Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Based on 5 of 10 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Liposomal Liver Detox + Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Pure TheraPro Rx

Capsule Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Moderate
The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Liposomal Liver Detox + is a dietary supplement by Pure TheraPro Rx with 10 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for exercise performance and endurance, heart health, energy support.Based on those ingredients, 539 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Artichoke Leaf Extract, Alpha-Lipoic Acid, L-Taurine. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Liposomal Liver Detox + by Pure TheraPro Rx

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 10 of its 10 active ingredients.
  • No proprietary blends here — you can verify the dose of every single component.

This product contains 10 active ingredients. L-Taurine is an amino acid that supports liver function and may help with liver disease; Molybdenum is a mineral cofactor for enzymes; Alpha-Lipoic Acid is an antioxidant tied to nerve health and glucose metabolism; Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is needed for energy production; Artichoke Leaf Extract supports liver and digestive health; and Trimethylglycine, SelenoExcell, Emothion, MicroPQQ, and Silybin Phytosome are additional plant and nutrient compounds meant to enhance liver support.

The capsules also contain inactive ingredients: DRcaps (the capsule material) and a Phospholipid Complex (a delivery system).

Does it work?

Strong evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed

This product doesn't appear to be marketed for a specific use, so we graded its ingredients' overall clinical evidence instead.

Strong

Strong clinical evidence supports its ingredients for:

Why this rating?
  • We looked at the product name, claims, and label statements and couldn't find a stated purpose to grade.
  • Since the label doesn't commit to one use, we graded the ingredients' overall clinical evidence instead.
  • On file: Molybdenum deficiency — rated "Likely Effective" (Molybdenum) (Natural Medicines).
  • On file: Diabetic neuropathy — rated "Possibly Effective" (Alpha-lipoic Acid) (Natural Medicines).
  • On file: Hyperlipidemia — rated "Possibly Effective" (Alpha-lipoic Acid) (Natural Medicines).
  • On file: Obesity — rated "Possibly Effective" (Alpha-lipoic Acid) (Natural Medicines).
  • On file: Dyspepsia — rated "Possibly Effective" (Artichoke) (Natural Medicines).

L-Taurine is possibly effective for hepatitis and congestive heart failure, though the evidence is still emerging. Alpha-Lipoic Acid is possibly effective for diabetic neuropathy (nerve damage from diabetes), high cholesterol (hyperlipidemia), and obesity.

Artichoke Leaf Extract is possibly effective for high cholesterol and indigestion (dyspepsia); for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the evidence is insufficient to rate. Molybdenum is likely effective for molybdenum deficiency itself but has insufficient evidence for acne, iron deficiency anemia, asthma, osteoporosis, and esophageal cancer.

Riboflavin's effectiveness for any condition is not rated in our data.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Taurine Molybdenum Alpha-lipoic Acid Riboflavin Artichoke

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 5 of the 5 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 5 of 5.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 5 of 5.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

L-Taurine is generally well tolerated short-term in healthy adults, though long-term safety is less certain. Most common side effects are constipation, diarrhea, and indigestion; rare allergic reactions and serious cardiovascular effects have been reported in case studies, though those involved energy drinks with multiple ingredients.

Taurine is likely safe in pregnancy and lactation. Alpha-Lipoic Acid is generally well tolerated; common side effects include headache, heartburn, nausea, and vomiting.

It should be avoided during pregnancy and breastfeeding due to insufficient safety data. Riboflavin is very safe—excess is excreted in urine—and is likely safe in pregnancy and lactation; side effects are mild (nausea, bright yellow urine at high doses).

Artichoke Leaf Extract is well tolerated as a food but should be avoided in supplement form during pregnancy and breastfeeding because safety data is lacking. Common side effects include abdominal pain, diarrhea, gas, and nausea; allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, can occur in people sensitive to plants in the daisy family.

