ESTER Ingredients & Drug Interactions
What is this page for?
First and foremost: checking ESTER against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.
Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy
ESTER is a dietary supplement by Prototype Nutrition with 2 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for replacing fluids and electrolytes, preventing dehydration during exercise or illness, treating low blood sodium (under medical care).Based on those ingredients, 205 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Sodium. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.
Check Your Meds Against ESTER by Prototype Nutrition
Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with ESTER by Prototype Nutrition — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.
AI summaries are generated from our interaction database for education only — always confirm with your pharmacist. How we use AI
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of ESTER by Prototype Nutrition
Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.
What’s inside
Low disclosure
ESTER contains one active ingredient: sodium. This product delivers sodium in liquid form.
Sodium is an electrolyte your body needs for nerve and muscle function, but the amount matters — too much raises your blood pressure and strains your heart, while the right amount supports critical body functions.
Does it work?
Couldn't assess
Sodium supplementation is rated likely effective for cystic fibrosis and possibly effective for preventing kidney damage from amphotericin B (an antifungal medication). For bipolar disorder and heart failure, the evidence we hold is not strong enough to rate.
If you're considering sodium supplementation for any condition, your doctor or pharmacist can help you weigh what the science shows for your specific situation.
How safe is it?
Well-documented data
Sodium is well tolerated when you stay at or below the recommended daily intake of 2.3 grams — the amount linked to chronic disease prevention. The safety data on topical use hasn't been fully evaluated.
At excessive doses, sodium can worsen high blood pressure, heart disease, and kidney disease. High sodium intake is also tied to gastric cancer risk in population studies, and too-low sodium (from certain conditions or medications) may increase bone loss and fracture risk.
Pregnancy and lactation: the evidence suggests sodium is likely safe in pregnancy but possibly unsafe in lactation — talk with your doctor or pharmacist about your individual situation before taking a sodium supplement while nursing.
Meds to double-check
Moderate interaction found
Before taking a sodium supplement, double-check with your doctor or pharmacist if you take blood pressure drugs, lithium, corticosteroids, didanosine, sodium phosphate products, tolvaptan, or any other medication that contains sodium. High sodium intake can reduce how well blood pressure medications work, dangerously raise or lower lithium levels, and increase sodium levels with other medications.
The bottom line
Scorecard at a glanceFormula with limited ingredient disclosure with no assessable stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.
Sodium supplements are only for people with genuine medical need — not for general use. If you take blood pressure medication, lithium, corticosteroids, or HIV medications, you must check with your doctor or pharmacist before starting.
Anyone taking a sodium supplement should stay at or below the recommended 2.3 grams daily and avoid other sodium-containing drugs without medical oversight.
Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI
Assessment coverage: 1 of 1 active ingredient matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Sep 22, 2022.
This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed
General information
Key facts about ESTER, straight from the product label.
| Brand | Prototype Nutrition |
|---|---|
| Barcode (UPC) | 733428006209 |
| Net contents | 5.7 Oz(s); 150 mL |
| Market status | On market |
| Date entered into DSLD | Sep 22, 2022 |
| DSLD ID | 264848 |
| Product type | Non-nutrient/non-botanical |
| Supplement form | Liquid |
| Dietary claims / uses | All Other, Structure/Function |
| Intended target group(s) | Adult (18 - 50 Years) |
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.
Supplement Facts
The label details for ESTER by Prototype Nutrition, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.
Supplement Facts
| Ingredient | Amount | % DV |
|---|---|---|
| Protein | 0 Gram(s) | -- |
| Total Fat | 0 Gram(s) | -- |
| Calories | 5 Calorie(s) | -- |
| Total Carbohydrate | 0 Gram(s) | -- |
| Sodium | 0 Gram(s) | -- |
Other ingredients: R,S-Butanediol Diacetoacetate Ester
Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions
Use for a ketone boost, as needed. To decrease risk of GI upset, begin with a one (1) milliliter serving and increase dose gradually with use until you reach a 10ml serving (or your desired serving size based on your desired effects). Mix with an ounce or two of a suitable liquid, based on preference.
