Major interaction on record — check this product against your medications before combining. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Neuro-PS Gold Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Puritan's Pride

Neuro-PS Gold label
See full label image
Softgel Capsule Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Major
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Neuro-PS Gold against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Major

Neuro-PS Gold is a dietary supplement by Puritan's Pride with 1 active ingredient. Its ingredients are commonly taken for memory and cognitive support, age-related cognitive decline, attention and focus (adhd).Based on those ingredients, 1,661 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated major. The ingredients most likely to interact are Neuro-PS Gold Complex. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Neuro-PS Gold by Puritan's Pride

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Neuro-PS Gold by Puritan's Pride — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Neuro-PS Gold by Puritan's Pride

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 11, 2026

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 6 of its 6 active ingredients.
  • “Docosahexaenoic Acid” is listed as a grouped ingredient — the label gives one combined amount (10 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.
  • “Ginkgo biloba Leaf Extract” is listed as a grouped ingredient — the label gives one combined amount (120 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.
  • “Neuro-PS Gold Complex” is a proprietary blend — the label gives one combined amount (1,660 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.

Neuro-PS Gold contains 6 active ingredients. Choline Bitartrate and Acetyl-L-Carnitine Hydrochloride are amino-acid compounds that support brain cell structure and energy.

Phosphatidylserine is a fat-like substance (phospholipid) that's part of cell membranes and is thought to help with memory and thinking. Fish Oil provides omega-3 fatty acids (including docosahexaenoic acid), which are types of healthy fat linked to brain and heart health.

Ginkgo Flavone Glycosides and Gotu Kola Leaf Extract are plant compounds traditionally used for cognition and circulation. The product also contains inactive ingredients (gelatin capsule, soybean oil, glycerin, and natural caramel color) used for binding and appearance.

Does it work?

Moderate evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Moderate

Some clinical evidence supports this product's ingredients for its stated purpose, but it isn't conclusive.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: Brain health and cognitive function.
  • We looked for evidence on: Age-related cognitive decline, Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Cognitive function, Cognitive impairment, Memory, Mental clarity — and 1 related terms.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Acetyl-l-carnitine is rated "Possibly Effective" for Age-related cognitive decline (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Phosphatidylserine is rated "Possibly Effective" for Age-related cognitive decline.
  • Also on file: Ginkgo is rated "Possibly Ineffective" for Age-related cognitive decline, Chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment.

The evidence for these ingredients is mixed. Phosphatidylserine and Acetyl-L-Carnitine are both rated Possibly Effective for age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer disease — meaning there's some supportive research, but it's not conclusive.

Fish Oil is rated Effective for high triglycerides and Possibly Effective for heart failure and fatty liver disease. Ginkgo Flavone Glycosides is Possibly Effective for hearing loss, stroke recovery, dementia, anxiety, and premenstrual syndrome.

Gotu Kola is Possibly Effective for venous insufficiency (poor circulation in the legs) and burns. Choline shows Insufficient Reliable Evidence for most brain-related uses on file.

Overall, while individual ingredients have some research backing certain uses, the supplement's overall effectiveness for "neuro" support is not established in our data.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Phosphatidylserine Choline Ginkgo Acetyl-l-carnitine Gotu Kola

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 6 of the 6 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 6 of 6.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 6 of 6.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Fish Oil is generally well tolerated for most adults at typical supplement doses. Choline and Phosphatidylserine are also generally well tolerated when used appropriately, though high-dose choline above 3.5 grams daily can cause fishy body odor, gastrointestinal upset, nausea, and vomiting.

Phosphatidylserine may cause flatulence, nausea, headache, and insomnia, especially at higher doses. Acetyl-L-Carnitine is generally well tolerated short-term and may cause agitation, dry mouth, headache, insomnia, or reduced appetite.

Gotu Kola is considered well tolerated short-term, though there are rare case reports of liver toxicity—in clinical monitoring at 120 mg daily for 6 months, no liver changes were seen. Ginkgo is generally well tolerated for up to 6 years but carries rare concerns with bleeding and cardiac arrhythmias.

