Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Based on 6 of 7 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Paratrex Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Global Healing Center

Paratrex label
See full label image
Capsule Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 9, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Paratrex against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Paratrex is a dietary supplement by Global Healing Center with 7 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for general wellness and energy, gut health, antioxidant support.Based on those ingredients, 1,176 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are organic Neem, organic Clove, Fulvic Acid. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Paratrex by Global Healing Center

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Paratrex by Global Healing Center — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Paratrex by Global Healing Center

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 11, 2026

What’s inside

Low disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Low

Most active ingredients don't disclose an individual amount — you can't tell how much of each you're getting.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 0 of its 7 active ingredients.
  • “Proprietary Blend” is a proprietary blend — the label gives one combined amount (1,819 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.

Paratrex contains seven ingredients in a proprietary blend. The active components include fulvic acid (a soil-derived compound), diatomaceous earth (a silica-based mineral), organic clove, organic neem, wildcrafted epazote, organic black walnut, and wildcrafted wormwood.

The capsule itself and the inactive ingredients—vegetable capsule material, organic gum acacia, and organic rice—are fillers and binders. Each of these botanicals and minerals has been traditionally used for different purposes: fulvic acid for mineral absorption, clove for oral health and digestion, neem for skin and gum health, wormwood for digestive support, and black walnut for general wellness.

The blend is meant to work together as a cleanse or detox product, though the evidence for most of these uses is limited.

Does it work?

Not established
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Not established

The graded evidence we hold for these ingredients covers different conditions than the ones this product is marketed for, so there's no established rating for its stated use.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: create environment hostile to harmful organisms.
  • We looked for evidence on: Intestinal parasite infection, Insect repellent, Mosquito repellent, parasitic infection, antimicrobial cleanse, pathogenic organisms.
  • The closest evidence on file: Clove is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Mosquito repellent (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Neem is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Intestinal parasite infection, Insect repellent.

The evidence supporting Paratrex's ingredients is sparse. Clove shows possibly effective evidence for ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)—a serious lung infection in hospitalized patients on breathing machines.

Neem is possibly effective for gingivitis (gum inflammation), lice, and dental plaque. For nearly everything else in this blend—fulvic acid's effects on respiratory infections, lead toxicity, eczema, and fatigue; black walnut for heart disease and wound healing; wormwood for biliary disorders, Crohn disease, depression, and arthritis—the evidence we have is insufficient to rate these claims.

Diatomaceous earth's effectiveness for high cholesterol is also not reliably established in our data.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Fulvic Acid Diatomaceous Earth Clove Neem Black Walnut Wormwood

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 6 of the 6 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 5 of 6.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 6 of 6.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Short-term use of fulvic acid appears generally well tolerated, though high-quality human safety data is limited. The most common side effects from trial evidence are diarrhea, headache, and sore throat.

Clove is safe as a food spice but can be irritating or toxic in large concentrated doses; medicinal amounts and essential oils carry serious risks, especially in children. Neem leaf preparations are likely safe short-term for adults, but neem oil and seed extracts can be toxic if swallowed, causing cardiac problems and kidney damage in rare cases.

Wormwood contains thujone, a neurotoxin; short-term use of properly prepared products may be acceptable, but higher amounts can cause kidney toxicity, seizures, and muscle breakdown. Black walnut's nut is well tolerated, but its leaf, bark, and hull contain tannins that cause gastrointestinal upset and skin irritation; tree nuts are a major food allergen.

For pregnancy and breastfeeding: fulvic acid and wormwood data advise against use in pregnancy due to insufficient safety information and (for wormwood) uterine stimulation risk. Clove is considered likely safe in pregnancy.

Neem and black walnut data advise against use in both pregnancy and breastfeeding due to insufficient information or possible unsafe effects. Diatomaceous earth data advise against use in pregnancy and breastfeeding.

We hold no pregnancy/breastfeeding data for epazote.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Fulvic Acid Diatomaceous Earth Clove Neem Black Walnut Wormwood

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 4 of the 6 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Clove, Neem, Wormwood, Fulvic Acid.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; seizure medications; immunosuppressants / transplant drugs; diabetes medications.
  • For scale: 1,177 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before you take Paratrex, check your medications against these categories. Most serious: blood thinners (anticoagulants) and antiplatelet drugs may become less effective.

Also moderate-severity: diabetes medications (risk of low blood sugar), thyroid hormone therapy, immunosuppressants, and drugs metabolized by CYP2D6, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, CYP2C9, CYP2C8, and P-glycoprotein transport—all may have increased levels or reduced effectiveness. Minor: topical ibuprofen absorption may increase.

Seizure-prevention drugs may be less effective. Use the medication checker on this page with your exact drugs.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFormula with limited ingredient disclosure with no established evidence rating for its marketed use. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

Paratrex is a multi-ingredient botanical blend with limited evidence for its marketed uses and a number of documented interactions with common medications. If you take blood thinners, diabetes medication, seizure prevention drugs, thyroid hormone, immunosuppressants, or any drug metabolized by your liver's CYP enzymes, you'll want to check this product against your specific medications before starting.

