Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Based on 3 of 7 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Insane Veinz Gummy Candy Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Insane Labz

Insane Veinz Gummy Candy label
See full label image
Powder Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Insane Veinz Gummy Candy against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Insane Veinz Gummy Candy is a dietary supplement by Insane Labz with 7 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for replacing fluids and electrolytes, preventing dehydration during exercise or illness, treating low blood sodium (under medical care).Based on those ingredients, 441 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Oxygold, Sodium. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Insane Veinz Gummy Candy by Insane Labz

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Insane Veinz Gummy Candy by Insane Labz — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Insane Veinz Gummy Candy by Insane Labz

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Aug 13, 2026

What’s inside

Low disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Low

Most active ingredients don't disclose an individual amount — you can't tell how much of each you're getting.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 3 of its 7 active ingredients.
  • “Insane Veinz Gold Blend” is a proprietary blend — the label gives one combined amount (3.28 Gram(s)) without saying how much of each component you get.

Insane Veinz Gummy Candy contains 7 active ingredients. Sodium is an electrolyte your body needs to regulate fluid balance and nerve signals, but the amount in a supplement can add up quickly on top of what you eat.

Betaine anhydrous is an amino acid compound used to support homocysteine metabolism and possibly liver health. Chloride works alongside sodium as an electrolyte.

Nitrosigine, fulvic acid (Oxygold), and hydromax are the remaining actives; we hold limited effectiveness data for most of these. The product also contains inactive ingredients — citric acid, silica, natural and artificial flavor, sucralose, acesulfame potassium, and FD&C Blue #1 — which are fillers and flavorings.

Does it work?

Moderate evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Moderate

Some clinical evidence supports this product's ingredients for its stated purpose, but it isn't conclusive.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: Vascularity and exercise performance.
  • We looked for evidence on: Athletic performance, Hyperhomocysteinemia, Hyponatremia, Blood flow, Nitric oxide, Endothelial function.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Betaine Anhydrous is rated "Possibly Effective" for Hyperhomocysteinemia (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Betaine Anhydrous is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Athletic performance.
  • Also on file: Sodium is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Hyponatremia.

The data we hold shows sodium is likely effective for cystic fibrosis and possibly effective for amphotericin B kidney damage, though the product's dose and form don't clearly target those uses. Betaine anhydrous is effective for homocystinuria and possibly effective for high homocysteine levels, but evidence is insufficient for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, colorectal adenoma, depression, and GERD.

For fulvic acid (Oxygold) — respiratory infections, lead toxicity, eczema, fatigue, and hay fever — the evidence isn't established in the data we hold. We have no effectiveness ratings for chloride, nitrosigine, or hydromax.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Sodium Betaine Anhydrous Fulvic Acid

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 3 of the 3 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 2 of 3.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 3 of 3.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Sodium is well tolerated at normal dietary amounts, but the safety notes caution that too much is linked to high blood pressure and heart strain, and supplements should be avoided without medical advice. Serious but rare side effects with excess sodium include worsened heart disease, high blood pressure, and kidney disease.

High sodium intake is also tied to increased gastric cancer risk in population studies. Betaine anhydrous is generally well tolerated at studied doses but can cause body odor, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, GI upset, and rarely cerebral edema.

Fulvic acid appears generally tolerated short-term but can cause diarrhea, headache, and sore throat. Pregnancy: sodium is likely safe and possibly unsafe (conflicting ratings), so talk with your doctor.

Betaine anhydrous and fulvic acid both lack adequate safety data in pregnancy and breastfeeding — the facts advise avoiding fulvic acid during pregnancy and breastfeeding, and note that betaine safety while breastfeeding is not well established.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Sodium Betaine Anhydrous Fulvic Acid

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 2 of the 3 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Fulvic Acid, Sodium.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; immunosuppressants / transplant drugs; lithium.
  • For scale: 441 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before taking this product, double-check with your doctor or pharmacist if you take blood pressure medications (antihypertensives) — sodium can reduce how well they work. Also flag it if you're on lithium, corticosteroids, didanosine, tolvaptan, or any sodium-containing medications, because the sodium here can shift your drug levels or electrolytes.