For pregnancy: Choline and Fish Oil have some safety data suggesting possible use under doctor's guidance, but Phosphatidylserine, Acetyl-L-Carnitine, Gotu Kola, and Ginkgo lack sufficient safety information—avoid them unless your doctor advises otherwise. For breastfeeding: Choline and Fish Oil needs are higher or omega-3s pass into milk, so use only under professional guidance; safety data for Phosphatidylserine, Acetyl-L-Carnitine, Gotu Kola, and Ginkgo is unknown or absent, so avoidance is recommended.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Phosphatidylserine Choline Ginkgo Acetyl-l-carnitine Gotu Kola

Meds to double-check

Major interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Major identified

At least one ingredient has a documented Major-severity interaction. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 6 of the 6 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Ginkgo, Choline, Gotu Kola, Acetyl-l-carnitine, Phosphatidylserine, among others.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Major.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; seizure medications; immunosuppressants / transplant drugs; diabetes medications.
  • For scale: 1,662 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Check your medications against this product if you take: a beta-blocker called talinolol (Major severity); anticholinergic drugs, cholinergic drugs, blood thinners (warfarin, acenocoumarol), thyroid replacement hormones, antidepressants (especially serotonergic ones), or immunosuppressants like tacrolimus, cyclosporine, or sirolimus (Moderate severity); blood pressure medications, birth control pills, orlistat (weight-loss drug), cholesterol drugs (simvastatin), anti-anxiety medications (alprazolam), HIV antiretrovirals (efavirenz), diabetes medications (rosiglitazone), sleep aids, or central nervous system depressants (Moderate severity); or antiplatelet medications (Minor severity). No interactions are documented for Docosahexaenoic Acid or the Ginkgo biloba Leaf Extract and Neuro-PS components — we could not check these as they are listed as blend containers.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Major medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

Neuro-PS Gold is aimed at older adults or anyone concerned with memory and brain health, since several ingredients show Possibly Effective research for age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer disease. However, if you take any prescription medications—especially blood thinners, immunosuppressants, blood pressure drugs, antidepressants, thyroid hormones, or diabetes medications—you must check this product against your specific drugs before starting.

Talk to your pharmacist before use, particularly if you're pregnant, breastfeeding, or have liver concerns.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 6 of 6 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Jun 22, 2023.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Neuro-PS Gold, straight from the product label.

Brand Puritan's Pride
Barcode (UPC) 025077171484
Net contents 90 Rapid Release Softgel(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Jun 22, 2023
DSLD ID 286102
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Softgel Capsule
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Neuro-PS Gold by Puritan's Pride, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
3 Softgel(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
3 Softgel(s)
Servings per container
30
UPC/BARCODE
025077171484
IngredientAmount% DV
Calories20 Calorie(s)--
Total Carbohydrates1 Gram(s)1%
Docosahexaenoic Acid10 mg--
Total Fat2 Gram(s)3%
Choline Bitartrate10 mg--
Ginkgo biloba Leaf Extract120 mg--
Phosphatidylserine300 mg--
Acetyl-L-Carnitine Hydrochloride10 mg--
Gotu Kola leaf extract10 mg--
Fish Oil44.7 mg--
Ginkgo Flavone Glycosides28.8 mg--
Neuro-PS Gold Complex1660 mg--
Neuro-PS1500 mg--

Other ingredients: Gelatin, Soybean Oil, Glycerin, natural Caramel color

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Formula

Neuro-PS Gold is a premier brain health supplement containing a naturally sourced Phospholipid Complex. Each softgel is standardized for the active ingredient Phosphatidylserine (PS), which is processed without bacteria to ensure quality, purity and potency. Phosphatidylserine levels in the brain can decline with age, so it is important to supplement with Neuro-PS Gold every day. Neuro-PS Gold is used to aid brain function and support a healthy mind. When choosing PS. make sure it's Neuro-PS!

Neuro-Serine

Precautions

Warning: If you are pregnant, nursing, taking any medications, including blood thinners, planning any medical or surgical procedure or have any medical condition, consult your doctor before use.

Discontinue use and consult your doctor if any adverse reactions occur.

Not intended for use by persons under the age of 18. Keep out of reach of children.

Do not use if seal under cap is broken or missing.

Contains soy and fish (tuna) ingredients.

Storage

Store at room temperature.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

General Statements

To reorder item #17148 www.puritan.com 1-800-645-1030

Brand IP Statement(s)

Copyright 2020 Puritan's Pride, Inc.

Seals/Symbols

QA Quality Assured

Formulation

Plus aids brain function, supports a healthy mind and helps replenish PS levels

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Directions: For adults, take three (3) softgels daily, preferably with a meal.

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Neuro-PS Gold by Puritan's Pride label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Neuro-PS Gold label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Neuro-PS Gold by Puritan's Pride

This is the 1 active ingredient this product is made of. Select it to open its full monograph.

Serving size3 Softgel(s) Dosage formSoftgel Capsule Servings per container30 Amounts shown are per serving.