Molybdenum is generally well tolerated at dietary amounts; high-dose supplements may cause problems and should be avoided unless advised by your doctor.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Taurine Molybdenum Alpha-lipoic Acid Riboflavin Artichoke

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 4 of the 5 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Alpha-lipoic Acid, Artichoke, Riboflavin, Taurine.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; cancer treatments; diabetes medications; lithium.
  • For scale: 539 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before taking this product, double-check with your doctor or pharmacist if you use blood pressure medications, blood thinners (anticoagulants or antiplatelet drugs), chemotherapy drugs (alkylating agents or antitumor antibiotics), thyroid hormone medications, diabetes medications, tetracycline antibiotics, or any drug metabolized by CYP2C19 or CYP2B6 liver enzymes. No interactions are documented for the ingredients we could not check.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with strong clinical evidence behind its ingredients' uses. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This product may support liver health if you're looking to add antioxidants and liver-specific nutrients to your routine. However, if you take blood pressure medications, blood thinners, chemotherapy, thyroid hormone, diabetes medications, tetracycline antibiotics, or drugs processed by your liver's CYP2C19 or CYP2B6 enzymes, you need to check with your own doctor or pharmacist before starting it.

Pregnant or breastfeeding people should also talk with their healthcare provider first, especially regarding Alpha-Lipoic Acid and Artichoke Leaf Extract.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 5 of 10 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Jan 24, 2024.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Liposomal Liver Detox +, straight from the product label.

Brand Pure TheraPro Rx
Net contents 120 Delayed-Release Capsule(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Jan 24, 2024
DSLD ID 305956
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Capsule
Dietary claims / uses Nutrient, All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years), Gluten Free, Dairy Free
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Liposomal Liver Detox + by Pure TheraPro Rx, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
2 Capsule(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
2 Capsule(s)
Servings per container
60
IngredientAmount% DV
L-Taurine100 mg--
Molybdenum100 mcg222%
Alpha-Lipoic Acid100 mg--
Riboflavin10 mg769%
Artichoke Leaf Extract100 mg--
Trimethylglycine100 mg--
SelenoExcell 100 mcg182%
Emothion20 mg--
MicroPQQ2 mg--
Silybin Phytosome200 mg--

Other ingredients: DRcaps, Phospholipid Complex

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Directions: Take two (2) capsules daily, or as directed by a healthcare practitioner.

Precautions

Warning: Individuals taking medication, children and pregnant or lactating women should consult their healthcare practitioner prior to use.

Warning: Individuals taking medication, children and pregnant or lactating women should consult their healthcare practitioner prior to use.

Do not use if tamper seal is damaged.

Keep out of reach of children.

Formula

Liposomal Liver Detox + is an advanced detoxification formula featuring milk thistle phytosome, artichoke extract, taurine, SelenoExcell selenium, ALA and patented Emothion Acetylated Glutathione - all playing a significant role in detoxification & antioxidant support.

DRcaps Hypromellose Capsules Emothion S-Aceytyl Glutathione SelenoExcell High Selenium Supplement

Formulation

The proprietary liposomal technology, combined with the use of DRcaps acid-resistant capsules optimizes absorption & increases bioavailability.

Formulated to exclude; Fillers, gluten, wheat, soy, corn, yeast, animal or dairy products, shellfish, fish, peanuts, tree nuts, egg, ingredients derived from genetically modified organisms (GMO's), artificial preservatives, sweeteners or colors.

Supports detoxification, methylation & healthy aging

Formulated, tested & packed in the USA

Storage

Storage: Keep tightly closed in a cool, dry place.

Brand IP Statement(s)

DRcaps & logo are trademarks of Lonza or its affiliates. SelenoExcell is a registered trademark of Cypress Systems Inc. TRAACS is a registered trademark of Albion International, Inc. Emothion is a registered trademark of GNOSIS SpA. MicroPQQ is a registered trademark of BioActives LLC protected under US patent 7,030,102.

