American Pawpaw + Melphalan interaction Melphalan drug page: uses, dosage & side effectsNivolumabOpdivo
American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.
Read the full American Pawpaw + Nivolumab interaction Nivolumab drug page: uses, dosage & side effectsOxaliplatinEloxatin
American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.
Read the full American Pawpaw + Oxaliplatin interaction Oxaliplatin drug page: uses, dosage & side effectsPanitumumabVectibix
American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.
Read the full American Pawpaw + Panitumumab interaction Panitumumab drug page: uses, dosage & side effectsPembrolizumabKeytruda
American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.
Read the full American Pawpaw + Pembrolizumab interaction Pembrolizumab drug page: uses, dosage & side effectsTemozolomideTemodar
American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.
Read the full American Pawpaw + Temozolomide interaction Temozolomide drug page: uses, dosage & side effectsThiotepaTepadina, Thioplex
American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.
Read the full American Pawpaw + Thiotepa interaction Thiotepa drug page: uses, dosage & side effectsTrastuzumab-dkstOgivri
American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects.
Read the full American Pawpaw + Trastuzumab-dkst interactionWhat Severity, Likelihood & Evidence Mean
Severity — How Serious It Can Be
- Major. Clinically significant; generally best avoided, or used only under direct professional supervision.
- Moderate. May need monitoring, a dose adjustment, or separating the times you take each one.
- Minor. Generally not clinically significant, but still worth noting and mentioning to your pharmacist.
- No known interaction. Checked against our sources with nothing documented — not the same as proven safety.
Likelihood — How Well It’s Documented
- Likely. Well-controlled human studies have demonstrated the likely existence of this interaction
- Probable. Interaction has not been documented in well-controlled studies, however, the interaction has been demonstrated in some small human studies or in controlled animal studies in conjunction with multiple case reports.
- Possible. Interaction has been documented in animal or in lab research, or the interaction has been documented in humans but is limited to case reports or conflicting clinical research exists
- Unlikely. Interaction has been demonstrated in animal or in lab research but has been shown not to occur in humans.
Where This Data Comes From
- Interaction records are evidence-graded and sourced from the Natural Medicines database (TRC Healthcare), the same reference used by pharmacists and hospitals.
- Each drug listed above links to the full report for that exact American Pawpaw combination — clinical detail, likelihood, evidence level, and citations.
- Content is reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists — see our data sources and editorial standards.
The kinds of drugs American Pawpaw affects
Every type of medication (drug category) American Pawpaw is known to interact with. Open any category for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.
Antineoplastics
American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) contains Annonacin, a natural compound that has been investigated for its potential anticancer effects. Laboratory studies suggest that Annonacin may inhibit or prevent the growth and spread of tumors or malignant cells by disrupting mitochondrial function, leading to cell death (source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6672878/; https://www.nature.com/articles/s41419-018-0772-x). It is currently unknown how American pawpaw may interact, if at all, with prescription antineoplastic drugs. However, since both Annonacin and antineoplastic drugs can affect cell processes and metabolism, there is a theoretical risk of interactions that could affect treatment efficacy or increase the risk of side effects. Therefore, caution should be exercised when combining pawpaw with prescription antineoplastic drugs, and consulting with a healthcare professional is recommended before making changes to your medication regimen.
American Pawpaw: Uses, Safety & Side Effects
American pawpaw is a North American fruit tree whose leaves, twigs, and seeds contain compounds called acetogenins that have shown cancer-cell-killing activity in laboratory studies. However, strong human evidence for any health benefit is lacking, and the seeds, bark, and unripe parts can be toxic, so supplements should be used cautiously and only under professional guidance.

- Scientific name
- Asimina triloba
- Family
- Annonaceae
- Part used
- Fruit, seeds, bark, leaves, and twigs
- Common forms
- Fresh fruit, capsules, extracts, and standardized acetogenin products
- Anticancer interest
- Lice and head lice treatment (topical)
- Traditional digestive remedy
- General wellness/antioxidant
- Insecticide (historical seed use)
Popular and traditional uses — not proof it works. See “Uses & effectiveness” below for the evidence.
The ripe fruit is generally eaten as food, but concentrated leaf, twig, and seed extracts may be toxic and lack good safety data.
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
Read the full pregnancy detailInsufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
Read the full breastfeeding detailPregnancy & breastfeeding ratings are from Natural Medicines (Therapeutic Research Center). Safety guidance is general; always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor for your situation.
Overview
American pawpaw (Asimina triloba) is a small deciduous tree native to the eastern and midwestern United States. It is known for its large, tropical-looking leaves and its oblong fruit, which has a custard-like flesh that tastes somewhat like a blend of banana and mango. Because of this, it has earned nicknames like "Indiana banana" and "Hoosier banana."
The tree usually grows in moist, rich soils in forest understories and along riverbanks. The ripe fruit is eaten fresh as food. In supplement form, the leaves, twigs, and seeds are most often used because they contain compounds called acetogenins that have drawn scientific interest.
How it works
The most studied compounds in pawpaw are annonaceous acetogenins, including annonacin. In laboratory studies, these compounds appear to interfere with the way cells make energy by disrupting mitochondria (the cell's energy factories). This can cause certain cells, including cancer cells, to die.
Pawpaw also contains other compounds such as epicatechin, epigallocatechin, and p-coumaric acid, which act as antioxidants in lab settings.
It is important to remember that most of this information comes from test-tube and animal research. The same effects that may harm cancer cells could also affect healthy cells, and acetogenins have been linked to nerve-related concerns in some research.
Does American Pawpaw work?
How to read these evidence grades
Natural Medicines’ 7-point scale. We show each rating’s label word-for-word.