Neuro-PS Gold Complex

Interacts with
219 drugs
1660 mg per serving

Phosphatidylserine is a natural fat-like compound found in cell membranes, especially in the brain, and it is sold mainly to support memory and thinki...

Neuro-PS Gold Complex monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: Gelatin, Soybean Oil, Glycerin, Natural Caramel color. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Neuro-PS Gold by Puritan's Pride Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Neuro-PS Gold?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
1,661Drugs
1 Major 1,657 Moderate 3 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Neuro-PS Gold Complex 219

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Neuro-PS Gold interact with 1,661 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

1 of the 1 ingredient in Neuro-PS Gold interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Neuro-PS Gold Complex

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Neuro-PS Gold with known interactions, here are the types of medications it can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Neuro-PS Gold Complex2 drug types · 219 drugs

Anticholinergic Drugs

Theoretically, phosphatidylserine might decrease the effectiveness anticholinergic drugs.
Phosphatidylserine is thought to increase acetylcholine levels, which could theoretically interfere with the activity of anticholinergic agents.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Cholinergic Drugs

Theoretically, phosphatidylserine might have additive effects with cholinergic drugs.
Phosphatidylserine is thought to increase acetylcholine levels, which could theoretically lead to additive cholinergic effects when used with cholinergic drugs.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Neuro-PS Gold Complex full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Neuro-PS Gold, from the product label.

Puritan's Pride

See all Puritan's Pride products
Name
Puritan's Pride, Inc.
City
Ronkonkoma
State
NY
ZipCode
11779
Phone Number
1-800-645-1030
Web Address
www.puritan.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Neuro-PS Gold by Puritan's Pride: Common Questions

Does Neuro-PS Gold by Puritan's Pride interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Neuro-PS Gold has a known interaction with 1,661 medications, including 1 rated major. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Neuro-PS Gold contains a single active ingredient, and that one ingredient can interact with many different medications on its own. We check it against each medication and show the mechanism responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Can I take this while pregnant or breastfeeding?
Not safely without doctor approval. Choline and Fish Oil have some data suggesting use under professional guidance, but Phosphatidylserine, Acetyl-L-Carnitine, Gotu Kola, and Ginkgo lack enough safety information in pregnancy—your doctor should advise. For breastfeeding, Choline and Fish Oil needs are higher and these pass into milk, so discuss with your healthcare provider; the others are best avoided since safety hasn't been established.
What's Phosphatidylserine, and why is it in this product?
It's a fat-like compound naturally found in cell membranes, thought to help with memory and brain function. Research rates it Possibly Effective for age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer disease, so it's included to support brain health.
Can I take this if I'm on a blood thinner like warfarin?
Not without checking with your pharmacist first. Fish Oil and Ginkgo Flavone Glycosides both carry documented interactions with warfarin—they may increase bleeding risk or change how the drug works. Acetyl-L-Carnitine also has theoretical concerns with blood thinners like warfarin and acenocoumarol.
What are the most common side effects?
Most ingredients are well tolerated, but the most common side effects across them include gastrointestinal upset (nausea, flatulence, loose stools), headache, insomnia, and dry mouth. High-dose choline (above 3.5 grams daily) can cause a fishy body odor. Rare but serious concerns with Ginkgo include bleeding and heart rhythm problems.
Is there evidence this actually works for memory and brain health?
Some, but it's mixed. Phosphatidylserine and Acetyl-L-Carnitine are Possibly Effective for age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer disease, and Ginkgo is Possibly Effective for dementia—meaning there's research support but it's not conclusive. The overall effectiveness of this combination product for brain health isn't established in our data.
Can I take this with my thyroid medication?
Check with your pharmacist first. Acetyl-L-Carnitine has a documented theoretical interaction with thyroid replacement hormones and may decrease how well they work, so your dose or timing might need adjustment.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if Neuro-PS Gold is safe with your meds?

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Ask a pharmacist

Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Neuro-PS Gold label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Neuro-PS Gold’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Phosphatidylserine

Interacts with 219 drugs

Phosphatidylserine is a natural fat-like compound found in cell membranes, especially in the brain, and it is sold mainly to support memory and thinking. Some research suggests possible bene...

Read the full Phosphatidylserine monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Choline

Interacts with 16 drugs

Choline is an essential nutrient your body needs for liver function, brain health, and nerve signaling, and many people get enough from foods like eggs, meat, and fish. Supplements may help...

Read the full Choline monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Ginkgo

Interacts with 1,266 drugs

Ginkgo is one of the world's most popular herbal supplements, mostly taken to support memory and circulation. The evidence for these uses is mixed and generally weak, and it is not proven to...