Blood thinners and antiplatelet drugs (like warfarin or aspirin), immunosuppressants, and thyroid hormone therapy are moderate concerns due to the fulvic acid. No interactions are documented for chloride, nitrosigine, or hydromax, as we hold no data on those ingredients.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFormula with limited ingredient disclosure with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This product is a multi-ingredient supplement with sodium as a major component — fine at normal dietary levels, but risky if you take blood pressure meds, heart or kidney medications, lithium, or corticosteroids. If you're on a blood thinner or thyroid hormone, the fulvic acid content adds another consideration.

Check your exact medications with your doctor or pharmacist before starting, especially if you're managing blood pressure, heart health, kidney function, or psychiatric conditions.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 3 of 7 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Oct 24, 2023.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Insane Veinz Gummy Candy, straight from the product label.

Brand Insane Labz
Barcode (UPC) 840232459122
Net contents 6.5 Ounce(s); 183 Gram(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Oct 24, 2023
DSLD ID 298663
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Powder
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Insane Veinz Gummy Candy by Insane Labz, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
6.1 Gram(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
6.1 Gram(s)
Servings per container
30
UPC/BARCODE
840232459122
IngredientAmount% DV
Sodium100 mg4%
Betaine Anhydrous0 NP--
Chloride100 mg3%
Nitrosigine0 NP--
Oxygold0 NP--
Nitrosigine30 mg1%
Hydromax0 NP--
Insane Veinz Gold Blend3.275 Gram(s)--

Other ingredients: Citric Acid, Silica, Natural and Artificial flavor, Sucralose, Acesulfame Potassium, FD&C Blue #1

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Directions for use: As a dietary supplement for adults, mix 1 scoop in 8-10 oz. of water and consume 30 minutes before activity/workout. Do not exceed 2 scoops in 10-12 oz. of water and consume 30 minutes before workout.

Precautions

Warning: Do not take Insane Veinz in excess of recommended dosage. Insane Veinz Gold is not intended for use by persons under the age of 18. Keep out of reach of children.

Consult your physician prior to use if you have a medical condition including but not limited to, heart, liver, kidney, or thyroid disease, psychiatric or epileptic disorders, difficulty urinating, diabetes, high blood pressure, cardiac arrhythmia, recurrent headaches, enlarged prostate or glaucoma. If you are a competitive athlete and/or subject to drug testing, consult with your sanctioning body prior to use to ensure compliance. Discontinue use immediately if you experience any adverse reactions.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Seals/Symbols

Made In The USA Certified cGMP

Formulation

Veinz Vascularity Super Beast

Non Stim

Infused vascularity powerhouse

Formula

OxyGold Gummy Candy natural & artificial flavors

HydroMax Glycerol Powder 65% OxyGold Nitrosigine Bonded Arginine Silicate

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

Brand IP Statement(s)

OxyGold is a registered trademark of Lecheek Nutrition, Inc. Nitrosigine including the Nitrosignine logo are registered trademarks of Nutrition 21, LLC. Nitrosigine is patent pending.

General Statements

Approved by Mad Chemist

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Insane Veinz Gummy Candy by Insane Labz label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Insane Veinz Gummy Candy label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Insane Veinz Gummy Candy by Insane Labz

These are the 7 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size6.1 Gram(s) Dosage formPowder Servings per container30 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Sodium

Interacts with
205 drugs
100 mg per serving Form: Sodium Chloride

Sodium is an essential mineral and electrolyte your body needs to balance fluids, support nerves, and help muscles work. Most people in modern diets g...

