ParaGone For Kids II Ingredients & Drug Interactions
by Renew Life
What is this page for?
First and foremost: checking ParaGone For Kids II against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.
Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy
ParaGone For Kids II is a dietary supplement by Renew Life with 5 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for toothache and oral pain, digestive upset, antimicrobial and antifungal.Based on those ingredients, 2,156 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated major. The ingredients most likely to interact are Marshmallow root, Clove, Orange. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.
Check Your Meds Against ParaGone For Kids II by Renew Life
Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with ParaGone For Kids II by Renew Life — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.
AI summaries are generated from our interaction database for education only — always confirm with your pharmacist. How we use AI
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of ParaGone For Kids II by Renew Life
Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.
What’s inside
Full disclosure
ParaGone For Kids II contains five active plant ingredients: clove, black walnut, marshmallow root, orange (bitter orange), and wormwood. Each is a traditional herbal extract used in antiparasitic and digestive support formulas.
The product also contains inactive ingredients—vegetable glycerin, filtered water, natural cherry flavor, and grapefruit seed extract—which serve as the base, flavoring, and preservative.
Does it work?
Not established
The evidence for these ingredients is limited. Clove has possibly effective evidence for ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) only; for cough, pain, and dyspepsia, the evidence is insufficient.
Black walnut, marshmallow root, orange, and wormwood all have insufficient reliable evidence to rate them for their traditional uses—including wound healing, respiratory infections, eczema, digestive disorders, and parasitic conditions. None of the ingredients have strong clinical proof of effectiveness for the conditions this product claims to address.
How safe is it?
Well-documented data
Clove is well tolerated when used as a food spice, but concentrated clove oil is concerning in children: doses of only 5–10 mL have caused toxicity in kids, including serious effects like liver failure, seizures, and coma. Wormwood contains thujone, a nerve toxin; medicinal amounts can cause seizures, muscle aches, nausea, and kidney damage.
Orange (bitter orange) can raise blood pressure and heart rate and in rare cases has caused heart attacks, strokes, and seizures. Black walnut may cause stomach upset due to its tannin content and carries a tree nut allergy risk.
Marshmallow root is generally well tolerated for short-term use, though long-term safety is not well studied. Because this is a liquid for children, accidental overdose is a real risk—keep it out of reach and use only as directed.
Meds to double-check
Major interaction found
Stop and check with your pharmacist if your child takes monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), midazolam, or any QT-prolonging heart drugs—these are Major interactions. Also check before use if your child takes antidiabetes drugs, stimulants, anticoagulants, antiplatelet drugs (like aspirin), anticonvulsants, lithium, or any drug metabolized by CYP2D6, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, or CYP2C9 liver enzymes.
Run the exact medication names through the interaction checker on this page.
The bottom line
Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with no established evidence rating for its marketed use. Major medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.
ParaGone For Kids II is a multiherbal liquid supplement with unproven effectiveness for parasites or digestive complaints and significant interaction risks—especially with antidepressants, sedatives, blood thinners, heart medications, and seizure drugs. It's not appropriate for children taking any regular medications, and some ingredients (especially clove and wormwood) carry toxicity concerns at higher doses.
Talk to your child's pediatrician or pharmacist before giving this product, especially if your child is on any prescription or over-the-counter medications.
Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI
Assessment coverage: 5 of 5 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Aug 25, 2015.
This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed
General information
Key facts about ParaGone For Kids II, straight from the product label.
| Brand | Renew Life |
|---|---|
| Net contents | 1 fl. Oz. |
| Market status | On market |
| Date entered into DSLD | Aug 25, 2015 |
| DSLD ID | 48086 |
| Product type | Botanical |
| Supplement form | Liquid |
| Dietary claims / uses | All Other, Structure/Function |
| Intended target group(s) | Children 4 or More Years of Age, Gluten Free |
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.
Supplement Facts
The label details for ParaGone For Kids II by Renew Life, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.
Supplement Facts
| Ingredient | Amount | % DV |
|---|---|---|
| Clove | 10 mg | -- |
| Black Walnut | 25 mg | -- |
| Marshmallow root | 10 mg | -- |
| Orange | 10 mg | -- |
| Wormwood | 10 mg | -- |
Other ingredients: Vegetable Glycerin, filtered Water, natural Cherry flavor, Grapefruit seed extract
Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
General Statements
2-part internal cleansing system
~ Includes 2 formulas with 12 natural herbal ingredients used traditionally to support intestinal health and cleansing* ~ Designed to be taken in harmony with normal daily activity ~ No fasting necessary ~ Made from the highest-quality natural ingredients ~ We recommend checking all of our ingredients in a reference book from your healthcare practitioner.
Quality and purity guaranteed
Manufactured in a GMP and Kosher facility
Natural system of herbs used traditionally to support intestinal health*
ParaGONE for Kids II
Why cleanse with ParaGONE for Kids? ParaGONE for Kids was formulated by Brenda Watson, C.N.C., presidnet of ReNew Life Formulas and the founder of five natural healthcare clinics specializing in digestive care. Brenda has found the ingredients in ParaGONE for Kids to be powerful aids for supporting intestinal health.
Formulation
Contains no gluten, binders, fillers or artificial ingredients
Gluten-Free
Alcohol free.
FDA Statement of Identity
Dietary Supplement
Seals/Symbols
Renew Life(R) The Digestive Care Company
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions
Directions: ParaGONE(TM) I and ParaGONE(TM) II are designed to be taken together. Children ages 4 to 8: Take 1 capsule twice daily. Children 9 to 12: Take 2 capsules twice daily. Please Note: It is important to read accompanying literature prior to using this product.
Take on an empty stomach; allow 30 minutes before eating. Use as directed for 15 days, followed by a 5-day rest period, followed by another 15 days as directed. Repeat cycle as needed. Drink plenty of water while using this product.