Precautions
Always consult a physician before taking any new supplement. Warning: GI Distress is likely with higher dosing. To decrease chances of GI distress follow instructions closely, starting with a very small dose. Additionally, this product should be diluted for use. Taking this product on its own increases risk of GI distress.
FDA Disclaimer Statement
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
Formula
Ketone Ester
Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.
ESTER by Prototype Nutrition label
The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.
Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.
View the full label (PDF)The Ingredients in ESTER by Prototype Nutrition
These are the 2 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.
Serving size1 mL Dosage formLiquid Servings per container15 Amounts shown are per serving.
Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.
Protein
Sodium
Interacts with205 drugs
Sodium is an essential mineral and electrolyte your body needs to balance fluids, support nerves, and help muscles work. Most people in modern diets g...
Sodium monograph & interactionsOther (inactive) ingredients: R,S-Butanediol Diacetoacetate Ester. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.
ESTER by Prototype Nutrition Drug Interactions
HelloPharmacist Interaction Report
ESTER by Prototype Nutrition is a sodium supplement, and sodium interacts with a number of medications.
The most serious concern is with blood pressure drugs (antihypertensives) — high sodium intake can reduce how well they work and may require dose increases to control your blood pressure.
Read the full breakdown — every affected drug type, severity by severity
Sodium also interacts with corticosteroids (steroids), which can cause your body to hold onto sodium and raise sodium levels too high. It affects lithium (used for bipolar disorder) significantly: high sodium can lower lithium levels and reduce its effect, while low sodium can raise lithium levels dangerously and cause toxicity.
Additionally, sodium interacts with didanosine (an HIV medication), sodium phosphate products (used for bowel prep), and tolvaptan (a water-balance medication) — all carry a risk of high sodium levels.
Sodium also interacts with other sodium-containing drugs and formulations. Altogether, these interactions span 205 individual medications.
If you take any blood pressure medication, lithium, corticosteroids, or any other prescription, check your exact medications with the search tool below before starting a sodium supplement.
Check your own medications below · Editorial policy · How we use AI
Want to check YOUR meds against ESTER?
Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.
Go to the checkerIngredients driving the most interactions
Individual Drug Interactions
The ingredients in ESTER interact with 205 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.
1 of the 2 ingredients in ESTER interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Sodium
LabetalolNormodyne, Trandate
How Labetalol interacts with ESTER — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
SodiumAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Sodium + Labetalol interactionLercanidipine HydrochlorideZanidip
How Lercanidipine Hydrochloride interacts with ESTER — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
SodiumAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Sodium + Lercanidipine Hydrochloride interactionLevamlodipineConjupri
How Levamlodipine interacts with ESTER — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
SodiumAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Sodium + Levamlodipine interactionLisinoprilPrinivil, Qbrelis, Zestril
How Lisinopril interacts with ESTER — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
SodiumAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Sodium + Lisinopril interactionLithium Carbonate (prescription Drug)Eskalith, Lithium Carbonate
How Lithium Carbonate (prescription Drug) interacts with ESTER — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
SodiumLithium Moderate
Interaction Summary
Altering dietary intake of sodium might alter the levels and clinical effects of lithium.