Sodium monograph & interactions

Chloride

100 mg per serving Form: Sodium Chloride

Nitrosigine

30 mg per serving Form: Potassium

Insane Veinz Gold Blend

3.275 Gram(s) per serving

Other (inactive) ingredients: Citric Acid, Silica, Natural and Artificial flavor, Sucralose, Acesulfame Potassium, FD&C Blue #1. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Insane Veinz Gummy Candy by Insane Labz Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Insane Veinz Gummy Candy?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
441Drugs
441 Moderate

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Oxygold 257
Sodium 205

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Insane Veinz Gummy Candy interact with 441 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

2 of the 7 ingredients in Insane Veinz Gummy Candy interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Oxygold Sodium

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Insane Veinz Gummy Candy with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Oxygold3 drug types · 257 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, taking fulvic acid may decrease the effectiveness of anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs.
In vitro evidence shows that fulvic acid, formed from the oxidation and polymerization of protocatechuic acid, can shorten prothrombin time in human plasma, increasing the risk of clot formation.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Immunosuppressants

Theoretically, taking fulvic acid might decrease the effects of immunosuppressive therapy.
Animal research shows that fulvic acid stimulates immune function.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Thyroid Hormone

Theoretically, taking fulvic acid with thyroid hormone therapy might interfere with the ability to normalize thyroid function.
Animal research shows that fulvic acid increases the plasma level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and decreases the thyroxine (T4):triiodothyronine (T3) ratio.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Oxygold full monograph & interactions

Sodium7 drug types · 205 drugs

Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
High intake of dietary sodium can increase systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Also, high intake of sodium may necessitate increased use of antihypertensive medications to achieve blood pressure control in some patients, such as those with chronic kidney disease.

Likelihood Probable Evidence A
Corticosteroids

Concomitant use of mineralocorticoids and some glucocorticoids with sodium supplements might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Mineralocorticoids and some glucocorticoids (corticosteroids) cause sodium retention. This effect is dose-related and depends on mineralocorticoid potency. It is most common with hydrocortisone, cortisone, and fludrocortisone, followed by prednisone and prednisolone.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Didanosine (Videx)

Concomitant use of didanosine with additional sodium from dietary or supplemental sources may increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Didanosine formulations contain a significant amount of sodium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence C
Lithium

Altering dietary intake of sodium might alter the levels and clinical effects of lithium.
High sodium intake can reduce plasma concentrations of lithium by increasing lithium excretion. Reducing sodium intake can significantly increase plasma concentrations of lithium and cause lithium toxicity in patients being treated with lithium carbonate. Stabilizing sodium intake is shown to reduce the percentage of patients with lithium level fluctuations above 0.8 mEq/L. Patients taking lithium should avoid significant alterations in their dietary intake of sodium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Sodium Phosphates

Theoretically, concomitant use of sodium phosphate with sodium supplements might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Use of high doses (> 45 mL in 24 hours) of sodium phosphate, such as those used for bowel cleansing before surgery, can lead to serious electrolyte disturbances, including hypernatremia. The risk of hypernatremia is highest in the elderly and people with other risk factors for electrolyte disturbances.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Sodium-Containing Drugs

Concomitant use of sodium-containing drugs with additional sodium from dietary or supplemental sources may increase the risk of hypernatremia and long-term sodium-related complications.
The Chronic Disease Risk Reduction (CDRR) intake level of 2.3 grams of sodium daily indicates the intake at which it is believed that chronic disease risk increases for the apparently healthy population. Some medications contain high quantities of sodium. When used in conjunction with sodium supplements or high-sodium diets, the CDRR may be exceeded. Additionally, concomitant use may increase the risk for hypernatremia; this risk is highest in the elderly and people with other risk factors for electrolyte disturbances.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Tolvaptan (Samsca)

Theoretically, concomitant use of tolvaptan with sodium might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Tolvaptan is a vasopressin receptor 2 antagonist that is used to increase sodium levels in patients with hyponatremia. Patients taking tolvaptan should use caution with the use of sodium salts such as sodium chloride.

Likelihood Probable Evidence C
Sodium full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Insane Veinz Gummy Candy, from the product label.