Suggested Use: ParaGONE for Kids I and II are designed to be taken together twice daily. Take on an empty stomach, allowing 30 minutes before eating. Take 1 to 2 capsules of ParaGONE for Kids I and 5 to 10 drops of ParaGONE for Kids II twice daily. The following guidelines: Children ages 4 to 8: 1 capsule and 5 drops twice daily. Children ages 9 to 12: 2 capsules and 10 drops twice daily. Drink plenty of water while taking ParaGONE for Kids I and II. ParaGONE for Kids should be taken for 15 days followed by a 5-day rest period, followed by 1 to 3 repetitions as needed.
Use as directed for 15 days, followed by a 5-day rest period, followed by another 15 days as directed. Repeat cycle as needed. Drink plenty of water while using this product.
FDA Disclaimer Statement
*This statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
Formula
Ratio of herb to solvent: (grams of herb:ml of solvent) Black Walnut - 1:2 Other herbs - 1:5
Precautions
Keep out of reach of children.
Warning: Do not use this product if you are pregnant or nursing. Consult your physician before using this or any product if you are trying to conceive, taking medication or have a medical condition.
Not for prolonged use. Do not exceed recommended dose. Discontinue use if abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting occur, unless directed by your physician.
Storage
Store in a dry place at 59-86(0)F (15-30(0)C).
Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.
ParaGone For Kids II by Renew Life label
The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.
Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.
View the full label (PDF)The Ingredients in ParaGone For Kids II by Renew Life
These are the 5 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.
Serving size0.33 mL Dosage formLiquid Servings per container90 Amounts shown are per serving.
Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.
Clove
Interacts with977 drugs
Clove is a common cooking spice that is also used in traditional medicine, especially as a topical numbing agent for tooth pain thanks to its main com...
Clove monograph & interactionsBlack Walnut
No knowninteractions
Black walnut is a tree whose green hulls are traditionally used as a natural antiparasitic and digestive remedy, but solid human evidence for these us...
Black Walnut monograph & interactionsMarshmallow root
Interacts with2,040 drugs
Marshmallow root is a traditional herb rich in soothing, gel-like fibers called mucilage, which is why it has long been used for coughs, sore throats,...
Marshmallow root monograph & interactionsOrange
Interacts with957 drugs
Bitter orange is a citrus fruit whose extracts contain synephrine, a mild stimulant often added to weight-loss and energy supplements. Evidence that i...
Orange monograph & interactionsWormwood
Interacts with50 drugs
Wormwood is a very bitter herb traditionally used to stimulate appetite and ease digestion, and it has early research interest in Crohn's disease. It...
Wormwood monograph & interactionsOther (inactive) ingredients: Vegetable Glycerin, Filtered Water, Natural Cherry flavor, Grapefruit seed extract. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.
ParaGone For Kids II by Renew Life Drug Interactions
HelloPharmacist Interaction Report
ParaGone For Kids II by Renew Life contains five active ingredients, and several of them interact with medications.
The most serious concern is bitter orange (from the Orange ingredient), which can cause a Major interaction with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)—a class of older antidepressants. This combination risks a dangerous spike in blood pressure (hypertensive crisis).
Bitter orange also carries Major interactions with midazolam, a sedative used before medical procedures.
Read the full breakdown — every affected drug type, severity by severity
Bitter orange causes Moderate interactions with several drug types: CYP3A4 substrates (which include many common medications), QT interval-prolonging drugs (which can affect heart rhythm), antidiabetes drugs, stimulants, dextromethorphan (a cough suppressant), and caffeine. Clove, another ingredient, also inhibits multiple liver enzymes (CYP2D6, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, and CYP2C9) at Moderate severity, potentially raising levels of drugs metabolized by these pathways.
Clove and marshmallow root both carry Minor interactions with blood thinners (anticoagulant/antiplatelet drugs).
Marshmallow root can have a Moderate interaction with lithium (a psychiatric medication) by potentially increasing its levels to unsafe amounts. It also has a Minor interaction with oral drugs in general, as its mucilage may impair their absorption.
Wormwood carries a Moderate interaction with anticonvulsants (seizure medications), potentially reducing their effectiveness.
Black walnut has no documented interactions in our data. Altogether, these interactions span 2,137 individual medications.
Because this is a liquid intended for children, check your child's exact medications—including any over-the-counter or herbal products—with the search tool on this page before starting.
Check your own medications below · Editorial policy · How we use AI
Want to check YOUR meds against ParaGone For Kids II?
Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.
Go to the checkerIngredients driving the most interactions
Individual Drug Interactions
The ingredients in ParaGone For Kids II interact with 2,156 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.
4 of the 5 ingredients in ParaGone For Kids II interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Marshmallow root Clove Orange Wormwood
AmphetamineAdensys XR-ODT, Adzenys ER, Dyanavel XR, Mydayis
How Amphetamine interacts with ParaGone For Kids II — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
OrangeStimulant Drugs, Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (maois) +1 Major
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, bitter orange might increase the risk of hypertension and adverse cardiovascular effects when taken with stimulant drugs.
Read the full Orange + Amphetamine interactionCloveCytochrome P450 2d6 (cyp2d6) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2D6.
Read the full Clove + Amphetamine interactionMarshmallow RootOral Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, mucilage in marshmallow might impair absorption of oral drugs.
Read the full Marshmallow Root + Amphetamine interactionIsocarboxazidMarplan
How Isocarboxazid interacts with ParaGone For Kids II — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
OrangeMonoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (maois) Major
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking MAOIs with synephrine-containing bitter orange preparations might increase the hypertensive effects of synephrine, potentially leading to hypertensive crisis.
