Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Monster Creatine Watermelon Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by CytoSport

Monster Creatine Watermelon label
See full label image
Powder Category: Non-nutrient/non-botanical
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 9, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Monster Creatine Watermelon against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Monster Creatine Watermelon is a dietary supplement by CytoSport with 3 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for replacing fluids and electrolytes, preventing dehydration during exercise or illness, treating low blood sodium (under medical care).Based on those ingredients, 220 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Sodium, Potassium. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Monster Creatine Watermelon by CytoSport

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Monster Creatine Watermelon by CytoSport — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Monster Creatine Watermelon by CytoSport

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Aug 20, 2026

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 3 of its 3 active ingredients.
  • No proprietary blends here — you can verify the dose of every single component.

This powder has 3 active ingredients: sodium, potassium, and creatine (sold as Creapure). Sodium and potassium are electrolytes — your body needs them for nerve and muscle function, but the amounts matter, especially if you take certain medications.

Creapure is a purified form of creatine, an amino acid that plays a role in muscle energy production. The rest is inactive ingredients — flavoring, sweeteners (sucralose and acesulfame potassium), citric acid for tang, and carmine for color.

Does it work?

Moderate evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Moderate

Some clinical evidence supports this product's ingredients for its stated purpose, but it isn't conclusive.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: improve muscle strength and athletic performance.
  • We looked for evidence on: Athletic performance, Physical performance, Muscle strength, Muscle breakdown, Postoperative recovery, Exercise capacity — and 2 related terms.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Creatine is rated "Possibly Effective" for Athletic performance (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Creatine is rated "Possibly Effective" for Muscle strength.
  • Also on file: Creatine is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Muscle breakdown, Physical performance, Postoperative recovery.

The data we hold shows creatine is possibly effective for sarcopenia (age-related muscle loss), cerebral creatine deficiency syndromes, muscle strength, and athletic performance. It's possibly ineffective for Huntington disease and osteopenia.

Sodium and potassium are essential nutrients, but their usefulness beyond normal dietary intake isn't established in the data we hold for this product — they're here as electrolytes to support hydration during and after exercise, which is standard for sports drinks.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Sodium Potassium Creatine

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 3 of the 3 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 3 of 3.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 3 of 3.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Creatine is generally well tolerated in healthy adults, though common side effects include dehydration, diarrhea, stomach upset, muscle cramps, and water retention. Rare serious concerns raised in case reports are kidney inflammation, kidney insufficiency, and muscle breakdown (rhabdomyolysis), though clinical studies haven't confirmed a broad pattern.

Sodium at normal dietary amounts is fine, but too much is linked to high blood pressure and heart strain — avoid sodium supplements or very high intake without medical advice. Potassium from food is safe, but supplements can cause dangerously high blood levels in people with kidney disease.

For pregnancy: creatine safety hasn't been established, so it's best avoided. Sodium is likely safe in pregnancy but possibly unsafe in lactation.

Potassium is likely safe in both. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist about what's right for you.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Sodium Potassium Creatine

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 2 of the 3 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Potassium, Sodium.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: lithium.
  • For scale: 220 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Check before you take this if you use blood pressure or heart drugs — especially ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, potassium-sparing water pills, corticosteroids, lithium, didanosine, or tolvaptan. All carry a moderate risk of electrolyte imbalance from the sodium and potassium in this product.

Also flag sodium-containing drugs and sodium phosphate bowel prep if you use them.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This is a sports drink powder with creatine and electrolytes — reasonable for an athlete wanting muscle support and hydration. But if you take blood pressure meds, heart medications, diuretics, kidney drugs, or lithium, the sodium and potassium here could be a problem.

Check your exact medications with your doctor or pharmacist before starting, and avoid it altogether during pregnancy unless your doctor says otherwise.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 3 of 3 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Sep 25, 2015.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Monster Creatine Watermelon, straight from the product label.