For American Pawpaw, current evidence isn’t strong enough to rate any specific use. The conditions it has been studied for are listed below.
Also studied for 1 condition — evidence insufficient to rate
Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate Lice
A small, uncontrolled study shows that applying a shampoo containing American pawpaw extract 0.5%, thymol 1%, and tea tree oil 0.5% three times over the course of 16 days eradicates lice and nits from children and family members with lice. The validity of these findings is limited by the lack of a control group. Furthermore, it is not clear if this effect is due to American pawpaw, the other ingredients, or the combination. More evidence is needed to rate American pawpaw for this use.
Source & disclaimer. Effectiveness ratings and evidence summaries are provided by Natural Medicines (Therapeutic Research Center) and shown as licensed. Where Natural Medicines hasn’t rated a use, HelloPharmacist’s pharmacists may add their own reviewed rating and evidence (each such entry is labeled). This is educational information, not medical advice — talk with your pharmacist or doctor before starting, stopping, or changing a supplement.
Safety & precautions
The ripe fruit is widely eaten and generally considered safe as a food, though some people experience stomach upset from it. The seeds, bark, leaves, and unripe parts contain higher levels of acetogenins and may be toxic, so they should be handled and used with caution.
There is concern from research that long-term, high exposure to annonacin-rich plants in the same family (Annonaceae) may be linked to nerve and brain problems. Because of this, concentrated pawpaw supplements should be used carefully and only with guidance from a healthcare professional.
Pregnant and breastfeeding people should avoid pawpaw supplements because safety has not been established. People with existing health conditions, and anyone taking other medicines, should talk to a pharmacist or doctor first.
Side effects
The most commonly reported side effects, especially from the supplement form, are nausea, vomiting, and other digestive upset. Some people may also experience an allergic skin reaction when handling the plant.
Because of the acetogenin content, there are theoretical concerns about effects on the nervous system with heavy or long-term use, though this is not fully understood in humans. If you experience any unusual symptoms while taking pawpaw, stop using it and contact a healthcare provider.
American Pawpaw: Reported Adverse Effects
Documented safety reports on American Pawpaw from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database, shown word-for-word from the licensed record.
In general, American pawpaw is well tolerated. However, cases of urticaria, nausea, vomiting, bowel disturbances, headache, and faintness have been reported following ingestion of pawpaw fruit. Similarly, American pawpaw extract may cause vomiting when taken orally or contact dermatitis when applied topically.
- Barber MA. Poisoning due to the papaw (Asimina triloba). JAMA. 1905;XLV(27):2013-2014.
- McLaughlin JL. Paw paw and cancer: Annonaceous acetogenins from discover to commercial products. J Nat Prod. 2008;71:1311-1321.
- Avalos J, Rupprecht JK, McLaughlin JL, et al. Guinea pig maximization test of the bark extract from pawpaw, Asimina triloba (Annonaceae). Contact Dermatitis 1993;29:33-5.
Cluster headache Neurologic/CNS
Orally, American pawpaw fruit can cause headache and faintness.
- Barber MA. Poisoning due to the papaw (Asimina triloba). JAMA. 1905;XLV(27):2013-2014.
Dermatitis Dermatologic
Orally, American pawpaw fruit can cause urticaria.
Topically, American pawpaw extract can cause contact dermatitis.
- Barber MA. Poisoning due to the papaw (Asimina triloba). JAMA. 1905;XLV(27):2013-2014.
- Avalos J, Rupprecht JK, McLaughlin JL, et al. Guinea pig maximization test of the bark extract from pawpaw, Asimina triloba (Annonaceae). Contact Dermatitis 1993;29:33-5.
Nausea and vomiting Gastrointestinal
Orally, American pawpaw fruit can cause nausea, vomiting, bowel disturbances, and burning of the throat and stomach. American pawpaw extract can cause vomiting when taken orally.
- Barber MA. Poisoning due to the papaw (Asimina triloba). JAMA. 1905;XLV(27):2013-2014.
- McLaughlin JL. Paw paw and cancer: Annonaceous acetogenins from discover to commercial products. J Nat Prod. 2008;71:1311-1321.
Adverse-effects data: Natural Medicines, Therapeutic Research Center
Dosing
There is no established standardized dose for American pawpaw supplements. Products vary widely in strength and which part of the plant they use, which makes safe dosing hard to determine.
If you choose to use a pawpaw product, follow the directions on the label and do not exceed them. Because the plant contains potentially toxic compounds, it is best to check with a pharmacist or doctor before starting, and to avoid homemade preparations from seeds, bark, or leaves.
American Pawpaw & Pregnancy
American Pawpaw & Breastfeeding
© 2026 Therapeutic Research Center
Pregnancy & lactation ratings: Natural Medicines, Therapeutic Research Center
References & further reading
The 4 references that drive our American Pawpaw monograph and interaction data, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Citations with a link open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.
- Avalos J, Rupprecht JK, McLaughlin JL, et al. Guinea pig maximization test of the bark extract from pawpaw, Asimina triloba (Annonaceae). Contact Dermatitis 1993;29:33-5.
- McCage, C. M., Ward, S. M., Paling, C. A., Fisher, D. A., Flynn, P. J., and McLaughlin, J. L. Development of a paw paw herbal shampoo for the removal of head lice. Phytomedicine 2002;9(8):743-748. PubMed
- Barber MA. Poisoning due to the papaw (Asimina triloba). JAMA. 1905;XLV(27):2013-2014. DOI
- McLaughlin JL. Paw paw and cancer: Annonaceous acetogenins from discover to commercial products. J Nat Prod. 2008;71:1311-1321.
This information is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always check with your pharmacist or doctor before starting, stopping, or combining supplements and medications.
Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.
DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.
© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC
American Pawpaw: Common Questions
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Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy
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