Read the full Orange + Isocarboxazid interactionMarshmallow RootOral Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, mucilage in marshmallow might impair absorption of oral drugs.
Read the full Marshmallow Root + Isocarboxazid interactionMidazolamNayzilam, Seizalam, Versed
How Midazolam interacts with ParaGone For Kids II — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
OrangeCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Midazolam (versed) Major
Interaction Summary
Bitter orange might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Orange + Midazolam interactionCloveCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Clove + Midazolam interactionMarshmallow RootOral Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, mucilage in marshmallow might impair absorption of oral drugs.
Read the full Marshmallow Root + Midazolam interactionMoclobemideManerix, Moclobemide
How Moclobemide interacts with ParaGone For Kids II — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
OrangeMonoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (maois) Major
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking MAOIs with synephrine-containing bitter orange preparations might increase the hypertensive effects of synephrine, potentially leading to hypertensive crisis.
Read the full Orange + Moclobemide interactionMarshmallow RootOral Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, mucilage in marshmallow might impair absorption of oral drugs.
Read the full Marshmallow Root + Moclobemide interactionOzanimod HydrochlorideZeposia
How Ozanimod Hydrochloride interacts with ParaGone For Kids II — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
OrangeMonoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (maois), Qt Interval-prolonging Drugs Major
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking MAOIs with synephrine-containing bitter orange preparations might increase the hypertensive effects of synephrine, potentially leading to hypertensive crisis.
Read the full Orange + Ozanimod Hydrochloride interactionMarshmallow RootOral Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, mucilage in marshmallow might impair absorption of oral drugs.
Read the full Marshmallow Root + Ozanimod Hydrochloride interactionPhenelzine SulfateNardil
How Phenelzine Sulfate interacts with ParaGone For Kids II — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
OrangeMonoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (maois) Major
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking MAOIs with synephrine-containing bitter orange preparations might increase the hypertensive effects of synephrine, potentially leading to hypertensive crisis.
Read the full Orange + Phenelzine Sulfate interactionMarshmallow RootOral Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, mucilage in marshmallow might impair absorption of oral drugs.
Read the full Marshmallow Root + Phenelzine Sulfate interactionRasagilineAzilect
How Rasagiline interacts with ParaGone For Kids II — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
OrangeMonoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (maois) Major
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking MAOIs with synephrine-containing bitter orange preparations might increase the hypertensive effects of synephrine, potentially leading to hypertensive crisis.
Read the full Orange + Rasagiline interactionCloveCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Read the full Clove + Rasagiline interactionMarshmallow RootOral Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, mucilage in marshmallow might impair absorption of oral drugs.
Read the full Marshmallow Root + Rasagiline interactionSafinamide MesylateXadago
How Safinamide Mesylate interacts with ParaGone For Kids II — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
OrangeMonoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (maois) Major
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking MAOIs with synephrine-containing bitter orange preparations might increase the hypertensive effects of synephrine, potentially leading to hypertensive crisis.
Read the full Orange + Safinamide Mesylate interactionMarshmallow RootOral Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, mucilage in marshmallow might impair absorption of oral drugs.
Read the full Marshmallow Root + Safinamide Mesylate interactionSelegilineCarbex, Eldepryl, Emsam, Zelapar
How Selegiline interacts with ParaGone For Kids II — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
OrangeMonoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (maois) Major
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking MAOIs with synephrine-containing bitter orange preparations might increase the hypertensive effects of synephrine, potentially leading to hypertensive crisis.
Read the full Orange + Selegiline interactionMarshmallow RootOral Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, mucilage in marshmallow might impair absorption of oral drugs.
Read the full Marshmallow Root + Selegiline interactionTranylcypromineParnate
How Tranylcypromine interacts with ParaGone For Kids II — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
OrangeMonoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (maois) Major
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking MAOIs with synephrine-containing bitter orange preparations might increase the hypertensive effects of synephrine, potentially leading to hypertensive crisis.
Read the full Orange + Tranylcypromine interactionMarshmallow RootOral Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, mucilage in marshmallow might impair absorption of oral drugs.
Read the full Marshmallow Root + Tranylcypromine interactionAdo-trastuzumab EmtansineKadcyla
How Ado-trastuzumab Emtansine interacts with ParaGone For Kids II — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
OrangeCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Bitter orange might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Orange + Ado-trastuzumab Emtansine interactionCloveCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Clove + Ado-trastuzumab Emtansine interactionAbemaciclibVerzenio
How Abemaciclib interacts with ParaGone For Kids II — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
OrangeCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Bitter orange might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Orange + Abemaciclib interactionCloveCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Clove + Abemaciclib interactionMarshmallow RootOral Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, mucilage in marshmallow might impair absorption of oral drugs.
Read the full Marshmallow Root + Abemaciclib interactionAbiraterone
How Abiraterone interacts with ParaGone For Kids II — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CloveCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Clove + Abiraterone interactionOrangeCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Bitter orange might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Orange + Abiraterone interactionMarshmallow RootOral Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, mucilage in marshmallow might impair absorption of oral drugs.
Read the full Marshmallow Root + Abiraterone interactionAbiraterone AcetateYonsa, Zytiga
How Abiraterone Acetate interacts with ParaGone For Kids II — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CloveCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Clove + Abiraterone Acetate interactionOrangeCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Bitter orange might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Orange + Abiraterone Acetate interactionMarshmallow RootOral Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, mucilage in marshmallow might impair absorption of oral drugs.
Read the full Marshmallow Root + Abiraterone Acetate interactionAbrocitinibCibinqo
How Abrocitinib interacts with ParaGone For Kids II — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CloveAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs, Cytochrome P450 2c9 (cyp2c9) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, clove oil may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Clove + Abrocitinib interactionMarshmallow RootOral Drugs, Anticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, mucilage in marshmallow might impair absorption of oral drugs.