Talk with your pharmacist or doctor before use, especially if you're pregnant, breastfeeding, or managing a chronic condition.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 6 of 7 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Jul 23, 2020.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Paratrex, straight from the product label.

Brand Global Healing Center
Barcode (UPC) 811839030096
Net contents 120 Capsule(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Jul 23, 2020
DSLD ID 231239
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Capsule
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Vegan, Vegetarian, Adult (18 - 50 Years), Gluten Free
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Paratrex by Global Healing Center, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
3 Capsule(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
3 Capsule(s)
Servings per container
40
UPC/BARCODE
811839030096
IngredientAmount% DV
Proprietary Blend1819 mg--
Fulvic Acid0 NP--
Diatomaceous Earth0 NP--
organic Clove0 NP--
organic Neem0 NP--
wildcrafted Epazote0 NP--
organic Black Walnut0 NP--
wildcrafted Wormwood0 NP--

Other ingredients: Vegetable Capsule, organic Gum Acacia, organic Rice

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested Use Take 3 capsules 20 minutes before breakfast and 20 mites before lunch. For best results use for 40 days (requires additional bottle). Drink plenty of water while using Paratrex. After the initial 40 days, take 5 capsules 2-3 times weekly as needed or as recommended by your healthcare provider.

Formulation

Paratrex is a unique formula designed to create an environment hostile to harmful organisms and promote a cleansing of your system.

Harmful organism cleanse formula

GMO free Gluten free

Vegan

Precautions

Warning: Keep out of reach of children.

Do not take if pregnant or nursing.

Consult your healthcare provider for any additional concerns.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

General Statements

Global Healing since 1998

No Animal Testing

FDA Statement of Identity

All Natural Dietary Supplement

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Paratrex by Global Healing Center label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Paratrex label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Paratrex by Global Healing Center

These are the 7 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size3 Capsule(s) Dosage formCapsule Servings per container40 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Proprietary Blend

1819 mg per serving

Other (inactive) ingredients: Vegetable Capsule, Organic Gum Acacia, Organic Rice. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Paratrex by Global Healing Center Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Paratrex?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
1,176Drugs
1,176 Moderate

Ingredients driving the most interactions

organic Neem 1,013
organic Clove 977
Fulvic Acid 257
wildcrafted Wormwood 50

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Paratrex interact with 1,176 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

4 of the 7 ingredients in Paratrex interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. organic Neem organic Clove Fulvic Acid wildcrafted Wormwood

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Paratrex with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

organic Neem7 drug types · 1,013 drugs

Antidiabetes Drugs

Neem might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Some clinical research shows that neem can lower blood glucose levels in adults with type 2 diabetes, including those already taking metformin.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Theoretically, neem leaf extract might increase the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
In vitro research shows that neem leaf extract inhibits CYP1A2 enzymes. So far, this reaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2C8 (Cyp2C8) Substrates

Theoretically, neem leaf extract might increase the levels and clinical effects of CYP2C8 substrates.
In vitro research shows that neem leaf methanol extract inhibits CYP2C8 enzymes. So far, this reaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (Cyp2C9) Substrates

Theoretically, neem leaf extract might increase the levels and clinical effects of CYP2C9 substrates.
In vitro research shows that neem leaf methanol extract inhibits CYP2C9 enzymes. So far, this reaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, neem leaf extract might increase the levels and clinical effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
In vitro research shows that neem leaf methanol extract inhibits CYP3A4 enzymes. So far, this reaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Immunosuppressants

Theoretically, neem might decrease the effectiveness of immunosuppressants.
Animal research suggests that neem might have immunostimulant effects.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
P-Glycoprotein Substrates

Theoretically, neem leaf extract might increase the levels and clinical effects of P-glycoprotein substrates.
In vitro research shows that neem leaf methanol extract inhibits renal P-glycoprotein transport activity. So far, this reaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
organic Neem full monograph & interactions

organic Clove7 drug types · 977 drugs

Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, concomitant use of clove extracts with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Clinical and laboratory research suggest that polyphenol extracts from clove flower buds might lower blood glucose levels. Dosing adjustments for insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents may be necessary when taken with clove. Monitor blood glucose levels closely.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
In vitro research shows that eugenol, the principal constituent of clove, can inhibit CYP1A2 in a dose-dependent manner,. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (Cyp2C9) Substrates

Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C9.
In vitro research shows that eugenol, the principal constituent of clove, inhibits CYP2C9 in a dose-dependent manner. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (Cyp2D6) Substrates

Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2D6.
In vitro research shows that eugenol, the principal constituent of clove, can inhibit CYP2D6 in a dose-dependent manner. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, concomitant use of clove may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
In vitro research shows that eugenol, the principal constituent of clove, can inhibit CYP3A4 in a dose-dependent manner. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, clove oil may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Laboratory research suggests that eugenol, a constituent of clove, has antiplatelet activity. This interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence D
Ibuprofen (Advil, Others)