Read the full Sodium + Lithium Carbonate (prescription Drug) interactionLosartan PotassiumCozaar
How Losartan Potassium interacts with ESTER — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
SodiumAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Sodium + Losartan Potassium interactionMacitentanOpsumit
How Macitentan interacts with ESTER — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
SodiumAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Sodium + Macitentan interactionMacitentan, TadalafilOpsynvi
How Macitentan, Tadalafil interacts with ESTER — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
SodiumAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Sodium + Macitentan, Tadalafil interactionMannitolBronchitol, Osmitrol
How Mannitol interacts with ESTER — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
SodiumAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Sodium + Mannitol interactionMecamylamineInversine
How Mecamylamine interacts with ESTER — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
SodiumAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Sodium + Mecamylamine interactionMethazolamideNeptazane
How Methazolamide interacts with ESTER — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
SodiumAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Sodium + Methazolamide interactionMethyclothiazideAquatensen, Enduron
How Methyclothiazide interacts with ESTER — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
SodiumAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Sodium + Methyclothiazide interactionMethyclothiazide, PargylineEutron
How Methyclothiazide, Pargyline interacts with ESTER — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
SodiumAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Sodium + Methyclothiazide, Pargyline interactionMethyclothiazide, ReserpineDiutensen-R
How Methyclothiazide, Reserpine interacts with ESTER — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
SodiumAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Sodium + Methyclothiazide, Reserpine interactionMethyldopaAldomet, Methyldopa
How Methyldopa interacts with ESTER — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
SodiumAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Sodium + Methyldopa interactionMethylprednisoloneMedrol, Medrol Dosepak
How Methylprednisolone interacts with ESTER — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
SodiumCorticosteroids Moderate
Interaction Summary
Concomitant use of mineralocorticoids and some glucocorticoids with sodium supplements might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Read the full Sodium + Methylprednisolone interactionMetolazoneDiulo, Mykrox, Zaroxolyn
How Metolazone interacts with ESTER — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
SodiumAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Sodium + Metolazone interactionMetoprololLopressor, Toprol XL
How Metoprolol interacts with ESTER — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
SodiumAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Sodium + Metoprolol interactionMinoxidilLoniten, Minoxidil, Rogaine
How Minoxidil interacts with ESTER — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
SodiumAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Sodium + Minoxidil interactionMoexiprilUnivasc
How Moexipril interacts with ESTER — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
SodiumAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Sodium + Moexipril interactionMoxonidinePhysiotens
How Moxonidine interacts with ESTER — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
SodiumAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Sodium + Moxonidine interactionNadololCorgard, Nadolol
How Nadolol interacts with ESTER — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
SodiumAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Sodium + Nadolol interactionNebivololBystolic, Nebilet
How Nebivolol interacts with ESTER — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
SodiumAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Sodium + Nebivolol interactionNebivolol Hydrochloride, ValsartanByvalson
How Nebivolol Hydrochloride, Valsartan interacts with ESTER — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
SodiumAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Sodium + Nebivolol Hydrochloride, Valsartan interactionNicardipineCardene, Cardene IV, Cardene SR
How Nicardipine interacts with ESTER — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
SodiumAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Sodium + Nicardipine interactionNifedipineAdalat, Adalat CC, Adalat LA, Adalat PA, Adalat Retard, Adalat XL +15 more
How Nifedipine interacts with ESTER — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
SodiumAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Sodium + Nifedipine interactionNimodipineNimotop, Nymalize
How Nimodipine interacts with ESTER — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
SodiumAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Sodium + Nimodipine interactionNisoldipineSular
How Nisoldipine interacts with ESTER — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
SodiumAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Sodium + Nisoldipine interactionNitroprussideNitropress
How Nitroprusside interacts with ESTER — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
SodiumAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Sodium + Nitroprusside interactionOlmesartan MedoxomilBenicar, Olmesartan Medoxomil
How Olmesartan Medoxomil interacts with ESTER — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
SodiumAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
Read the full Sodium + Olmesartan Medoxomil interactionEach ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects
For each ingredient in ESTER with known interactions, here are the types of medications it can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.
Sodium
Antihypertensive Drugs
Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
High intake of dietary sodium can increase systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Also, high intake of sodium may necessitate increased use of antihypertensive medications to achieve blood pressure control in some patients, such as those with chronic kidney disease.
Corticosteroids
Concomitant use of mineralocorticoids and some glucocorticoids with sodium supplements might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Mineralocorticoids and some glucocorticoids (corticosteroids) cause sodium retention. This effect is dose-related and depends on mineralocorticoid potency. It is most common with hydrocortisone, cortisone, and fludrocortisone, followed by prednisone and prednisolone.
Didanosine (Videx)
Concomitant use of didanosine with additional sodium from dietary or supplemental sources may increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Didanosine formulations contain a significant amount of sodium.
Lithium
Altering dietary intake of sodium might alter the levels and clinical effects of lithium.
High sodium intake can reduce plasma concentrations of lithium by increasing lithium excretion. Reducing sodium intake can significantly increase plasma concentrations of lithium and cause lithium toxicity in patients being treated with lithium carbonate. Stabilizing sodium intake is shown to reduce the percentage of patients with lithium level fluctuations above 0.8 mEq/L. Patients taking lithium should avoid significant alterations in their dietary intake of sodium.
