Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Based on 2 of 5 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Amino-Tor Orange Citrus Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Syntrax

Amino-Tor Orange Citrus label
See full label image
Powder Category: Amino Acid/protein
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Amino-Tor Orange Citrus against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Amino-Tor Orange Citrus is a dietary supplement by Syntrax with 5 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for muscle recovery and sports performance, gut health and 'leaky gut', recovery from severe illness or injury.Based on those ingredients, 254 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Sodium, L-Glutamine. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

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Check Your Meds Against Amino-Tor Orange Citrus by Syntrax

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Amino-Tor Orange Citrus by Syntrax — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Amino-Tor Orange Citrus by Syntrax

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 16, 2026

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 5 of its 5 active ingredients.
  • No proprietary blends here — you can verify the dose of every single component.

Amino-Tor contains five active ingredients: the amino acids L-Glutamine, L-Leucine, L-Isoleucine, and L-Valine, plus Sodium. These amino acids are building blocks your body uses for muscle repair and protein synthesis, especially after workouts or during recovery.

The product also contains several inactive ingredients — citrate, citric acid, natural flavors, silicon dioxide, sunflower lecithin, and sweeteners — that help with taste and texture.

Does it work?

Moderate evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Moderate

Some clinical evidence supports this product's ingredients for its stated purpose, but it isn't conclusive.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: amino acids for athletic performance and recovery.
  • We looked for evidence on: Athletic performance, Exercise-induced muscle damage, Postoperative recovery, muscle protein synthesis, training adaptation, recovery optimization.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Glutamine is rated "Possibly Effective" for Postoperative recovery (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Glutamine is rated "Possibly Ineffective" for Athletic performance.
  • Also on file: Glutamine is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Exercise-induced muscle damage.

L-Glutamine is rated Effective for sickle cell disease and Possibly Effective for HIV/AIDS-related wasting, postoperative recovery, and critical illness from trauma. The evidence for the other amino acids in this product — L-Leucine, L-Isoleucine, and L-Valine — isn't established in our data.

Sodium's effectiveness is rated Likely Effective for cystic fibrosis and Possibly Effective for amphotericin B nephrotoxicity, but evidence is insufficient for bipolar disorder and congestive heart failure.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Glutamine Sodium

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 2 of the 2 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 2 of 2.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 2 of 2.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

L-Glutamine is generally well tolerated in healthy adults but requires medical supervision if you have kidney or liver disease. The most common side effects from oral glutamine are belching, bloating, constipation, diarrhea, flatulence, nausea, vomiting, headache, and stomach pain — especially at higher doses (10–30 grams daily).

Rare cases of dizziness and mania have been reported in people with bipolar disorder. Pregnancy and lactation data rate L-Glutamine as Likely Safe.

Sodium is well tolerated at normal dietary amounts, but excess intake is linked to high blood pressure and worsened heart and kidney disease. Pregnancy data rate sodium as Likely Safe, though lactation data rate it as Possibly Unsafe.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Glutamine Sodium

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 2 of the 2 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Glutamine, Sodium.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: seizure medications; lithium.
  • For scale: 254 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before taking this product, double-check with your doctor or pharmacist if you use any of the following: blood pressure medications (Moderate concern), anticonvulsants or seizure drugs (Moderate concern), lithium, corticosteroids, didanosine (an HIV medication), sodium phosphates, tolvaptan, or any other sodium-containing drugs. The sodium in this supplement could raise your blood sodium to unsafe levels or interfere with how your medications work.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

Amino-Tor is aimed at people doing strength training or recovering from surgery or critical illness, where the amino acids may help with muscle repair. If you take blood pressure medications, anticonvulsants, lithium, corticosteroids, or HIV medications like didanosine, you need to check with your doctor or pharmacist before starting this product — the sodium and glutamine could affect how those drugs work.

Talk it over with your own doctor or pharmacist before adding it to your routine.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 2 of 5 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Jun 24, 2020.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Amino-Tor Orange Citrus, straight from the product label.