Insane Labz

See all Insane Labz products
Name
Insane Labz
Street Address
675 East Highway 43
City
Harrison
State
AR
ZipCode
72601
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Insane Veinz Gummy Candy by Insane Labz: Common Questions

Does Insane Veinz Gummy Candy by Insane Labz interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Insane Veinz Gummy Candy has a known interaction with 441 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Insane Veinz Gummy Candy contains 7 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Does sodium in this supplement count toward my daily sodium intake?
Yes, it does. The facts note that the Chronic Disease Risk Reduction level for sodium is 2.3 grams daily, and any sodium from supplements or fortified foods adds to what you get from regular meals. If you're trying to keep sodium low for blood pressure or heart health, every source counts — so check the label for the exact amount per serving.
What side effects might betaine anhydrous cause?
The most common are body odor, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and general GI upset. Elevated cholesterol levels have also been noted. A rare serious side effect is cerebral edema (brain swelling), though this is uncommon.
Is this product safe during pregnancy?
The data shows conflicting ratings for sodium — likely safe and possibly unsafe — so you need to talk with your doctor or midwife before taking it. Betaine anhydrous and fulvic acid don't have enough pregnancy safety data; fulvic acid specifically should be avoided in pregnancy according to the facts. This is a conversation for your own healthcare provider, not something to decide on your own.
Can I take this if I'm breastfeeding?
Sodium has a pregnancy/breastfeeding rating on file, but betaine's breastfeeding safety is not well established — the facts advise caution. Fulvic acid should be avoided while breastfeeding due to insufficient safety data. Check with your doctor or pharmacist before starting.
What is fulvic acid supposed to do in this product?
Fulvic acid (listed here as Oxygold) is marketed for respiratory infections, lead toxicity, eczema, fatigue, and hay fever, but the evidence for these uses isn't established in the data we hold. It's not clear the product is designed for any one of these purposes.
Does this product have fillers?
Yes — it contains citric acid, silica, natural and artificial flavor, sucralose, acesulfame potassium, and FD&C Blue #1 as inactive ingredients.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Insane Veinz Gummy Candy label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Insane Veinz Gummy Candy’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Sodium

Interacts with 205 drugs

Sodium is an essential mineral and electrolyte your body needs to balance fluids, support nerves, and help muscles work. Most people in modern diets get more than enough—often too much—from...

Read the full Sodium monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Betaine Anhydrous

Betaine anhydrous (also called trimethylglycine) is a compound found in foods like beets, spinach, and whole grains, and is sold as a supplement and as a prescription medicine for a rare gen...

Read the full Betaine Anhydrous monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Fulvic Acid

Interacts with 257 drugs

Fulvic acid is a natural compound formed when plants and microbes break down in soil, and it is sold as a supplement for energy, gut, and overall wellness. Human research is very limited, so...