Sodium Phosphates
Theoretically, concomitant use of sodium phosphate with sodium supplements might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Use of high doses (> 45 mL in 24 hours) of sodium phosphate, such as those used for bowel cleansing before surgery, can lead to serious electrolyte disturbances, including hypernatremia. The risk of hypernatremia is highest in the elderly and people with other risk factors for electrolyte disturbances.
Sodium-Containing Drugs
Concomitant use of sodium-containing drugs with additional sodium from dietary or supplemental sources may increase the risk of hypernatremia and long-term sodium-related complications.
The Chronic Disease Risk Reduction (CDRR) intake level of 2.3 grams of sodium daily indicates the intake at which it is believed that chronic disease risk increases for the apparently healthy population. Some medications contain high quantities of sodium. When used in conjunction with sodium supplements or high-sodium diets, the CDRR may be exceeded. Additionally, concomitant use may increase the risk for hypernatremia; this risk is highest in the elderly and people with other risk factors for electrolyte disturbances.
Tolvaptan (Samsca)
Theoretically, concomitant use of tolvaptan with sodium might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Tolvaptan is a vasopressin receptor 2 antagonist that is used to increase sodium levels in patients with hyponatremia. Patients taking tolvaptan should use caution with the use of sodium salts such as sodium chloride.
Brand information
Manufacturer and brand details for ESTER, from the product label.
Prototype Nutrition
See all Prototype Nutrition products- Name
- Prototype Nutrition
- Web Address
- prototypenutrition.com
ESTER by Prototype Nutrition: Common Questions
Does ESTER by Prototype Nutrition interact with any medications?
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Where does this information come from?
Can I take this sodium supplement if I'm on blood pressure medication?
Is it safe to take sodium with lithium?
What are the side effects of taking too much sodium?
Is this safe to take while pregnant or breastfeeding?
What does sodium do in the body?
Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy
Not sure if ESTER is safe with your meds?
Our pharmacists answer your medication & supplement questions — free.
Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.
The Full Monographs Behind ESTER’s Ingredients
Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.
Sources & How We Checked
ESTER's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.
- NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) — The official product label on file for this supplement.
- Natural Medicines (Therapeutic Research Center) — Evidence-graded clinical reference behind the ingredient interaction data.
Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.
The 38 references behind this product’s interaction data
Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.
Sodium 38 references
- Garabedian-Ruffalo SM, Ruffalo RL. Drug and nutrient interactions. Am Fam Physician 1986;33:165-74.
- Food and Drug Administration Science Background: Safety of Sodium Phosphates Oral Solution. September 17, 2001. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/safety/sodiumphospate.htm
- Coton T, Mallaret C, Coilliot C, Carre D, Guisset M. Severe acute ulcerated gastritis induced by salt. Presse Med 2009;38(3):499-500. PubMed
- Frings-Meuthen P, Buehlmeier J, Baecker N, et al. High sodium chloride intake exacerbates immobilization-induced bone resorption and protein losses. J Appl Physiol 2011;111(2):537-542. PubMed
- Frings-Meuthen P, Baecker N, Heer M. Low-grade metabolic acidosis may be the cause of sodium chloride-induced exaggerated bone resorption. J Bone Miner Res 2008;23(4):517-524. PubMed
- Alam S, Johnson AG. A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCT) among healthy normotensive and essential hypertensive elderly patients to determine the effect of high salt (NaCl) diet of blood pressure. J Hum Hypertens 1999;13(6):367-74.