Brand Syntrax
Barcode (UPC) 810007540214
Net contents 12 Ounce(s); 340 Gram(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Jun 24, 2020
DSLD ID 228550
Product type Amino Acid/protein
Supplement form Powder
Dietary claims / uses Nutrient, All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years), Sugar Free
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Amino-Tor Orange Citrus by Syntrax, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
11 Gram(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
11 Gram(s)
Servings per container
30
UPC/BARCODE
810007540214
IngredientAmount% DV
Calories35 Calorie(s)--
L-Glutamine3000 mg--
Sodium230 mg10%
L-Leucine3000 mg--
L-Isoleucine1500 mg--
L-Valine1500 mg--

Other ingredients: Sodium Citrate, Citric Acid, Natural flavors, Silicon Dioxide, Sunflower Lecithin, Acesulfame-K, Sucralose, Gardenia fruit juice powder

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Formula

Amino-Tor provides the most effective performance-enhancing amino acids that athletes need for achieving optimal training results.

Amino-Tor provides the most effective performance-enhancing amino acids that athletes need for achieving optimal training results. Combining ideal amounts of glutamine as well as a 2:1:1 ratio of the branched chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine, Amino-Tor infuses muscles with the necessary nutrients for continued growth and recovery. Amino-Tor provides the most effective performance-enhancing amino acids that athletes need for achieving optimal training results. Combining ideal amounts of glutamine as well as a 2:1:1 ratio of the branched chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine, Amino-Tor infuses muscles with the necessary nutrients for continued growth and recovery. Since all flavors contain only natural and healthy food colors, you never have to worry about the ill-effects of synthetic chemicals created in a lab. Each and every flavor of Amino-Tor is a culinary work of art that is designed to make you say, "WOW"!

BCAA + Glutamine blend

Formulation

Unlike other amino acid formulas that are bitter and extremely unappetizing, Amino-Tor tastes nearly identical to pure, refreshing fruit juice...but without the sugar.

Made in the USA

Optimizes performance, recovery and growth

No artificial colors

Amazing flavor/No bitter taste Supports mTOR signaling

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

General Statements

facebook.com/OfficialsSyntrax instagram.com/OfficialSyntrax

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Recommendations: Based on taste preference, mix 8-12 oz of water per scoop of Amino-Tor. May be consumed one to three times per day depending on desired results. Remember, Amino-Tor may be consumed throughout the day but is especially effective before, during and after exercise.

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Amino-Tor Orange Citrus by Syntrax label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Amino-Tor Orange Citrus label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Amino-Tor Orange Citrus by Syntrax

These are the 5 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size11 Gram(s) Dosage formPowder Servings per container30 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

L-Glutamine

Interacts with
50 drugs
3000 mg per serving

Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the body and is usually made in your muscles. A prescription form is FDA-approved to help reduce sickle c...

L-Glutamine monograph & interactions

Sodium

Interacts with
205 drugs
230 mg per serving

Sodium is an essential mineral and electrolyte your body needs to balance fluids, support nerves, and help muscles work. Most people in modern diets g...

Sodium monograph & interactions

L-Leucine

3000 mg per serving

L-Isoleucine

1500 mg per serving

L-Valine

1500 mg per serving

Other (inactive) ingredients: Sodium Citrate, Citric Acid, Natural flavors, Silicon Dioxide, Sunflower Lecithin, Acesulfame-K, Sucralose, Gardenia fruit juice powder. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Amino-Tor Orange Citrus by Syntrax Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Amino-Tor Orange Citrus?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
254Drugs
254 Moderate

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Sodium 205
L-Glutamine 50

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Amino-Tor Orange Citrus interact with 254 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

2 of the 5 ingredients in Amino-Tor Orange Citrus interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Sodium L-Glutamine

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Amino-Tor Orange Citrus with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Sodium7 drug types · 205 drugs

Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
High intake of dietary sodium can increase systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Also, high intake of sodium may necessitate increased use of antihypertensive medications to achieve blood pressure control in some patients, such as those with chronic kidney disease.

Likelihood Probable Evidence A
Corticosteroids

Concomitant use of mineralocorticoids and some glucocorticoids with sodium supplements might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Mineralocorticoids and some glucocorticoids (corticosteroids) cause sodium retention. This effect is dose-related and depends on mineralocorticoid potency. It is most common with hydrocortisone, cortisone, and fludrocortisone, followed by prednisone and prednisolone.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Didanosine (Videx)

Concomitant use of didanosine with additional sodium from dietary or supplemental sources may increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Didanosine formulations contain a significant amount of sodium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence C
Lithium