Read the full Ginkgo monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Acetyl-l-carnitine

Interacts with 203 drugs

Acetyl-L-carnitine is a form of the amino acid carnitine that the body uses to help produce energy in cells. It is most studied for nerve pain and memory-related conditions, though the evide...

Read the full Acetyl-l-carnitine monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Gotu Kola

Interacts with 579 drugs

Gotu kola is a traditional Ayurvedic and Asian herb that people use for wound healing, circulation, skin problems, and as a calming or memory-supporting herb. Some early studies suggest poss...

Read the full Gotu Kola monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Neuro-PS Gold's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 317 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Choline 14 references
  1. Yates AA, Schlicker SA, Suitor CW. Dietary reference intakes: The new basis for recommendations for calcium and related nutrients, B vitamins, and choline. J Am Diet Assoc 1998;98:699-706. PubMed
  2. Cho E, Willett WC, Colditz GA, et al. Dietary choline and betaine and the risk of distal colorectal adenoma in women. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007;99:1224-31. PubMed
  3. Schmidt, C., Abicht, A., Krampfl, K., Voss, W., Stucka, R., Mildner, G., Petrova, S., Schara, U., Mortier, W., Bufler, J., Huebner, A., and Lochmuller, H. Congenital myasthenic syndrome due to a novel missense mutation in the gene encoding choline acetyl
  4. Tamminga, C., Smith, R. C., Chang, S., Haraszti, J. S., and Davis, J. M. Depression associated with oral choline. Lancet 10-23-1976;2(7991):905. PubMed
  5. Wood, J. L. and Allison, R. G. Effects of consumption of choline and lecithin on neurological and cardiovascular systems. Fed.Proc. 1982;41(14):3015-3021.
  6. Growdon, J. H. and Gelenberg, A. J. Choline and lecithin administration to patients with tardive dyskinesia. Trans.Am.Neurol.Assoc. 1978;103:95-99.
  7. Smith, C. M., Swash, M., Exton-Smith, A. N., Phillips, M. J., Overstall, P. W., Piper, M. E., and Bailey, M. R. Choline therapy in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 8-5-1978;2(8084):318. PubMed
  8. Morrison, L. M. and W. F. Gonzales. Choline in coronary atherosclerosis. Amer.Heart J. 1950;39:729.
  9. Christie, J. G. Blackburn 1. M. Glen A. I. M. Zeisel S. Shering A. & Yates C. M. Effects of choline and lecithin on CSF choline levels and on cognitive functioning in patients with presenile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Nutrition and the brain 1979;5
  10. Sidhu N, Davies S, Nadarajah A, et al. Oral choline supplementation for postoperative pain. Br J Anaesth 2013;111(2):249-55. PubMed
  11. Wozniak JR, Fuglestad AJ, Eckerle JK, et al. Choline supplementation in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders has high feasibility and tolerability. Nutr Res. 2013;33(11):897-904. PubMed
  12. Wozniak JR, Fuglestad AJ, Eckerle JK, et al. Choline supplementation in children with fetal alcohol disorders: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102(5): 1113-25.
  13. Ross RG, Hunter SK, McCarthy L, et al. Perinatal choline effects on neonatal pathophysiology related to later schizophrenia risk. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170(3):290-8. PubMed
  14. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Choline. Dietary Reference Intakes: Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B-6, Vitamin B-12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press; 1998:390-422.