Brand CytoSport
Barcode (UPC) 660726803806
Net contents 17.6 oz.; 1.1 lbs; 500 Gram(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Sep 25, 2015
DSLD ID 50346
Product type Non-nutrient/non-botanical
Supplement form Powder
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years), Gluten Free
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Monster Creatine Watermelon by CytoSport, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
10 Gram(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
10 Gram(s)
Servings per container
50
UPC/BARCODE
660726803806
IngredientAmount% DV
Calories15 {Calories}--
Total Carbohydrates4 Gram(s)1%
Sodium80 mg3%
Potassium210 mg6%
Creapure5 Gram(s)--

Other ingredients: Maltodextrin, Citric Acid, Potassium Citrate, Malic Acid, Natural and Artificial flavors, Sodium Citrate, Acesulfame Potassium, Sucralose, Carmine

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

DIRECTIONS & USE Mix 1 scoop (10g) with 8 fl-oz of water or beverage of choice. MONSTER CREATINE Supplement can be used before or after workouts. Recommended Creatine Loading Dose: For first 5-7 days of use take 1 serving (10g) with 8 fl-oz of water (or beverage of choice) four times daily. Recommended Creatine Maintenance Dose: After loading phase consume 1 serving (10g) with 8 fl-oz of water (or beverage of choice) once daily for 5-8 weeks. Mix 1 scoop (10g) Into 8 FL-OZ OF WATER OR BEVERAGE OF CHOICE {CONTAINER} {SCOOP} X1 (10g) 8FL-OZ OF WATER OR BEVERAGE OF CHOICE

General Statements

When taking any creatine supplement it is important to stay well hydrated. This product complements a smart eating and hydration plan that, in conjunction with a balanced exercise program, may contribute to weight management and recovery from exercise.

NSF screens supplements for more than 200 substances banned by most major athletic organizations. The main components of NSF’s certification program are label claim review, a toxicology review to certify the formulation and contaminant review to ensure against contaminants. nsfsport.com

NUTRIENT SUMMARY WHAT ARE YOU GETTING? CHECK THIS OUT...

Helps fuel muscles to enhance your workout and to help build strength and lean muscle. Works at the cellular level to promote strength, power and endurance during your workout. Helps regenerate ATP to help fuel muscular contractions.

> PREPARE TRAIN > RECOVER

NATURALLY AND ARTIFICIALLY FLAVORED

Seals/Symbols

NSF Certified for Sport www.nsf.org

CYTOSPORT MONSTER SERIES

PLEASE RECYCLE

Formulation

FREE OF BANNED SUBSTANCES

GLUTEN FREE

Brand IP Statement(s)

Creapure Patented pure creatine monohydrate

Monster

Creapure is a licensed registered trademark of AlzChem Trostberg GmbH.

2015 CytoSport, Inc.

Monster IS SPORTS NUTRITION THAT STANDS FOR: TRUTH POWDER LIFE WHAT DO YOU STAND FOR? We stand for truth, power and unyielding support of athletic lifestyles. This is our unwavering commitment to quality. A symbol to carry and support you before, during and after training or competition. stands for TRUTH: fully disclosed nutritional ingredients and no proprietary blends; POWER: efficacious formulations that enhance your performance; LIFE: inspiration you need to achieve your lifelong goals. Because truth is power, power is performance and performance changes lives.

Formula

5 G CREAPURE CREATINE MONOHYDRATE

FDA Statement of Identity

CREATINE SUPPLEMENT MIX

General

L-80380-REV01.03/15 62542 S1097749-01

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Monster Creatine Watermelon by CytoSport label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Monster Creatine Watermelon label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Monster Creatine Watermelon by CytoSport

These are the 3 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size10 Gram(s) Dosage formPowder Servings per container50 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Sodium

Interacts with
205 drugs
80 mg per serving

Sodium is an essential mineral and electrolyte your body needs to balance fluids, support nerves, and help muscles work. Most people in modern diets g...

Sodium monograph & interactions

Potassium

Interacts with
62 drugs
210 mg per serving

Potassium is an essential mineral your body needs for nerve signals, muscle function, and a steady heartbeat, and most people get enough from a balanc...

Potassium monograph & interactions

Creapure

No known
interactions
5 Gram(s) per serving

Creatine is one of the most studied sports supplements, with solid evidence that it can boost strength and performance during short, high-intensity ac...

Creapure monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: Maltodextrin, Citric Acid, Potassium Citrate, Malic Acid, Natural and Artificial flavors, Sodium Citrate, Acesulfame Potassium, Sucralose, Carmine. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Monster Creatine Watermelon by CytoSport Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Monster Creatine Watermelon?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
220Drugs
220 Moderate

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Sodium 205
Potassium 62

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Monster Creatine Watermelon interact with 220 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

2 of the 3 ingredients in Monster Creatine Watermelon interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Sodium Potassium

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Monster Creatine Watermelon with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Sodium7 drug types · 205 drugs

Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
High intake of dietary sodium can increase systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Also, high intake of sodium may necessitate increased use of antihypertensive medications to achieve blood pressure control in some patients, such as those with chronic kidney disease.