Altering dietary intake of sodium might alter the levels and clinical effects of lithium.
High sodium intake can reduce plasma concentrations of lithium by increasing lithium excretion. Reducing sodium intake can significantly increase plasma concentrations of lithium and cause lithium toxicity in patients being treated with lithium carbonate. Stabilizing sodium intake is shown to reduce the percentage of patients with lithium level fluctuations above 0.8 mEq/L. Patients taking lithium should avoid significant alterations in their dietary intake of sodium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Sodium Phosphates

Theoretically, concomitant use of sodium phosphate with sodium supplements might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Use of high doses (> 45 mL in 24 hours) of sodium phosphate, such as those used for bowel cleansing before surgery, can lead to serious electrolyte disturbances, including hypernatremia. The risk of hypernatremia is highest in the elderly and people with other risk factors for electrolyte disturbances.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Sodium-Containing Drugs

Concomitant use of sodium-containing drugs with additional sodium from dietary or supplemental sources may increase the risk of hypernatremia and long-term sodium-related complications.
The Chronic Disease Risk Reduction (CDRR) intake level of 2.3 grams of sodium daily indicates the intake at which it is believed that chronic disease risk increases for the apparently healthy population. Some medications contain high quantities of sodium. When used in conjunction with sodium supplements or high-sodium diets, the CDRR may be exceeded. Additionally, concomitant use may increase the risk for hypernatremia; this risk is highest in the elderly and people with other risk factors for electrolyte disturbances.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Tolvaptan (Samsca)

Theoretically, concomitant use of tolvaptan with sodium might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Tolvaptan is a vasopressin receptor 2 antagonist that is used to increase sodium levels in patients with hyponatremia. Patients taking tolvaptan should use caution with the use of sodium salts such as sodium chloride.

Likelihood Probable Evidence C
Sodium full monograph & interactions

L-Glutamine1 drug type · 50 drugs

Anticonvulsants

Theoretically, glutamine might antagonize the effects of anticonvulsant medications.
Glutamine is metabolized to the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. Glutamate might have antagonistic effects with anticonvulsant drugs. However, this interaction has not yet been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
L-Glutamine full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Amino-Tor Orange Citrus, from the product label.

Syntrax

See all Syntrax products
Name
SI03, Inc.
Street Address
PO Box 1715
City
Cape Girardeau
State
MO
ZipCode
63702
Phone Number
(866) 333-7403
Web Address
www.syntrax.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Amino-Tor Orange Citrus by Syntrax: Common Questions

Does Amino-Tor Orange Citrus by Syntrax interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Amino-Tor Orange Citrus has a known interaction with 254 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Amino-Tor Orange Citrus contains 5 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Is it safe to take this while I'm pregnant?
L-Glutamine is rated Likely Safe in pregnancy, and Sodium is also rated Likely Safe. However, there isn't enough data on the other amino acids in this product. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist about whether this supplement makes sense for you right now.
What are the most common side effects?
The amino acids in this product are generally well tolerated, but glutamine can cause belching, bloating, constipation, diarrhea, flatulence, nausea, vomiting, headache, and stomach pain — especially at higher doses. These are usually mild and dose-dependent.
Can I take this if I have kidney or liver disease?
L-Glutamine requires medical supervision in people with kidney or liver disease. Check with your doctor before starting, especially at higher doses.
Will this help with muscle building or recovery?
Glutamine is Possibly Effective for postoperative recovery, and leucine, isoleucine, and valine are branched-chain amino acids your body uses for muscle repair. We don't have evidence ratings for the three branched-chain amino acids on file, so the strength of this product for muscle building specifically isn't established in our data.
Is this safe while breastfeeding?
L-Glutamine safety data doesn't address breastfeeding directly, but Sodium is rated Possibly Unsafe during lactation. Check with your doctor or pharmacist before using this while nursing.
Why does this product contain sodium?
Sodium appears here as sodium citrate, which is used to add flavor and help preserve the powder. The sodium content is worth noting if you take blood pressure medications, lithium, or have been advised to limit sodium intake.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Amino-Tor Orange Citrus label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Amino-Tor Orange Citrus’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Glutamine

Interacts with 50 drugs

Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the body and is usually made in your muscles. A prescription form is FDA-approved to help reduce sickle cell disease complications, but for most...

Read the full Glutamine monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Sodium

Interacts with 205 drugs

Sodium is an essential mineral and electrolyte your body needs to balance fluids, support nerves, and help muscles work. Most people in modern diets get more than enough—often too much—from...