Read the full Marshmallow Root + Abrocitinib interactionAcalabrutinibCalquence
How Acalabrutinib interacts with ParaGone For Kids II — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CloveCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Clove + Acalabrutinib interactionOrangeCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Bitter orange might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Orange + Acalabrutinib interactionMarshmallow RootOral Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, mucilage in marshmallow might impair absorption of oral drugs.
Read the full Marshmallow Root + Acalabrutinib interactionAcarboseGlucobay, Prandase, Precose
How Acarbose interacts with ParaGone For Kids II — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CloveAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use of clove extracts with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Read the full Clove + Acarbose interactionOrangeAntidiabetes Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, bitter orange might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Read the full Orange + Acarbose interactionMarshmallow RootOral Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, mucilage in marshmallow might impair absorption of oral drugs.
Read the full Marshmallow Root + Acarbose interactionAcetaminophenChildren's Tylenol, Children's Tylenol Meltaways, Tylenol, Tylenol Ex Strength
How Acetaminophen interacts with ParaGone For Kids II — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CloveCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Read the full Clove + Acetaminophen interactionMarshmallow RootOral Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, mucilage in marshmallow might impair absorption of oral drugs.
Read the full Marshmallow Root + Acetaminophen interactionAcetaminophen, AspirinGemnisyn
How Acetaminophen, Aspirin interacts with ParaGone For Kids II — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CloveCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Anticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Read the full Clove + Acetaminophen, Aspirin interactionMarshmallow RootAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs, Oral Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, marshmallow flower might have antiplatelet effects.
Read the full Marshmallow Root + Acetaminophen, Aspirin interactionAcetaminophen, Aspirin, CaffeineExcedrin, Excedrin Extra Strength, Excedrin Migraine
How Acetaminophen, Aspirin, Caffeine interacts with ParaGone For Kids II — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CloveAnticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, clove oil may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Read the full Clove + Acetaminophen, Aspirin, Caffeine interactionOrangeStimulant Drugs, Caffeine +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, bitter orange might increase the risk of hypertension and adverse cardiovascular effects when taken with stimulant drugs.
Read the full Orange + Acetaminophen, Aspirin, Caffeine interactionMarshmallow RootOral Drugs, Anticoagulant/antiplatelet Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, mucilage in marshmallow might impair absorption of oral drugs.
Read the full Marshmallow Root + Acetaminophen, Aspirin, Caffeine interactionAcetaminophen, Brompheniramine, PhenylpropanolamineDimetapp Cold and Flu
How Acetaminophen, Brompheniramine, Phenylpropanolamine interacts with ParaGone For Kids II — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
OrangeStimulant Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, bitter orange might increase the risk of hypertension and adverse cardiovascular effects when taken with stimulant drugs.
Read the full Orange + Acetaminophen, Brompheniramine, Phenylpropanolamine interactionCloveCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Read the full Clove + Acetaminophen, Brompheniramine, Phenylpropanolamine interactionMarshmallow RootOral Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, mucilage in marshmallow might impair absorption of oral drugs.
Read the full Marshmallow Root + Acetaminophen, Brompheniramine, Phenylpropanolamine interactionAcetaminophen, ButalbitalAxocet, Bancap, Bucet, Butex Forte, Esgic CF, Orbivan CF +5 more
How Acetaminophen, Butalbital interacts with ParaGone For Kids II — through 2 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CloveCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Read the full Clove + Acetaminophen, Butalbital interactionMarshmallow RootOral Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, mucilage in marshmallow might impair absorption of oral drugs.
Read the full Marshmallow Root + Acetaminophen, Butalbital interactionAcetaminophen, Butalbital, CaffeineEsgic, Esgic Plus, Fiogesic, Fioricet, Repan, Tecnal +1 more
How Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine interacts with ParaGone For Kids II — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CloveCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Read the full Clove + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine interactionOrangeStimulant Drugs, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, bitter orange might increase the risk of hypertension and adverse cardiovascular effects when taken with stimulant drugs.
Read the full Orange + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine interactionMarshmallow RootOral Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, mucilage in marshmallow might impair absorption of oral drugs.
Read the full Marshmallow Root + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine interactionAcetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine, CodeineEsgic with Codeine, Fioricet w/ Codeine
How Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine, Codeine interacts with ParaGone For Kids II — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
OrangeCaffeine, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates +2 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Bitter orange might increase blood pressure and heart rate when taken with caffeine.
Read the full Orange + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine, Codeine interactionCloveCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Read the full Clove + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine, Codeine interactionMarshmallow RootOral Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, mucilage in marshmallow might impair absorption of oral drugs.
Read the full Marshmallow Root + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Caffeine, Codeine interactionAcetaminophen, Butalbital, CodeineBancap w/ Codeine
How Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine interacts with ParaGone For Kids II — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CloveCytochrome P450 2d6 (cyp2d6) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2D6.
Read the full Clove + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine interactionMarshmallow RootOral Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, mucilage in marshmallow might impair absorption of oral drugs.
Read the full Marshmallow Root + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine interactionOrangeCytochrome P450 2d6 (cyp2d6) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, bitter orange might increase levels of drug metabolized by CYP2D6.
Read the full Orange + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine interactionAcetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine PhosphatePhrenilin #3
How Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine Phosphate interacts with ParaGone For Kids II — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CloveCytochrome P450 2d6 (cyp2d6) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2D6.
Read the full Clove + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine Phosphate interactionOrangeCytochrome P450 2d6 (cyp2d6) Substrates Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, bitter orange might increase levels of drug metabolized by CYP2D6.
Read the full Orange + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine Phosphate interactionMarshmallow RootOral Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, mucilage in marshmallow might impair absorption of oral drugs.