Pure Therapro Rx Purity is Priority

Copyright 2023 Pure Therapro Rx

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Seals/Symbols

GMP Certified Good Manufacturing Practice

FDA Statement of Identity

Professional Dietary Supplement

General Statements

Please recycle

See for yourself

Liposomal Liver Detox + by Pure TheraPro Rx label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

What’s inside

The Ingredients in Liposomal Liver Detox + by Pure TheraPro Rx

These are the 10 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size2 Capsule(s) Dosage formCapsule Servings per container60 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

L-Taurine

Interacts with
173 drugs
100 mg per serving

Taurine is an amino acid your body makes naturally and that you also get from animal foods. It is widely used in energy drinks and sports supplements,...

L-Taurine monograph & interactions

Molybdenum

No known
interactions
100 mcg per serving Form: Molybdenum Glycinate Chelate

Molybdenum is an essential trace mineral your body needs in tiny amounts to help certain enzymes work. Most people get enough from a normal diet, so s...

Molybdenum monograph & interactions

Alpha-Lipoic Acid

Interacts with
263 drugs
100 mg per serving

Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is an antioxidant made naturally by the body and found in small amounts in foods. It is most studied for diabetic nerve pain,...

Alpha-Lipoic Acid monograph & interactions

Riboflavin

Interacts with
20 drugs
10 mg per serving Form: Riboflavin 5-Phosphate

Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is an essential nutrient your body needs to turn food into energy and to keep skin, eyes, and nerves healthy. It is generally...

Riboflavin monograph & interactions

Artichoke Leaf Extract

Interacts with
363 drugs
100 mg per serving Form: Cynara scolymus Leaf Extract

Artichoke leaf extract is a generally well-tolerated supplement that may have a mild cholesterol-lowering effect and is often used for indigestion, th...

Artichoke Leaf Extract monograph & interactions

Trimethylglycine

100 mg per serving

SelenoExcell

100 mcg per serving Form: Selenium

Emothion

20 mg per serving Form: S-Acetyl Glutathione

MicroPQQ

2 mg per serving Form: Pyrroloquinoline Quinone

Silybin Phytosome

200 mg per serving Form: Milk Thistle Fruit Extract

Other (inactive) ingredients: DRcaps, Phospholipid Complex. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Liposomal Liver Detox + by Pure TheraPro Rx Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Liposomal Liver Detox +?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

Go to the checker
539Drugs
539 Moderate

Ingredients driving the most interactions

L-Taurine 173

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Liposomal Liver Detox + with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Artichoke Leaf Extract4 drug types · 363 drugs

Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, artichoke leaf extract may increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
A meta-analysis of small clinical studies shows that taking artichoke leaf extract for 8-12 weeks can modestly reduce fasting plasma glucose when compared with placebo.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, artichoke leaf extract may increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.
A meta-analysis of small clinical studies in patients with hypertension shows that taking artichoke can reduce systolic blood pressure by around 3 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure by around 2 mmHg when compared with placebo.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2B6 (Cyp2B6) Substrates

Theoretically, artichoke might increase serum levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2B6.
In vitro research shows that artichoke leaf extract inhibits CYP2B6 activity. However, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2C19 (Cyp2C19) Substrates

Theoretically, artichoke might increase serum levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C19.
In vitro research shows that artichoke leaf extract inhibits CYP2C19 activity. However, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D

Alpha-Lipoic Acid5 drug types · 263 drugs

Alkylating Agents

Theoretically, the antioxidant effects of alpha-lipoic acid might alter the effectiveness of alkylating agents.
The use of antioxidants like alpha-lipoic acid during chemotherapy is controversial. There are concerns that antioxidants could reduce the activity of chemotherapy drugs that generate free radicals. However, some researchers theorize that antioxidants might make chemotherapy more effective by reducing oxidative stress that might interfere with apoptosis (cell death) of cancer cells. More evidence is needed to determine what effect, if any, antioxidants such as alpha-lipoic acid have on chemotherapy. Advise patients to consult their oncologist before using alpha-lipoic acid.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, alpha-lipoic acid may have antiplatelet effects and may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
In vitro, alpha-lipoic acid inhibits platelet aggregation.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antitumor Antibiotics