Read the full Fulvic Acid monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Insane Veinz Gummy Candy's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 52 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Sodium 38 references
  1. Garabedian-Ruffalo SM, Ruffalo RL. Drug and nutrient interactions. Am Fam Physician 1986;33:165-74.
  2. Food and Drug Administration Science Background: Safety of Sodium Phosphates Oral Solution. September 17, 2001. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/safety/sodiumphospate.htm
  3. Coton T, Mallaret C, Coilliot C, Carre D, Guisset M. Severe acute ulcerated gastritis induced by salt. Presse Med 2009;38(3):499-500. PubMed
  4. Frings-Meuthen P, Buehlmeier J, Baecker N, et al. High sodium chloride intake exacerbates immobilization-induced bone resorption and protein losses. J Appl Physiol 2011;111(2):537-542. PubMed
  5. Frings-Meuthen P, Baecker N, Heer M. Low-grade metabolic acidosis may be the cause of sodium chloride-induced exaggerated bone resorption. J Bone Miner Res 2008;23(4):517-524. PubMed
  6. Alam S, Johnson AG. A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCT) among healthy normotensive and essential hypertensive elderly patients to determine the effect of high salt (NaCl) diet of blood pressure. J Hum Hypertens 1999;13(6):367-74.
  7. Boudville N, Ward S, Benaroia M, House AA. Increased sodium intake correlates with greater use of antihypertensive agents by subjects with chronic kidney disease. Am J Hypertens 2005;18(10):1300-5. PubMed
  8. Bennett WM. Drug interactions and consequences of sodium restriction. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65(2 Suppl):678S-681S. PubMed
  9. Okusa MD, Crystal LJ. Clinical manifestations and management of acute lithium intoxication. Am J Med 1994;97(4):383-9. PubMed
  10. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2005. Available at: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10925. DOI
  11. D'Elia L, Rossi G, Ippolito R, Cappuccio FP, Strazzullo P. Habitual salt intake and risk of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Clin Nutr 2012;31(4):489-98. PubMed
  12. Goldsmith SR. Hyponatremia in heart failure: time for a trial. J Card Fail 2013;19(6):398-400. PubMed
  13. Willocks L, Brettle R, Keen J, Valentine C, Pinching AJ. Formulations of didanosine (ddI) and salt overload. Lancet 1992;339(8786):190.
  14. Chen L, Zhang Z, Chen W, Whelton PK, Appel LJ. Lower Sodium Intake and Risk of Headaches: Results From the Trial of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(7):1270-5. PubMed
  15. Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Lower levels of sodium intake and reduced cardiovascular risk. Circulation. 2014;129(9):981-9. PubMed
  16. Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Sodium Intake and All-Cause Mortality Over 20 Years in the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(15):1609-1617. PubMed
  17. Mente A, O'Donnell M, Rangarajan S, et al. Associations of urinary sodium excretion with cardiovascular events in individuals with and without hypertension: a pooled analysis of data from four studies. Lancet. 2016;388(10043):465-75. PubMed
  18. Moosavian SP, Haghighatdoost F, Surkan PJ, Azadbakht L. Salt and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2017;68(3):265-277. PubMed
  19. O'Donnell M, Mente A, Rangarajan S, et al. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion, mortality, and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(7):612-23. DOI
  20. Poggio R, Gutierrez L, Matta MG, Elorriaga N, Irazola V, Rubinstein A. Daily sodium consumption and CVD mortality in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Public Health Nutr. 2015;18(4):695-704. PubMed
  21. Stallings VA, Harrison M, Oria M; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium, Food and Nutrition Board, Health and Medicine Division, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington (DC): National Acad
  22. Mahtani KR, Heneghan C, Onakpoya I, et al. Reduced Salt Intake for Heart Failure: A Systematic Review. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Dec 1;178(12):1693-1700. PubMed
  23. Yancy CW. Sodium Restriction in Heart Failure: Too Much Uncertainty-Do the Trials. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Dec 1;178(12):1700-1701. PubMed
  24. He FJ, Campbell NRC, Ma Y, MacGregor GA, Cogswell ME, Cook NR. Errors in estimating usual sodium intake by the Kawasaki formula alter its relationship with mortality: implications for public health. Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47(6):1784-1795. PubMed
  25. Murthy K, Ondrey GJ, Malkani N, et al. THE EFFECTS OF HYPONATREMIA ON BONE DENSITY AND FRACTURES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. Endocr Pract. 2019;25(4):366-378. PubMed
  26. Messerli FH, Hofstetter L, Syrogiannouli L, et al. Sodium intake, life expectancy, and all-cause mortality. Eur Heart J 2021;42(21):2103-2112. PubMed
  27. Graudal NA, Hubeck-Graudal T, Jurgens G. Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020;12(12):CD004022. PubMed
  28. Giatti S, Santos RB, Aielo AN, et al. Association of sodium with obstructive sleep apnea. The ELSA-Brasil study. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021;18(3):502-510. PubMed
  29. Nan X, Lu H, Wu J, et al. The interactive association between sodium intake, alcohol consumption and hypertension among elderly in northern China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr 2021;21(1):135. PubMed
  30. Kyozuka H, Fukusda T, Murata T, et al. Impact of preconception sodium intake on hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: The Japan Environment and Children's study. Pregnancy Hypertens 2021;23:66-72. PubMed
  31. Zhao L, Ogden CL, Yang Q, et al. Association of usual sodium intake with obesity among US children and adolescents, NHANES 2009-2016. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021;29(3):587-594. PubMed
  32. Ma Y, He FJ, Sun Q, et al. 24-Hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med 2022;386(3):252-263. PubMed
  33. Liu J, Yang X, Zhang P, et al. Association of urinary sodium excretion and left ventricular hypertrophy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021;12:728493. PubMed
  34. Filippini T, Malavolti M, Whelton PK, Vinceti M. Sodium intake and risk of hypertension: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational cohort studies. Curr Hypertens Rep 2022;24(5):133-144. PubMed
  35. Wang DD, Li Y, Nguyen XT, et al. Dietary sodium and potassium intake and risk of non-fatal cardiovascular diseases: The million veteran program. Nutrients 2022;14(5):1121. PubMed
  36. Kwak JH, Park CH, Eun CS, et al. The associations of dietary intake of high sodium and low zinc with gastric cancer mortality: A prospective cohort study in Korea. Nutr Cancer 2022;74(10):3501-3508. PubMed
  37. George S, Maiti R, Mishra BR, Jena M, Mohapatra D. Effect of regulated add-on sodium chloride intake on stabilization of serum lithium concentration in bipolar disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Bipolar Disord 2023;25(1):66-75. PubMed
  38. Zhou TL, Schütten MTJ, Kroon AA, et al. Urinary Sodium Excretion and Salt Intake Are Not Associated With Blood Pressure Variability in a White General Population. J Am Heart Assoc 2023;12(1):e026578. PubMed