Read the full Marshmallow Root + Acetaminophen, Butalbital, Codeine Phosphate interactionAcetaminophen, Caffeine, Chlorpheniramine, Hydrocodone, PhenylephrineHycomine Compound
How Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Chlorpheniramine, Hydrocodone, Phenylephrine interacts with ParaGone For Kids II — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
OrangeCytochrome P450 2d6 (cyp2d6) Substrates, Stimulant Drugs +2 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, bitter orange might increase levels of drug metabolized by CYP2D6.
Read the full Orange + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Chlorpheniramine, Hydrocodone, Phenylephrine interactionCloveCytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Read the full Clove + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Chlorpheniramine, Hydrocodone, Phenylephrine interactionMarshmallow RootOral Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, mucilage in marshmallow might impair absorption of oral drugs.
Read the full Marshmallow Root + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Chlorpheniramine, Hydrocodone, Phenylephrine interactionAcetaminophen, Caffeine, CodeineGesic C15, Gesic C30, Gesic C8, Lenoltec 1, Lenoltec 2, Lenoltec 3 +1 more
How Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine interacts with ParaGone For Kids II — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CloveCytochrome P450 2d6 (cyp2d6) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2D6.
Read the full Clove + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine interactionOrangeCaffeine, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates +2 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Bitter orange might increase blood pressure and heart rate when taken with caffeine.
Read the full Orange + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine interactionMarshmallow RootOral Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, mucilage in marshmallow might impair absorption of oral drugs.
Read the full Marshmallow Root + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine interactionAcetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine, SalicylamideCodalan No.1, Codalan No.2, Codalan No.3
How Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine, Salicylamide interacts with ParaGone For Kids II — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
OrangeCytochrome P450 2d6 (cyp2d6) Substrates, Stimulant Drugs +2 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, bitter orange might increase levels of drug metabolized by CYP2D6.
Read the full Orange + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine, Salicylamide interactionCloveCytochrome P450 2d6 (cyp2d6) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 1a2 (cyp1a2) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2D6.
Read the full Clove + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine, Salicylamide interactionMarshmallow RootOral Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, mucilage in marshmallow might impair absorption of oral drugs.
Read the full Marshmallow Root + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Codeine, Salicylamide interactionAcetaminophen, Caffeine, DihydrocodeineDHC Plus, Panlor DC, Panlor SS
How Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Dihydrocodeine interacts with ParaGone For Kids II — through 3 ingredients. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
CloveCytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates, Cytochrome P450 2d6 (cyp2d6) Substrates +1 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Read the full Clove + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Dihydrocodeine interactionOrangeCaffeine, Cytochrome P450 3a4 (cyp3a4) Substrates +2 Moderate
Interaction Summary
Bitter orange might increase blood pressure and heart rate when taken with caffeine.
Read the full Orange + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Dihydrocodeine interactionMarshmallow RootOral Drugs Minor
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, mucilage in marshmallow might impair absorption of oral drugs.
Read the full Marshmallow Root + Acetaminophen, Caffeine, Dihydrocodeine interactionEach ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects
For each ingredient in ParaGone For Kids II with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.
Marshmallow root
Lithium
Theoretically, due to potential diuretic effects, marshmallow might reduce excretion and increase levels of lithium.
Marshmallow is thought to have diuretic properties. To avoid lithium toxicity, the dose of lithium might need to be decreased when used with marshmallow.
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs
Theoretically, marshmallow flower might have antiplatelet effects.
Animal research suggests that marshmallow flower extract has antiplatelet effects. However, the root and leaf of marshmallow, not the flower, are the plant parts most commonly found in dietary supplements. Theoretically, use of marshmallow flower with anticoagulant/antiplatelet drugs can have additive effects, and might increase the risk for bleeding in some patients.
Oral Drugs
Theoretically, mucilage in marshmallow might impair absorption of oral drugs.
Marshmallow contains mucilage which can affect oral drug absorption. To avoid changes in absorption, take marshmallow 30-60 minutes after oral medications.
Clove
Antidiabetes Drugs
Theoretically, concomitant use of clove extracts with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Clinical and laboratory research suggest that polyphenol extracts from clove flower buds might lower blood glucose levels. Dosing adjustments for insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents may be necessary when taken with clove. Monitor blood glucose levels closely.
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates
Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
In vitro research shows that eugenol, the principal constituent of clove, can inhibit CYP1A2 in a dose-dependent manner,. This effect has not been reported in humans.
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (Cyp2C9) Substrates
Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C9.
In vitro research shows that eugenol, the principal constituent of clove, inhibits CYP2C9 in a dose-dependent manner. This effect has not been reported in humans.
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (Cyp2D6) Substrates
Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2D6.
In vitro research shows that eugenol, the principal constituent of clove, can inhibit CYP2D6 in a dose-dependent manner. This effect has not been reported in humans.
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates
Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
In vitro research shows that eugenol, the principal constituent of clove, can inhibit CYP3A4 in a dose-dependent manner. This effect has not been reported in humans.
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs
Theoretically, clove oil may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Laboratory research suggests that eugenol, a constituent of clove, has antiplatelet activity. This interaction has not been reported in humans.
Ibuprofen (Advil, Others)
Theoretically, topical application of clove oil with ibuprofen might increase the absorption and side effects of topical ibuprofen.
Laboratory research shows that topical application of clove oil increases the absorption of topical ibuprofen. This interaction has not been reported in humans.
Orange
Midazolam (Versed)
Bitter orange might increase blood levels of midazolam.
One small clinical study shows that bitter orange juice can increase midazolam levels, likely through inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). Theoretically, bitter orange might increase the risk of midazolam-related adverse effects.
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (Maois)
Theoretically, taking MAOIs with synephrine-containing bitter orange preparations might increase the hypertensive effects of synephrine, potentially leading to hypertensive crisis.