Theoretically, the antioxidant effects of alpha-lipoic acid might alter the effectiveness of antitumor antibiotics.
The use of antioxidants like alpha-lipoic acid during chemotherapy is controversial. There are concerns that antioxidants could reduce the activity of antitumor antibiotic drugs, which work by generating free radicals. However, some researchers theorize that antioxidants might make chemotherapy more effective by reducing oxidative stress that might interfere with apoptosis (cell death) of cancer cells. More evidence is needed to determine what effect, if any, antioxidants such as alpha-lipoic acid have on chemotherapy involving antitumor antibiotics. Advise patients to consult their oncologist before using alpha-lipoic acid.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Thyroid Hormone

Theoretically, alpha-lipoic acid might decrease the effects of thyroid hormone drugs.
Animal research suggests that co-administration of thyroxine with alpha-lipoic acid reduces conversion into the active T3 form.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, taking alpha-lipoic acid with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Although some small clinical studies have suggested that alpha-lipoic acid can lower blood glucose levels, larger clinical studies in patients with diabetes have shown no clinically meaningful effect. Additionally, co-administration of single doses of alpha-lipoic acid and glyburide or acarbose did not cause detectable drug interactions in healthy volunteers.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B

L-Taurine2 drug types · 173 drugs

Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, taurine might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.
Some clinical evidence suggests that taurine can reduce both systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Lithium

Theoretically, taurine might reduce excretion and increase plasma levels of lithium.
Taurine is thought to have diuretic properties, which might reduce the excretion of lithium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D

Riboflavin1 drug type · 20 drugs

Tetracycline Antibiotics

Theoretically, taking riboflavin with tetracycline antibiotics may decrease the potency of these antibiotics.
In vitro research suggests that riboflavin may inhibit the potency of tetracycline antibiotics. It is not clear if this effect is clinically significant, as this interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Liposomal Liver Detox +, from the product label.

Pure TheraPro Rx

See all Pure TheraPro Rx products
Name
Pure TheraPro Rx
Street Address
8781 Sheridan Blvd #6080
City
Westminster
State
CO
ZipCode
80003
Phone Number
888-655-4648
Web Address
Purethera.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Liposomal Liver Detox + by Pure TheraPro Rx: Common Questions

Does Liposomal Liver Detox + by Pure TheraPro Rx interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Liposomal Liver Detox + has a known interaction with 539 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Liposomal Liver Detox + contains 10 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Is this safe to take while I'm pregnant or breastfeeding?
Alpha-Lipoic Acid and Artichoke Leaf Extract should be avoided during pregnancy and breastfeeding because we don't have enough safety data. L-Taurine and Riboflavin are likely safe in pregnancy and lactation, but Molybdenum's safety in pregnancy is mixed—it's listed as both likely safe and possibly unsafe. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist before using this product if you're pregnant or nursing.
What are the most common side effects?
The most common side effects come from Alpha-Lipoic Acid (headache, heartburn, nausea, vomiting) and Artichoke Leaf Extract (abdominal pain, diarrhea, gas, nausea). Riboflavin may cause nausea and bright yellow urine at higher doses. L-Taurine can cause constipation, diarrhea, or indigestion.
Can this help with fatty liver disease (NAFLD)?
Artichoke Leaf Extract is included for liver support, but we don't have enough reliable evidence to say whether it actually works for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The other ingredients may offer antioxidant and nutrient support, but this isn't a proven treatment for NAFLD—talk with your doctor about whether it's right for your situation.
Is Silybin Phytosome milk thistle, and does it interact with medications?
Our data doesn't specify what Silybin Phytosome is beyond its name. We hold no interaction data for this ingredient, so we can't check it against your medications. Ask your pharmacist if you want to know more about it or whether it applies to any drugs you take.
Will this lower my blood sugar or blood pressure?
L-Taurine and Artichoke Leaf Extract can both lower blood pressure, and Alpha-Lipoic Acid theoretically may lower blood sugar. If you have low blood pressure or take diabetes or blood pressure medications, check with your doctor or pharmacist before starting.
What happens if I'm allergic to ragweed or daisies?
Artichoke is part of the daisy family, so people allergic to ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, or related plants are at higher risk for an allergic reaction—possibly a severe one. If you have plant allergies, talk with your pharmacist before taking this product.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if Liposomal Liver Detox + is safe with your meds?