Read the full Sodium monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Amino-Tor Orange Citrus's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 49 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Glutamine 11 references
  1. Miller AL. Therapeutic considerations of L-glutamine: a review of the literature. Altern Med Rev 1999;4:239-48..
  2. Bozzetti F, Biganzoli L, Gavazzi C, et al. Glutamine supplementation in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: a double-blind randomized study. Nutrition 1997;13:748-51.. PubMed
  3. Mebane AH. L-Glutamine and mania. Am J Psychiatry 984;141:1302-3.
  4. Meldrum BS. Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the brain: review of physiology and pathology. J Nutr 2000;130:1007S-15S.. PubMed
  5. Garlick PJ. Assessment of the safety of glutamine and other amino acids. J Nutr 2001;131:2556S-61S.. PubMed
  6. Chapman AG. Glutamate and epilepsy. J Nutr 2000;130:1043S-5S.. PubMed
  7. Ziegler TR. Glutamine supplementation in cancer patients receiving bone marrow transplantation and high dose chemotherapy. J Nutr 2001;131:2578S-84S.. PubMed
  8. Laviano A, Molfino A, Lacaria MT, Canelli A, De Leo S, Preziosa I, Rossi Fanelli F. Glutamine supplementation favors weight loss in nondieting obese female patients. A pilot study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014 Nov;68(11):1264-6. PubMed
  9. Endari (l-glutamine) [package insert]. Torrance, CA: Emmaus Medical,Inc; 2017.
  10. Niihara Y, Miller ST, Kanter J, et al. A Phase 3 Trial of l-Glutamine in Sickle Cell Disease. N Engl J Med 2018;379(3):226-35. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1715971.
  11. Ogden HB, Child RB, Fallowfield JL, et al. Gastrointestinal Tolerance of Low, Medium and High Dose Acute Oral l-Glutamine Supplementation in Healthy Adults: A Pilot Study. Nutrients. 2020;12(10):2953. PubMed