- Boudville N, Ward S, Benaroia M, House AA. Increased sodium intake correlates with greater use of antihypertensive agents by subjects with chronic kidney disease. Am J Hypertens 2005;18(10):1300-5. PubMed
- Bennett WM. Drug interactions and consequences of sodium restriction. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65(2 Suppl):678S-681S. PubMed
- Okusa MD, Crystal LJ. Clinical manifestations and management of acute lithium intoxication. Am J Med 1994;97(4):383-9. PubMed
- Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2005. Available at: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10925. DOI
- D'Elia L, Rossi G, Ippolito R, Cappuccio FP, Strazzullo P. Habitual salt intake and risk of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Clin Nutr 2012;31(4):489-98. PubMed
- Goldsmith SR. Hyponatremia in heart failure: time for a trial. J Card Fail 2013;19(6):398-400. PubMed
- Willocks L, Brettle R, Keen J, Valentine C, Pinching AJ. Formulations of didanosine (ddI) and salt overload. Lancet 1992;339(8786):190.
- Chen L, Zhang Z, Chen W, Whelton PK, Appel LJ. Lower Sodium Intake and Risk of Headaches: Results From the Trial of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(7):1270-5. PubMed
- Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Lower levels of sodium intake and reduced cardiovascular risk. Circulation. 2014;129(9):981-9. PubMed
- Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Sodium Intake and All-Cause Mortality Over 20 Years in the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(15):1609-1617. PubMed
- Mente A, O'Donnell M, Rangarajan S, et al. Associations of urinary sodium excretion with cardiovascular events in individuals with and without hypertension: a pooled analysis of data from four studies. Lancet. 2016;388(10043):465-75. PubMed
- Moosavian SP, Haghighatdoost F, Surkan PJ, Azadbakht L. Salt and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2017;68(3):265-277. PubMed
- O'Donnell M, Mente A, Rangarajan S, et al. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion, mortality, and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(7):612-23. DOI
- Poggio R, Gutierrez L, Matta MG, Elorriaga N, Irazola V, Rubinstein A. Daily sodium consumption and CVD mortality in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Public Health Nutr. 2015;18(4):695-704. PubMed
- Stallings VA, Harrison M, Oria M; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium, Food and Nutrition Board, Health and Medicine Division, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington (DC): National Acad
- Mahtani KR, Heneghan C, Onakpoya I, et al. Reduced Salt Intake for Heart Failure: A Systematic Review. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Dec 1;178(12):1693-1700. PubMed
- Yancy CW. Sodium Restriction in Heart Failure: Too Much Uncertainty-Do the Trials. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Dec 1;178(12):1700-1701. PubMed
- He FJ, Campbell NRC, Ma Y, MacGregor GA, Cogswell ME, Cook NR. Errors in estimating usual sodium intake by the Kawasaki formula alter its relationship with mortality: implications for public health. Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47(6):1784-1795. PubMed
- Murthy K, Ondrey GJ, Malkani N, et al. THE EFFECTS OF HYPONATREMIA ON BONE DENSITY AND FRACTURES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. Endocr Pract. 2019;25(4):366-378. PubMed
- Messerli FH, Hofstetter L, Syrogiannouli L, et al. Sodium intake, life expectancy, and all-cause mortality. Eur Heart J 2021;42(21):2103-2112. PubMed
- Graudal NA, Hubeck-Graudal T, Jurgens G. Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020;12(12):CD004022. PubMed
- Giatti S, Santos RB, Aielo AN, et al. Association of sodium with obstructive sleep apnea. The ELSA-Brasil study. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021;18(3):502-510. PubMed
- Nan X, Lu H, Wu J, et al. The interactive association between sodium intake, alcohol consumption and hypertension among elderly in northern China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr 2021;21(1):135. PubMed
- Kyozuka H, Fukusda T, Murata T, et al. Impact of preconception sodium intake on hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: The Japan Environment and Children's study. Pregnancy Hypertens 2021;23:66-72. PubMed
- Zhao L, Ogden CL, Yang Q, et al. Association of usual sodium intake with obesity among US children and adolescents, NHANES 2009-2016. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021;29(3):587-594. PubMed
- Ma Y, He FJ, Sun Q, et al. 24-Hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med 2022;386(3):252-263. PubMed
- Liu J, Yang X, Zhang P, et al. Association of urinary sodium excretion and left ventricular hypertrophy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021;12:728493. PubMed
- Filippini T, Malavolti M, Whelton PK, Vinceti M. Sodium intake and risk of hypertension: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational cohort studies. Curr Hypertens Rep 2022;24(5):133-144. PubMed
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