See these in context on the Choline monograph →

Ginkgo 97 references
  1. Davydov L, Stirling AL. Stevens-Johnson syndrome with Ginkgo biloba. J Herb Pharmacother 2001;1:65-9. DOI
  2. Benjamin J, Muir T, Briggs K, Pentland B. A case of cerebral haemorrhage-can Ginkgo biloba be implicated? Postgrad Med J 2001;77:112-3.
  3. Matthews, MK. Association of Ginkgo biloba with intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 1998;50:1934.
  4. Rowin J, Lewis SL. Spontaneous bilateral subdural hemotomas with chronic Ginkgo biloba ingestion. Neurology 1996;46:1775-6.
  5. Rosenblatt M, Mindel T. Spontaneous hyphema associated with ingestion of Ginkgo biloba extract. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1108.
  6. Fessenden JM, Wittenborn W, Clarke L. Gingko biloba: a case report of herbal medicine and bleeding postoperatively from a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Am Surg 2001;67:33-5. DOI
  7. Gurley BJ, Gardner SF, Hubbard MA. Clinical assessment of potential cytochrome P450-mediated herb-drug interactions. AAPS Ann Mtg & Expo Indianapolis, IN: 2000; Oct 29 - Nov 2:presentation #3460.
  8. Cohen AJ, Bartlik B. Ginkgo biloba for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction. J Sex Marital Ther 1998;24:139-43. PubMed
  9. Kudolo GB. The effect of 3-month ingestion of Ginkgo biloba extract on pancreatic beta-cell function in response to glucose loading in normal glucose tolerant individuals. J Clin Pharmacol 2000;40:647-54.
  10. Heck AM, DeWitt BA, Lukes AL. Potential interactions between alternative therapies and warfarin. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2000;57:1221-7. DOI
  11. Cesarani A, Meloni F, Alpini D, et al. Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) in the treatment of equilibrium disorders. Adv Ther 1998;15:291-304.
  12. Galluzzi S, Zanetti O, Binetti G, et al. Coma in a patient with Alzheimer's disease taking low dose trazodone and Ginkgo biloba. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000;68:679-80. DOI
  13. Budzinski JW, Foster BC, Vandenhoek S, Arnason JT. An in vitro evaluation of human cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition by selected commercial herbal extracts and tinctures. Phytomedicine 2000;7:273-82. PubMed
  14. Gregory PJ. Seizure associated with Ginkgo biloba? Ann Intern Med 2001;134:344.
  15. Granger AS. Ginkgo biloba precipitating epileptic seizures. Age Ageing 2001;30:523-5. PubMed
  16. Kajiyama Y, Fujii K, Takeuchi H, Manabe Y. Ginkgo seed poisoning. Pediatrics 2002;109:325-7. PubMed
  17. Miwa H, Iijima M, Tanaka S, Mizuno Y. Generalized convulsions after consuming a large amount of gingko nuts. Epilepsia 2001;42:280-1. DOI
  18. Burschka MA, Hassan HA, Reineke T, et al. Effect of treatment with Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 (oral) on unilateral idiopathic sudden hearing loss in a prospective randomized double-blind study of 106 outpatients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2001;258:213- PubMed
  19. Miller LG, Freeman B. Possible subdural hematoma associated with Ginkgo biloba. J Herb Pharmacother 2002;2:57-63.
  20. Kudolo GB, Dorsey S, Blodgett J. Effect of the ingestion of Ginkgo biloba extract on platelet aggregation and urinary prostanoid excretion in healthy and Type 2 diabetic subjects. Thromb Res 2002;108:151-60.. PubMed
  21. Fong KC, Kinnear PE. Retrobulbar haemorrhage associated with chronic Ginkgo biloba ingestion. Postgrad Med J 2003;79:531-2..
  22. Gurley BJ, Gardner SF, Hubbard MA, et al. Cytochrome P450 phenotypic ratios for predicting herb-drug interactions in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002;72:276-87.. PubMed
  23. Kang BJ, Lee SJ, Kim MD, Cho MJ. A placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of Ginkgo biloba for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction. Hum Psychopharmacol 2002;17:279-84.
  24. Yale SH, Glurich I. Analysis of the inhibitory potential of Ginkgo biloba, Echinacea purpurea, and Serenoa repens on the metabolic activity of cytochrome P450 3A4, 2D6, and 2C9. J Altern Complement Med 2005;11:433-9.
  25. Yasui-Furukori N, Furukori H, Kaneda A, et al. The effects of Ginkgo biloba extracts on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of donepezil. J Clin Pharmacol 2004;44:538-42.
  26. Markowitz JS, Donovan JL, Lindsay DeVane C, et al. Multiple-dose administration of Ginkgo biloba did not affect cytochrome P-450 2D6 or 3A4 activity in normal volunteers. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2003;23:576-81. PubMed
  27. Arenz A, Kelin M, Flehe K, et al. Occurrence of neurotoxic 4'-O-methylpyridoxine in ginkgo biloba leaves, ginkgo medications and Japanese ginkgo food. Planta Med 1996;62:548-51.
  28. Engelsen J, Nielsen JD, Winther K. Effect of coenzyme Q10 and Ginkgo biloba on warfarin dosage in stable, long-term warfarin treated outpatients. A randomised, double blind, placebo-crossover trial. Thromb Haemost 2002;87:1075-6. DOI
  29. Gaudineau C, Beckerman R, Welbourn S, Auclair K. Inhibition of human P450 enzymes by multiple constituents of the Ginkgo biloba extract. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 2004;318:1072–8. PubMed
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DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

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