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Ask a pharmacist

Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Liposomal Liver Detox + label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Liposomal Liver Detox +’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Liposomal Liver Detox +'s label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 98 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Taurine 21 references
  1. Ahmad S, Robertson HT, Golper TA, et al. Multicenter trial of L-carnitine in maintenance hemodialysis patients. II. Clinical and biochemical effects. Kidney Int 1990;38:912-8. PubMed
  2. Machado-Vieira R, Viale CI, Kapczinski F. Mania associated with an energy drink: the possible role of caffeine, taurine, and inositol. Can J Psychiatry 2001;46:454-5. PubMed
  3. Obermann M, Schorn CF, Mummel P, et al. Taurine induced toxic encephalopathy? Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2006;108:812-3. PubMed
  4. Bichler, A., Swenson, A., and Harris, M. A. A combination of caffeine and taurine has no effect on short term memory but induces changes in heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure. Amino Acids 2006;31(4):471-476. PubMed
  5. Iyadurai, S. J. and Chung, S. S. New-onset seizures in adults: possible association with consumption of popular energy drinks. Epilepsy Behav 2007;10(3):504-508. PubMed
  6. Berger, A. J. and Alford, K. Cardiac arrest in a young man following excess consumption of caffeinated "energy drinks". Med J Aust. 1-5-2009;190(1):41-43. PubMed
  7. Worthley, M. I., Prabhu, A., De, Sciscio P., Schultz, C., Sanders, P., and Willoughby, S. R. Detrimental effects of energy drink consumption on platelet and endothelial function. Am J Med 2010;123(2):184-187. PubMed
  8. Morchon, Simon D. and Perez Castrillon, J. L. [Hypoglycemia by intake of taurine]. Rev.Clin Esp. 2010;210(1):49.
  9. Livshits, Z., Hoffman, R. S., Hymes, K. B., and Nelson, L. S. If vitamins could kill: massive hemolysis following naturopathic vitamin infusion. J Med Toxicol. 2011;7(3):224-226. PubMed
  10. Schoffl, I., Kothmann, J. F., Schoffl, V., Rupprecht, H. D., and Rupprecht, T. "Vodka energy": too much for the adolescent nephron? Pediatrics 2011;128(1):e227-e231. PubMed
  11. Calabro, R. S., Italiano, D., Gervasi, G., and Bramanti, P. Single tonic-clonic seizure after energy drink abuse. Epilepsy Behav 2012;23(3):384-385. PubMed
  12. Fujita, T., Ando, K., Noda, H., Ito, Y., and Sato, Y. Effects of increased adrenomedullary activity and taurine in young patients with borderline hypertension. Circulation 1987;75(3):525-532. PubMed
  13. Darling, P. B., Lepage, G., Leroy, C., Masson, P., and Roy, C. C. Effect of taurine supplements on fat absorption in cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Res 1985;19(6):578-582. PubMed
  14. Fukuyama, Y. and Ochiai, Y. Therapeutic trial by taurine for intractable childhood epilepsies. Brain Dev. 1982;4(1):63-69. PubMed
  15. Franconi, F., Bennardini, F., Mattana, A., Miceli, M., Ciuti, M., Mian, M., Gironi, A., Anichini, R., and Seghieri, G. Plasma and platelet taurine are reduced in subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: effects of taurine supplementation. Am.J. DOI
  16. Stohs SJ, Miller M. A case study involving allergic reactions to sulfur-containing compounds including, sulfite, taurine, acesulfame potassium and sulfonamides. Food Chem Toxicol. 2014 Jan;63:240-3. PubMed
  17. Sun Q, Wang B, Li Y, Sun F, et al. Taurine supplementation lowers blood pressure and improves vascular function in prehypertension: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Hypertension 2016 Mar;67(3):541-9. PubMed
  18. Jang ES, Hwang SH, Kim JW, Jeong SH. Effectiveness of 4-week oral taurine treatment for muscle cramps in patients with liver cirrhosis: a single-arm pilot study. Yonsei Med J 2021;62(1):21-8. PubMed
  19. Guan L, Miao P. The effects of taurine supplementation on obesity, blood pressure and lipid profile: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Pharmacol 2020;885:173533. PubMed
  20. Higgins JP, Liras GN, Liras IN, et al. Energy Drink Effects on Hemodynamics and Endothelial Function in Young Adults. Cardiology. 2021;146(2):258-262. PubMed
  21. Pallangyo P, Bhalia SV, Komba M, et al. Acute Myocardial Infarction Following the Consumption of Energy Drink in a 28-Year-Old Male: A Case Report. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep. 2023 Jan-Dec;11:23247096231168811. PubMed