Likelihood Probable Evidence A
Corticosteroids

Concomitant use of mineralocorticoids and some glucocorticoids with sodium supplements might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Mineralocorticoids and some glucocorticoids (corticosteroids) cause sodium retention. This effect is dose-related and depends on mineralocorticoid potency. It is most common with hydrocortisone, cortisone, and fludrocortisone, followed by prednisone and prednisolone.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Didanosine (Videx)

Concomitant use of didanosine with additional sodium from dietary or supplemental sources may increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Didanosine formulations contain a significant amount of sodium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence C
Lithium

Altering dietary intake of sodium might alter the levels and clinical effects of lithium.
High sodium intake can reduce plasma concentrations of lithium by increasing lithium excretion. Reducing sodium intake can significantly increase plasma concentrations of lithium and cause lithium toxicity in patients being treated with lithium carbonate. Stabilizing sodium intake is shown to reduce the percentage of patients with lithium level fluctuations above 0.8 mEq/L. Patients taking lithium should avoid significant alterations in their dietary intake of sodium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Sodium Phosphates

Theoretically, concomitant use of sodium phosphate with sodium supplements might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Use of high doses (> 45 mL in 24 hours) of sodium phosphate, such as those used for bowel cleansing before surgery, can lead to serious electrolyte disturbances, including hypernatremia. The risk of hypernatremia is highest in the elderly and people with other risk factors for electrolyte disturbances.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Sodium-Containing Drugs

Concomitant use of sodium-containing drugs with additional sodium from dietary or supplemental sources may increase the risk of hypernatremia and long-term sodium-related complications.
The Chronic Disease Risk Reduction (CDRR) intake level of 2.3 grams of sodium daily indicates the intake at which it is believed that chronic disease risk increases for the apparently healthy population. Some medications contain high quantities of sodium. When used in conjunction with sodium supplements or high-sodium diets, the CDRR may be exceeded. Additionally, concomitant use may increase the risk for hypernatremia; this risk is highest in the elderly and people with other risk factors for electrolyte disturbances.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Tolvaptan (Samsca)

Theoretically, concomitant use of tolvaptan with sodium might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Tolvaptan is a vasopressin receptor 2 antagonist that is used to increase sodium levels in patients with hyponatremia. Patients taking tolvaptan should use caution with the use of sodium salts such as sodium chloride.

Likelihood Probable Evidence C
Sodium full monograph & interactions

Potassium3 drug types · 62 drugs

Ace Inhibitors (Aceis)

Using ACEIs with high doses of potassium increases the risk of hyperkalemia.
ACEIs block the actions of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and reduce potassium excretion. Concomitant use of these drugs with potassium supplements increases the risk of hyperkalemia. However, concomitant use of these drugs with moderate dietary potassium intake (about 3775-5200 mg daily) does not increase serum potassium levels.

Likelihood Likely Evidence C
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (Arbs)

Using ARBs with high doses of potassium increases the risk of hyperkalemia.
ARBs block the actions of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and reduce potassium excretion. Concomitant use of these drugs with potassium supplements increases the risk of hyperkalemia. However, concomitant use of these drugs with moderate dietary potassium intake (about 3775-5200 mg daily) does not increase serum potassium levels.

Likelihood Likely Evidence C
Potassium-Sparing Diuretics

Concomitant use increases the risk of hyperkalemia.
Using potassium-sparing diuretics with potassium supplements increases the risk of hyperkalemia.

Likelihood Likely Evidence C
Potassium full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Monster Creatine Watermelon, from the product label.

CytoSport

See all CytoSport products
Phone Number
1-888-298-6629
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Monster Creatine Watermelon by CytoSport: Common Questions