See these in context on the Glutamine monograph →

Sodium 38 references
  1. Garabedian-Ruffalo SM, Ruffalo RL. Drug and nutrient interactions. Am Fam Physician 1986;33:165-74.
  2. Food and Drug Administration Science Background: Safety of Sodium Phosphates Oral Solution. September 17, 2001. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/safety/sodiumphospate.htm
  3. Coton T, Mallaret C, Coilliot C, Carre D, Guisset M. Severe acute ulcerated gastritis induced by salt. Presse Med 2009;38(3):499-500. PubMed
  4. Frings-Meuthen P, Buehlmeier J, Baecker N, et al. High sodium chloride intake exacerbates immobilization-induced bone resorption and protein losses. J Appl Physiol 2011;111(2):537-542. PubMed
  5. Frings-Meuthen P, Baecker N, Heer M. Low-grade metabolic acidosis may be the cause of sodium chloride-induced exaggerated bone resorption. J Bone Miner Res 2008;23(4):517-524. PubMed
  6. Alam S, Johnson AG. A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCT) among healthy normotensive and essential hypertensive elderly patients to determine the effect of high salt (NaCl) diet of blood pressure. J Hum Hypertens 1999;13(6):367-74.
  7. Boudville N, Ward S, Benaroia M, House AA. Increased sodium intake correlates with greater use of antihypertensive agents by subjects with chronic kidney disease. Am J Hypertens 2005;18(10):1300-5. PubMed
  8. Bennett WM. Drug interactions and consequences of sodium restriction. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65(2 Suppl):678S-681S. PubMed
  9. Okusa MD, Crystal LJ. Clinical manifestations and management of acute lithium intoxication. Am J Med 1994;97(4):383-9. PubMed
  10. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2005. Available at: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10925. DOI
  11. D'Elia L, Rossi G, Ippolito R, Cappuccio FP, Strazzullo P. Habitual salt intake and risk of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Clin Nutr 2012;31(4):489-98. PubMed
  12. Goldsmith SR. Hyponatremia in heart failure: time for a trial. J Card Fail 2013;19(6):398-400. PubMed
  13. Willocks L, Brettle R, Keen J, Valentine C, Pinching AJ. Formulations of didanosine (ddI) and salt overload. Lancet 1992;339(8786):190.
  14. Chen L, Zhang Z, Chen W, Whelton PK, Appel LJ. Lower Sodium Intake and Risk of Headaches: Results From the Trial of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(7):1270-5. PubMed
  15. Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Lower levels of sodium intake and reduced cardiovascular risk. Circulation. 2014;129(9):981-9. PubMed
  16. Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Sodium Intake and All-Cause Mortality Over 20 Years in the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(15):1609-1617. PubMed
  17. Mente A, O'Donnell M, Rangarajan S, et al. Associations of urinary sodium excretion with cardiovascular events in individuals with and without hypertension: a pooled analysis of data from four studies. Lancet. 2016;388(10043):465-75. PubMed
  18. Moosavian SP, Haghighatdoost F, Surkan PJ, Azadbakht L. Salt and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2017;68(3):265-277. PubMed
  19. O'Donnell M, Mente A, Rangarajan S, et al. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion, mortality, and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(7):612-23. DOI
  20. Poggio R, Gutierrez L, Matta MG, Elorriaga N, Irazola V, Rubinstein A. Daily sodium consumption and CVD mortality in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Public Health Nutr. 2015;18(4):695-704. PubMed
  21. Stallings VA, Harrison M, Oria M; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium, Food and Nutrition Board, Health and Medicine Division, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington (DC): National Acad
  22. Mahtani KR, Heneghan C, Onakpoya I, et al. Reduced Salt Intake for Heart Failure: A Systematic Review. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Dec 1;178(12):1693-1700. PubMed
  23. Yancy CW. Sodium Restriction in Heart Failure: Too Much Uncertainty-Do the Trials. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Dec 1;178(12):1700-1701. PubMed
  24. He FJ, Campbell NRC, Ma Y, MacGregor GA, Cogswell ME, Cook NR. Errors in estimating usual sodium intake by the Kawasaki formula alter its relationship with mortality: implications for public health. Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47(6):1784-1795. PubMed
  25. Murthy K, Ondrey GJ, Malkani N, et al. THE EFFECTS OF HYPONATREMIA ON BONE DENSITY AND FRACTURES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. Endocr Pract. 2019;25(4):366-378. PubMed
  26. Messerli FH, Hofstetter L, Syrogiannouli L, et al. Sodium intake, life expectancy, and all-cause mortality. Eur Heart J 2021;42(21):2103-2112. PubMed
  27. Graudal NA, Hubeck-Graudal T, Jurgens G. Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020;12(12):CD004022. PubMed
  28. Giatti S, Santos RB, Aielo AN, et al. Association of sodium with obstructive sleep apnea. The ELSA-Brasil study. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021;18(3):502-510. PubMed
  29. Nan X, Lu H, Wu J, et al. The interactive association between sodium intake, alcohol consumption and hypertension among elderly in northern China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr 2021;21(1):135. PubMed
  30. Kyozuka H, Fukusda T, Murata T, et al. Impact of preconception sodium intake on hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: The Japan Environment and Children's study. Pregnancy Hypertens 2021;23:66-72. PubMed
  31. Zhao L, Ogden CL, Yang Q, et al. Association of usual sodium intake with obesity among US children and adolescents, NHANES 2009-2016. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021;29(3):587-594. PubMed
  32. Ma Y, He FJ, Sun Q, et al. 24-Hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med 2022;386(3):252-263. PubMed
  33. Liu J, Yang X, Zhang P, et al. Association of urinary sodium excretion and left ventricular hypertrophy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021;12:728493. PubMed
  34. Filippini T, Malavolti M, Whelton PK, Vinceti M. Sodium intake and risk of hypertension: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational cohort studies. Curr Hypertens Rep 2022;24(5):133-144. PubMed
  35. Wang DD, Li Y, Nguyen XT, et al. Dietary sodium and potassium intake and risk of non-fatal cardiovascular diseases: The million veteran program. Nutrients 2022;14(5):1121. PubMed
  36. Kwak JH, Park CH, Eun CS, et al. The associations of dietary intake of high sodium and low zinc with gastric cancer mortality: A prospective cohort study in Korea. Nutr Cancer 2022;74(10):3501-3508. PubMed
  37. George S, Maiti R, Mishra BR, Jena M, Mohapatra D. Effect of regulated add-on sodium chloride intake on stabilization of serum lithium concentration in bipolar disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Bipolar Disord 2023;25(1):66-75. PubMed
  38. Zhou TL, Schütten MTJ, Kroon AA, et al. Urinary Sodium Excretion and Salt Intake Are Not Associated With Blood Pressure Variability in a White General Population. J Am Heart Assoc 2023;12(1):e026578. PubMed

See these in context on the Sodium monograph →

Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.

DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

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