Bitter orange contains tyramine, octopamine, and synephrine, which are MAO substrates.
Antidiabetes Drugs
Theoretically, bitter orange might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Some clinical research shows that drinking a tea containing bitter orange and Indian snakeroot reduces fasting and postprandial glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes who are using antidiabetes drugs. However, it is unclear if these effects are due to bitter orange, Indian snakeroot, or the combination. An animal study also shows that p-synephrine in combination with gliclazide , a sulfonylurea, causes an additional 20% to 44% decrease in glucose levels when compared with gliclazide alone.
Caffeine
Bitter orange might increase blood pressure and heart rate when taken with caffeine.
Small clinical studies show that taking bitter orange in combination with caffeine can increase blood pressure and heart rate in otherwise healthy normotensive adults. Theoretically, this might increase the risk of serious cardiovascular adverse effects.
Colchicine
Bitter orange might affect colchicine levels.
Colchicine is a substrate of P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). Bitter orange has been reported to inhibit CYP3A4 and increase levels of CYP3A4 substrates. However, one small clinical study in healthy adults shows that drinking bitter orange juice 240 mL twice daily for 4 days and taking a single dose of colchicine 0.6 mg on the 4th day decreases colchicine peak serum levels by 24%, time to peak serum level by 1 hour, and overall exposure to colchicine by 20%. The clinical significance of this finding is unclear.
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates
Bitter orange might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Small clinical studies suggest that single or multiple doses of freshly squeezed bitter orange juice 200-240 mL can inhibit CYP3A4 metabolism of drugs, causing increased drug levels and potentially increasing the risk of adverse effects. However, the extent of the effect of bitter orange on CYP3A4-mediated drug interactions is unknown. Some evidence suggests that bitter orange selectively inhibits intestinal CYP3A4, but not hepatic CYP3A4. Its effect on P-glycoprotein, which strongly overlaps with CYP3A4 interactions, is unclear. One small clinical study shows that drinking 8 ounces of freshly squeezed bitter orange juice has no effect on cyclosporine, which seems to be more dependent on hepatic CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein than intestinal CYP3A4.
Dextromethorphan (Robitussin Dm, Others)
Bitter orange might increase blood levels of dextromethorphan.
One small clinical study shows that bitter orange juice increases dextromethorphan levels, likely through cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibition. Theoretically, bitter orange might increase the risk for dextromethorphan-related adverse effects.
Felodipine (Plendil)
Bitter orange might increase blood levels of felodipine.
One small clinical study shows that bitter orange juice increases felodipine levels, likely through cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibition. Theoretically, bitter orange might increase the risk for felodipine-related adverse effects.
Indinavir (Crixivan)
Bitter orange might increase blood levels of indinavir.
One small clinical study shows that bitter orange juice slightly increases indinavir levels, but this effect is likely to be clinically insignificant. Bitter orange selectively inhibits intestinal cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4); however, the metabolism of indinavir seems to be more dependent on hepatic CYP3A4. The effect of bitter orange on other protease inhibitors has not been studied.
Qt Interval-Prolonging Drugs
Theoretically, bitter orange might have an additive effect when combined with drugs that prolong the QT interval, potentially increasing the risk of ventricular arrhythmias.
One case report suggests that taking bitter orange in combination with other stimulants such as caffeine might prolong the QT interval in some patients.
Sildenafil (Viagra)
Bitter orange juice might increase blood levels of sildenafil.
A small clinical study in healthy adult males shows that drinking freshly squeezed bitter orange juice 250 mL daily for 3 days and taking a single dose of sildenafil 50 mg on the 3rd day increases the peak plasma concentration of sildenafil by 18% and the overall exposure to sildenafil by 44%. Theoretically, this may be due to inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 by bitter orange.
Stimulant Drugs
Theoretically, bitter orange might increase the risk of hypertension and adverse cardiovascular effects when taken with stimulant drugs.
Bitter orange appears to have stimulant effects.
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (Cyp2D6) Substrates
Theoretically, bitter orange might increase levels of drug metabolized by CYP2D6.
In vitro research shows that octopamine, a constituent of bitter orange, weakly inhibits CYP2D6 enzymes. This effect has not been reported in humans.
Wormwood
Anticonvulsants
Theoretically, taking wormwood might interfere with the effects of anticonvulsant drugs.
Thujone, a constituent of wormwood, has convulsant effects.
Brand information
Manufacturer and brand details for ParaGone For Kids II, from the product label.
Renew Life
- Name
- Renew Life Formulas
- City
- Clearwater
- State
- FL
- ZipCode
- 33765
- Phone Number
- 866-450-1787
- Web Address
- www.renewlife.com
ParaGone For Kids II by Renew Life: Common Questions
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Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy
Not sure if ParaGone For Kids II is safe with your meds?
Our pharmacists answer your medication & supplement questions — free.
Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.
The Full Monographs Behind ParaGone For Kids II’s Ingredients
Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.
Clove
Interacts with 977 drugsClove is a common cooking spice that is also used in traditional medicine, especially as a topical numbing agent for tooth pain thanks to its main compound, eugenol. Food amounts are general...
Read the full Clove monograph → Herb & supplement monographBlack Walnut
Black walnut is a tree whose green hulls are traditionally used as a natural antiparasitic and digestive remedy, but solid human evidence for these uses is lacking. It contains a compound ca...
Read the full Black Walnut monograph → Herb & supplement monographMarshmallow
Interacts with 2,040 drugsMarshmallow root is a traditional herb rich in soothing, gel-like fibers called mucilage, which is why it has long been used for coughs, sore throats, and stomach irritation. Evidence for th...