Does Monster Creatine Watermelon by CytoSport interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Monster Creatine Watermelon has a known interaction with 220 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Monster Creatine Watermelon contains 3 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Does creatine actually help with muscle and athletic performance?
The evidence we hold shows creatine is possibly effective for muscle strength and athletic performance. It's also possibly effective for sarcopenia, which is age-related muscle loss. Common side effects are water retention, muscle cramps, and stomach upset — mostly mild and reversible.
Is it safe to take this while pregnant or breastfeeding?
Creatine safety hasn't been established in pregnancy, so it's best avoided. Sodium is possibly unsafe while nursing. Potassium from this product is likely safe in both. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist about what's appropriate for your situation.
What are the most common side effects?
With creatine, the most common are dehydration, diarrhea, stomach upset, muscle cramps, and water retention. Rare serious concerns include kidney inflammation and muscle breakdown, though clinical studies haven't found these to be common patterns in healthy people.
Is this okay if I have kidney disease?
The data notes that those with kidney issues should be careful with creatine. Because this product also contains sodium and potassium — both of which can be problematic in kidney disease — check with your doctor or pharmacist before using it.
Why does a sports drink need sodium and potassium?
They're electrolytes that help your body hold onto water during and after exercise and keep your muscles and nerves working right. Normal amounts from food are fine, but in a supplement, they can add up if you're already taking medications or eating a lot of salty foods.
Will this interfere with my blood pressure or heart medication?
It depends on which drug you take. Sodium can make some blood pressure meds less effective, and potassium can raise blood levels dangerously if you're on certain heart or blood pressure drugs. Run your specific medications through the checker on this page, and ask your doctor or pharmacist before starting.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Monster Creatine Watermelon label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Monster Creatine Watermelon’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Sodium

Interacts with 205 drugs

Sodium is an essential mineral and electrolyte your body needs to balance fluids, support nerves, and help muscles work. Most people in modern diets get more than enough—often too much—from...

Read the full Sodium monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Potassium

Interacts with 62 drugs

Potassium is an essential mineral your body needs for nerve signals, muscle function, and a steady heartbeat, and most people get enough from a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables. P...

Read the full Potassium monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Creatine

Creatine is one of the most studied sports supplements, with solid evidence that it can boost strength and performance during short, high-intensity activities like weightlifting and sprintin...