See these in context on the Taurine monograph →

Molybdenum 8 references
  1. Chan S, Gerson B, Subramaniam S. The role of copper, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc in nutrition and health. Clin Lab Med 1998;18:673-85. DOI
  2. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2002.
  3. Rajagopalan KV. Molybdenum: an essential trace element in human nutrition. Annu Rev Nutr 1988;8:401-27. PubMed
  4. Selden AI, Berg NP, Soderbergh A, Bergstrom BE. Occupational molybdenum exposure and a gouty electrician. Occup Med (Lond) 2005;55:145-8. PubMed
  5. Al-Saleh E, Nandakumaran M, Al-Shammari M, Al-Harouny A. Maternal-fetal status of copper, iron, molybdenum, selenium and zinc in patients with gestational diabetes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2004;16:15-21. PubMed
  6. Koster R, Vieluf D, Kiehn M, et al. Nickel and molybdenum contact allergies in patients with coronary in-stent restenosis. Lancet 2000;356:1895-7. PubMed
  7. Vyskocil A, Viau C. Assessment of molybdenum toxicity in humans. J Appl Toxicol 1999;19:185-92. DOI
  8. Momcilovic, B. A case report of acute human molybdenum toxicity from a dietary molybdenum supplement--a new member of the "Lucor metallicum" family. Arh.Hig.Rada Toksikol. 1999;50(3):289-297. DOI

See these in context on the Molybdenum monograph →

Alpha-lipoic Acid 48 references
  1. Labriola D, Livingston R. Possible interactions between dietary antioxidants and chemotherapy. Oncology 1999;13:1003-8.
  2. Anon. Alpha-lipoic acid. Altern Med Rev 1998;3:308-10.
  3. Konrad T, Vicini P, Kusterer K, et al. Alpha-lipoic acid treatment decreases serum lactate and pyruvate concentrations and improves glucose effectiveness in lean and obese patients with Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1999;22:280-7. PubMed
  4. Ziegler D, Hanefeld M, Ruhnau KJ, et al. Treatment of symptomatic diabetic peripheral neuropathy with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid: A 3-week, multicentre randomized controlled trial (ALADIN Study). Diabetologia 1995;38:1425-33.
  5. Gleiter CH, Schreeb KH, Freudenthaler S, et al. Lack of interaction between thioctic acid, glibenclamide and acarbose. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999;48:819-25. PubMed
  6. Jacob S, Henriksen EJ, Tritschler HJ, et al. Improvement of insulin-stimulated glucose-disposal in type 2 diabetes after repeated parenteral administration of thioctic acid. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabet 1996;104:284-8. PubMed
  7. Jacob S, Henriksen EJ, Schiemann AL, et al. Enhancement of glucose disposal in patients with type 2 diabetes by alpha-lipoic acid. Arzneimittelforschung 1995;45:872-4.
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DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

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