Read the full Marshmallow monograph → Herb & supplement monographBitter Orange
Interacts with 957 drugsBitter orange is a citrus fruit whose extracts contain synephrine, a mild stimulant often added to weight-loss and energy supplements. Evidence that it works for weight loss or performance i...
Read the full Bitter Orange monograph → Herb & supplement monographWormwood
Interacts with 50 drugsWormwood is a very bitter herb traditionally used to stimulate appetite and ease digestion, and it has early research interest in Crohn's disease. It contains thujone, which can be toxic in...
Read the full Wormwood monograph →Sources & How We Checked
ParaGone For Kids II's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.
- NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) — The official product label on file for this supplement.
- Natural Medicines (Therapeutic Research Center) — Evidence-graded clinical reference behind the ingredient interaction data.
Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.
The 91 references behind this product’s interaction data
Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.
Clove 26 references
- The Review of Natural Products by Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis, MO: Wolters Kluwer Co., 1999.
- Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21. Part 182 -- Substances Generally Recognized As Safe. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=182
- Kanerva L, Estlander T, Jolanki R. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from spices. Contact Dermatitis 1996;35:157-62. PubMed
- Chen SJ, Wang MH, Chen IJ. Antiplatelet and calcium inhibitory properties of eugenol and sodium eugenol acetate. Gen Pharmacol 1996;27:629-33. PubMed
- Malson JL, Lee EM, Murty R, et al. Clove cigarette smoking: biochemical, physiological, and subjective effects. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2003;74:739-45. PubMed
- Kirsch CM, Yenokida GG, Jensen WA, et al. Non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema due to the intravenous administration of clove oil. Thorax 1990;45:235-6. PubMed
- Pallares, D. E. Link between clove cigarettes and urticaria? Postgrad.Med 10-1-1999;106(4):153. PubMed
- Barnard, D. R. Repellency of essential oils to mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol. 1999;36(5):625-629. PubMed
- Sanchez-Perez, J. and Garcia-Diez, A. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from eugenol, oil of cinnamon and oil of cloves in a physiotherapist. Contact Dermatitis 1999;41(6):346-347. PubMed
- Andersen, K. E., Johansen, J. D., Bruze, M., Frosch, P. J., Goossens, A., Lepoittevin, J. P., Rastogi, S., White, I., and Menne, T. The time-dose-response relationship for elicitation of contact dermatitis in isoeugenol allergic individuals. Toxicol.Appl PubMed
- Alqareer, A., Alyahya, A., and Andersson, L. The effect of clove and benzocaine versus placebo as topical anesthetics. J Dent 2006;34(10):747-750. PubMed
- Lane, B. W., Ellenhorn, M. J., Hulbert, T. V., and McCarron, M. Clove oil ingestion in an infant. Hum.Exp Toxicol. 1991;10(4):291-294. PubMed
- Quirce, S., Fernandez-Nieto, M., del, Pozo, V, Sastre, B., and Sastre, J. Occupational asthma and rhinitis caused by eugenol in a hairdresser. Allergy 2008;63(1):137-138. PubMed
- Srivastava, K. C. and Malhotra, N. Acetyl eugenol, a component of oil of cloves (Syzygium aromaticum L.) inhibits aggregation and alters arachidonic acid metabolism in human blood platelets. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 1991;42(1):73-81. PubMed
- Dyrbye, B. A., Dubois, L., Vink, R., and Horn, J. A patient with clove oil intoxication. Anaesth.Intensive Care 2012;40(2):365-366.
- Guidotti, T. L., Laing, L., and Prakash, U. B. Clove cigarettes. The basis for concern regarding health effects. West J Med 1989;151(2):220-228.
- Anonymous. Evaluation of the health hazard of clove cigarettes. Council on Scientific Affairs. JAMA 12-23-1988;260(24):3641-3644. DOI
- Romaguera, C., Alomar, A., Camarasa, J. M., Garcia, Bravo B., Garcia, Perez A., Grimalt, F., Guerra, P., Lopez, Gorretcher B., Pascual, A. M., Miranda, A., and . Contact dermatitis in children. Contact Dermatitis 1985;12(5):283-284. PubMed
- Hackett, P. H., Rodriguez, G., and Roach, R. C. Clove cigarettes and high-altitude pulmonary edema. JAMA 6-28-1985;253(24):3551-3552. DOI
- Isaacs, G. Permanent local anaesthesia and anhidrosis after clove oil spillage. Lancet 4-16-1983;1(8329):882. PubMed
- Saeed, S. A. and Gilani, A. H. Antithrombotic activity of clove oil. J Pak Med Assoc 1994;44(5):112-115.
- Hartnoll, G., Moore, D., and Douek, D. Near fatal ingestion of oil of cloves. Arch.Dis Child 1993;69(3):392-393. PubMed
- Srivastava, K. C. Antiplatelet principles from a food spice clove (Syzygium aromaticum L) [corrected]. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 1993;48(5):363-372.
- Jiang Q, Wu Y, Zhang H, et al. Development of essential oils as skin permeation enhancers: penetration enhancement effect and mechanism of action. Pharmaceutical Biol. 2017;55(1):1592-1600. PubMed
- Mohan R, Jose S, Mulakkal J, Karpinsky-Semper D, Swick AG, Krishnakumar IM. Water-soluble polyphenol-rich clove extract lowers pre- and post-prandial blood glucose levels in healthy and prediabetic volunteers: an open label pilot study. BMC Complement Alt PubMed
- Alharbi NFM, Ahad A, Bin Jardan YA, Al-Jenoobi FI. Effect of eugenol on cytochrome P450 1A2, 2C9, 2D6, and 3A4 activity in human liver microsomes. Saudi Pharm J 2024;32(7):102118. PubMed
Black Walnut 3 references
- Blumenthal M, ed. The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Trans. S. Klein. Boston, MA: American Botanical Council, 1998.
- McGuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R, Goldberg A, eds. American Herbal Products Association's Botanical Safety Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, LLC 1997.
- Food and Drug Administration. Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004 (FALCPA); Public Law 108-282, Title II. Accessed on May 19, 2021. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/food/food-allergensgluten-free-guidance-documents-regulatory-infor
Marshmallow 5 references
- Monographs on the medicinal uses of plant drugs. Exeter, UK: European Scientific Co-op Phytother, 1997.
- Leung AY, Foster S. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics. 2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
- McGuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R, Goldberg A, eds. American Herbal Products Association's Botanical Safety Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, LLC 1997.
- Brinker F. Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 2nd ed. Sandy, OR: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1998.
- Hage-Sleiman R, Mroueh M, Daher CF. Pharmacological evaluation of aqueous extract of Althaea officinalis flower grown in Lebanon. Pharm Biol 2011;49(3):327-33.
Bitter Orange 47 references
- Penzak SR, Jann MW, Cold JA, et al. Seville (sour) orange juice: synephrine content and cardiovascular effects in normotensive adults. J Clin Pharmacol 2001;41:1059-63. PubMed
- Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21. Part 182 -- Substances Generally Recognized As Safe. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=182
- Calapai G, Firenzuoli F, Saitta A, et al. Antiobesity and cardiovascular toxic effects of Citrus aurantium extracts in the rat: A preliminary report. Fitoterapia 1999;70:586-92. DOI
- Keogh AM, Baron DW. Sympathomimetic abuse and coronary artery spasm. Br Med J 1985;291:940.
- Malhotra S, Bailey DG, Paine MF, Watkins PB. Seville orange juice-felodipine interaction: comparison with dilute grapefruit juice and involvement of furocoumarins. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001;69:14-23. PubMed
- Pellati F, Benvenuti S, Melegari M, Firenzuoli F. Determination of adrenergic agonists from extracts and herbal products of Citrus aurantium L. var. amara by LC. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002;29:1113-9. . PubMed
- Colker CM, Kalman DS, Torina GC, et al. Effects of Citrus aurantium extract, caffeine, and St. John's wort on body fat loss, lipid levels, and mood states in overweight healthy adults. Curr Ther Res 1999;60:145-153. DOI
- Penzak SR, Acosta EP, Turner M, et al. Effect of Seville orange juice and grapefruit juice on indinavir pharmacokinetics. J Clin Pharmacol 2002;42:1165-70. PubMed
- Edwards DJ, Fitzsimmons ME, Schuetz EG, et al. 6',7'-Dihydroxybergamottin in grapefruit juice and Seville orange juice: effects on cyclosporine disposition, enterocyte CYP3A4, and P-glycoprotein. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999;65:237-44. PubMed
- Di Marco MP, Edwards DJ, Wainer IW, Ducharme MP. The effect of grapefruit juice and seville orange juice on the pharmacokinetics of dextromethorphan: the role of gut CYP3A and P-glycoprotein. Life Sci 2002;71:1149-60. PubMed
- Visentin V, Morin N, Fontana E, et al. Dual action of octopamine on glucose transport into adipocytes: inhibition via beta3-adrenoceptor activation and stimulation via oxidation by amine oxidases. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001;299:96-104.
- Nykamp DL, Fackih MN, Compton AL. Possible association of acute lateral-wall myocardial infarction and bitter orange supplement. Ann Pharmacother 2004;38:812-6. PubMed
- Fugh-Berman A, Myers A. Citrus aurantium, an ingredient of dietary supplements marketed for weight loss: Current status of clinical and basic Research. Exp Biol Med 2004;229:698-704.
- Suzuki O, Matsumoto T, Oya M, Katsumata Y. Oxidation of synephrine by type A and type B monoamine oxidase. Experientia 1979;35:1283-4. PubMed
- Nasir JM, Durning SJ, Ferguson M, et al. Exercise-induced syncope associated with QT prolongation and ephedra-free Xenadrine. Mayo Clin Proc 2004;79:1059-62.. PubMed
- Firenzuoli F, Gori L, Galapai C. Adverse reaction to an adrenergic herbal extract (Citrus aurantium). Phytomedicine 2005;12:247-8. PubMed
- Bouchard NC, Howland MA, Greller HA, et al. Ischemic stroke associated with use of an ephedra-free dietary supplement containing synephrine. Mayo Clin Proc 2005;80:541-5. PubMed
- Haller CA, Benowitz NL, Jacob P 3rd. Hemodynamic effects of ephedra-free weight-loss supplements in humans. Am J Med 2005;118:998-1003.. PubMed
- Bui LT, Nguyen DT, Ambrose PJ. Blood pressure and heart rate effects following a single dose of bitter orange. Ann Pharmacother 2006;40:53-7. PubMed
- Min B, Cios D, Kluger J, White CM. Absence of QTc-interval-prolonging or hemodynamic effects of a single dose of bitter-orange extract in healthy subjects. Pharmacotherapy 2005;25:1719-24. PubMed
- Gange CA, Madias C, Felix-Getzik EM, et al. Variant angina associated with bitter orange in a dietary supplement. Mayo Clin Proc 2006;81:545-8. PubMed
- Jordan S, Murty M, Pilon K. Products containing bitter orange or synephrine: suspected cardiovascular adverse reactions. Canadian Adverse Reaction Newsletter 2004;14:3-4.
- Burke J, Seda G, Allen D, Knee TS. A case of severe exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis associated with a weight loss dietary supplement. Mil Med 2007;172:656-8. PubMed
- Gray, S. and Woolf, A. D. Citrus aurantium used for weight loss by an adolescent with anorexia nervosa. J Adolesc.Health 2005;37(5):414-415. PubMed
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