Read the full Creatine monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Monster Creatine Watermelon's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 136 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Sodium 38 references
  1. Garabedian-Ruffalo SM, Ruffalo RL. Drug and nutrient interactions. Am Fam Physician 1986;33:165-74.
  2. Food and Drug Administration Science Background: Safety of Sodium Phosphates Oral Solution. September 17, 2001. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/safety/sodiumphospate.htm
  3. Coton T, Mallaret C, Coilliot C, Carre D, Guisset M. Severe acute ulcerated gastritis induced by salt. Presse Med 2009;38(3):499-500. PubMed
  4. Frings-Meuthen P, Buehlmeier J, Baecker N, et al. High sodium chloride intake exacerbates immobilization-induced bone resorption and protein losses. J Appl Physiol 2011;111(2):537-542. PubMed
  5. Frings-Meuthen P, Baecker N, Heer M. Low-grade metabolic acidosis may be the cause of sodium chloride-induced exaggerated bone resorption. J Bone Miner Res 2008;23(4):517-524. PubMed
  6. Alam S, Johnson AG. A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCT) among healthy normotensive and essential hypertensive elderly patients to determine the effect of high salt (NaCl) diet of blood pressure. J Hum Hypertens 1999;13(6):367-74.
  7. Boudville N, Ward S, Benaroia M, House AA. Increased sodium intake correlates with greater use of antihypertensive agents by subjects with chronic kidney disease. Am J Hypertens 2005;18(10):1300-5. PubMed
  8. Bennett WM. Drug interactions and consequences of sodium restriction. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65(2 Suppl):678S-681S. PubMed
  9. Okusa MD, Crystal LJ. Clinical manifestations and management of acute lithium intoxication. Am J Med 1994;97(4):383-9. PubMed
  10. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2005. Available at: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10925. DOI
  11. D'Elia L, Rossi G, Ippolito R, Cappuccio FP, Strazzullo P. Habitual salt intake and risk of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Clin Nutr 2012;31(4):489-98. PubMed
  12. Goldsmith SR. Hyponatremia in heart failure: time for a trial. J Card Fail 2013;19(6):398-400. PubMed
  13. Willocks L, Brettle R, Keen J, Valentine C, Pinching AJ. Formulations of didanosine (ddI) and salt overload. Lancet 1992;339(8786):190.
  14. Chen L, Zhang Z, Chen W, Whelton PK, Appel LJ. Lower Sodium Intake and Risk of Headaches: Results From the Trial of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(7):1270-5. PubMed
  15. Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Lower levels of sodium intake and reduced cardiovascular risk. Circulation. 2014;129(9):981-9. PubMed
  16. Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Sodium Intake and All-Cause Mortality Over 20 Years in the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(15):1609-1617. PubMed
  17. Mente A, O'Donnell M, Rangarajan S, et al. Associations of urinary sodium excretion with cardiovascular events in individuals with and without hypertension: a pooled analysis of data from four studies. Lancet. 2016;388(10043):465-75. PubMed
  18. Moosavian SP, Haghighatdoost F, Surkan PJ, Azadbakht L. Salt and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2017;68(3):265-277. PubMed
  19. O'Donnell M, Mente A, Rangarajan S, et al. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion, mortality, and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(7):612-23. DOI
  20. Poggio R, Gutierrez L, Matta MG, Elorriaga N, Irazola V, Rubinstein A. Daily sodium consumption and CVD mortality in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Public Health Nutr. 2015;18(4):695-704. PubMed
  21. Stallings VA, Harrison M, Oria M; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium, Food and Nutrition Board, Health and Medicine Division, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington (DC): National Acad
  22. Mahtani KR, Heneghan C, Onakpoya I, et al. Reduced Salt Intake for Heart Failure: A Systematic Review. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Dec 1;178(12):1693-1700. PubMed
  23. Yancy CW. Sodium Restriction in Heart Failure: Too Much Uncertainty-Do the Trials. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Dec 1;178(12):1700-1701. PubMed
  24. He FJ, Campbell NRC, Ma Y, MacGregor GA, Cogswell ME, Cook NR. Errors in estimating usual sodium intake by the Kawasaki formula alter its relationship with mortality: implications for public health. Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47(6):1784-1795. PubMed
  25. Murthy K, Ondrey GJ, Malkani N, et al. THE EFFECTS OF HYPONATREMIA ON BONE DENSITY AND FRACTURES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. Endocr Pract. 2019;25(4):366-378. PubMed
  26. Messerli FH, Hofstetter L, Syrogiannouli L, et al. Sodium intake, life expectancy, and all-cause mortality. Eur Heart J 2021;42(21):2103-2112. PubMed
  27. Graudal NA, Hubeck-Graudal T, Jurgens G. Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020;12(12):CD004022. PubMed
  28. Giatti S, Santos RB, Aielo AN, et al. Association of sodium with obstructive sleep apnea. The ELSA-Brasil study. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021;18(3):502-510. PubMed
  29. Nan X, Lu H, Wu J, et al. The interactive association between sodium intake, alcohol consumption and hypertension among elderly in northern China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr 2021;21(1):135. PubMed
  30. Kyozuka H, Fukusda T, Murata T, et al. Impact of preconception sodium intake on hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: The Japan Environment and Children's study. Pregnancy Hypertens 2021;23:66-72. PubMed
  31. Zhao L, Ogden CL, Yang Q, et al. Association of usual sodium intake with obesity among US children and adolescents, NHANES 2009-2016. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021;29(3):587-594. PubMed
  32. Ma Y, He FJ, Sun Q, et al. 24-Hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med 2022;386(3):252-263. PubMed
  33. Liu J, Yang X, Zhang P, et al. Association of urinary sodium excretion and left ventricular hypertrophy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021;12:728493. PubMed
  34. Filippini T, Malavolti M, Whelton PK, Vinceti M. Sodium intake and risk of hypertension: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational cohort studies. Curr Hypertens Rep 2022;24(5):133-144. PubMed
  35. Wang DD, Li Y, Nguyen XT, et al. Dietary sodium and potassium intake and risk of non-fatal cardiovascular diseases: The million veteran program. Nutrients 2022;14(5):1121. PubMed
  36. Kwak JH, Park CH, Eun CS, et al. The associations of dietary intake of high sodium and low zinc with gastric cancer mortality: A prospective cohort study in Korea. Nutr Cancer 2022;74(10):3501-3508. PubMed
  37. George S, Maiti R, Mishra BR, Jena M, Mohapatra D. Effect of regulated add-on sodium chloride intake on stabilization of serum lithium concentration in bipolar disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Bipolar Disord 2023;25(1):66-75. PubMed
  38. Zhou TL, Schütten MTJ, Kroon AA, et al. Urinary Sodium Excretion and Salt Intake Are Not Associated With Blood Pressure Variability in a White General Population. J Am Heart Assoc 2023;12(1):e026578. PubMed

See these in context on the Sodium monograph →

Potassium 12 references
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