See these in context on the Sodium monograph →

Betaine Anhydrous 11 references
  1. Cystadane (betaine anhydrous for oral solution) Package insert. Orphan Medical, Inc. Minnetonka, MN. November 2005.
  2. Abdelmalek MF, Angulo P, Jorgensen RA, et al. Betaine, a promising new agent for patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: results of a pilot study. Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96:2711-7.. PubMed
  3. Schwab U, Torronen A, Toppinen L, et al. Betaine supplementation decreases plasma homocysteine concentrations but does not affect body weight, body composition, or resting energy expenditure in human subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:961-7. PubMed
  4. McGregor DO, Dellow WJ, Robson RA, et al. Betaine supplementation decreases post-methionine hyperhomocysteinemia in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 2002;61:1040-6. PubMed
  5. Olthof MR, van Vliet T, Verhoef P, et al. Effect of homocysteine-lowering nutrients on blood lipids: results from four randomised, placebo-controlled studies in healthy humans. PloS Med 2005;2:e135. PubMed
  6. Knopman, D. and Patterson, M. An open-label, 24-week pilot study of the methyl donor betaine in Alzheimer disease patients. Alzheimer Dis.Assoc.Disord. 2001;15(3):162-165. PubMed
  7. Moat, S. J., Madhavan, A., Taylor, S. Y., Payne, N., Allen, R. H., Stabler, S. P., Goodfellow, J., McDowell, I. F., Lewis, M. J., and Lang, D. High- but not low-dose folic acid improves endothelial function in coronary artery disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2 PubMed
  8. Abdelmalek, M. F., Sanderson, S. O., Angulo, P., Soldevila-Pico, C., Liu, C., Peter, J., Keach, J., Cave, M., Chen, T., McClain, C. J., and Lindor, K. D. Betaine for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: results of a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Hepa PubMed
  9. Ashtary-Larky D, Bagheri R, Ghanavati M, et al. Effects of betaine supplementation on cardiovascular markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2021 Mar 25:1-18. PubMed
  10. Zawieja EE, Zawieja B, Chmurzynska A. Betaine supplementation moderately increases total cholesterol levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Diet Suppl. 2021;18(1):105-117. PubMed
  11. Imbard A, Toumazi A, Magréault S, et al. Efficacy and pharmacokinetics of betaine in CBS and cblC deficiencies: a cross-over randomized controlled trial. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022;17(1):417. PubMed

See these in context on the Betaine Anhydrous monograph →

Fulvic Acid 3 references
  1. Lu, FJ. Arsenic as a promoter in the effect of humic substances on plasma prothrombin time in vitro. Thromb Res 6-15-1990;58(6):537-541. PubMed
  2. Vucskits, AV, Hullar, I, Bersenyi, A, Andrasofszky, E, Kulcsar, M, Szabo, J. Effect of fulvic and humic acids on performance, immune response and thyroid function in rats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2010;94(6):721-728. PubMed
  3. Gandy JJ, Meeding JP, Snyman JR, et al. Phase 1 clinical study of the acute and subacute safety and proof-of-concept efficacy of carbohydrate-derived fulvic acid. Clin Pharmacol. 2012;4:7-11. PubMed

See these in context on the Fulvic Acid monograph →

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DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

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