Theoretically, topical application of clove oil with ibuprofen might increase the absorption and side effects of topical ibuprofen.
Laboratory research shows that topical application of clove oil increases the absorption of topical ibuprofen. This interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
organic Clove full monograph & interactions

Fulvic Acid3 drug types · 257 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, taking fulvic acid may decrease the effectiveness of anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs.
In vitro evidence shows that fulvic acid, formed from the oxidation and polymerization of protocatechuic acid, can shorten prothrombin time in human plasma, increasing the risk of clot formation.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Immunosuppressants

Theoretically, taking fulvic acid might decrease the effects of immunosuppressive therapy.
Animal research shows that fulvic acid stimulates immune function.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Thyroid Hormone

Theoretically, taking fulvic acid with thyroid hormone therapy might interfere with the ability to normalize thyroid function.
Animal research shows that fulvic acid increases the plasma level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and decreases the thyroxine (T4):triiodothyronine (T3) ratio.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Fulvic Acid full monograph & interactions

wildcrafted Wormwood1 drug type · 50 drugs

Anticonvulsants

Theoretically, taking wormwood might interfere with the effects of anticonvulsant drugs.
Thujone, a constituent of wormwood, has convulsant effects.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
wildcrafted Wormwood full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Paratrex, from the product label.

Global Healing Center

See all Global Healing Center products
Name
Global Healing Center, LP.
City
Houston
State
Texas
ZipCode
77018
Phone Number
1.800.476.0016
Web Address
www.globalhealingcenter.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Paratrex by Global Healing Center: Common Questions

Does Paratrex by Global Healing Center interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Paratrex has a known interaction with 1,176 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Paratrex contains 7 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Can I take Paratrex if I'm pregnant or breastfeeding?
Data advise against it. Fulvic acid and wormwood do not have enough safety information for pregnancy, and wormwood may stimulate the uterus. Clove is likely safe, but neem, black walnut, and diatomaceous earth have insufficient safety data in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist for personalized advice.
What are the most common side effects?
Fulvic acid can cause diarrhea, headache, and sore throat in some people. Clove at food spice doses is well tolerated, but large medicinal amounts can irritate your mouth and throat. Black walnut's leaf and bark may cause stomach upset due to their tannin content. Neem leaf and diatomaceous earth have limited safety data, so side effect frequency isn't well established.
Does this product actually work for parasites or cleansing?
We don't have reliable evidence in our data showing that Paratrex works for those purposes. Neem is possibly effective for gingivitis and lice, and clove is possibly effective for ventilator-associated pneumonia, but most of the blend's marketed uses lack sufficient evidence to rate.
Is Paratrex safe as a food spice?
Clove and wormwood are used in small amounts in food and cooking, where they're generally accepted as safe. But this product contains concentrated botanical extracts and medicinal doses, which carry different safety considerations than culinary use.
What is fulvic acid and why is it in here?
Fulvic acid is a compound that forms in soil through the breakdown of organic matter. It's included because it's traditionally believed to help with mineral absorption and general wellness, but we don't have strong evidence supporting those claims in our data.
Can I take this with my blood thinner?
No—do not start this product if you take a blood thinner without checking with your pharmacist or doctor first. Fulvic acid and clove may both interfere with how blood thinners work by affecting clot formation.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Paratrex label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Paratrex’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Fulvic Acid

Interacts with 257 drugs

Fulvic acid is a natural compound formed when plants and microbes break down in soil, and it is sold as a supplement for energy, gut, and overall wellness. Human research is very limited, so...

Read the full Fulvic Acid monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Diatomaceous Earth

Diatomaceous earth is a fine powder made from the fossilized shells of tiny algae called diatoms. Only food-grade diatomaceous earth should ever be swallowed, and human evidence for its heal...

Read the full Diatomaceous Earth monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Clove

Interacts with 977 drugs

Clove is a common cooking spice that is also used in traditional medicine, especially as a topical numbing agent for tooth pain thanks to its main compound, eugenol. Food amounts are general...

Read the full Clove monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Neem

Interacts with 1,013 drugs

Neem is a tree from India used for centuries in traditional medicine, especially for skin, dental, and antimicrobial purposes. Some small studies are promising for oral health and skin, but...

Read the full Neem monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Black Walnut

Black walnut is a tree whose green hulls are traditionally used as a natural antiparasitic and digestive remedy, but solid human evidence for these uses is lacking. It contains a compound ca...

Read the full Black Walnut monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Wormwood

Interacts with 50 drugs

Wormwood is a very bitter herb traditionally used to stimulate appetite and ease digestion, and it has early research interest in Crohn's disease. It contains thujone, which can be toxic in...

Read the full Wormwood monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Paratrex's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 76 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Fulvic Acid 3 references
  1. Lu, FJ. Arsenic as a promoter in the effect of humic substances on plasma prothrombin time in vitro. Thromb Res 6-15-1990;58(6):537-541. PubMed
  2. Vucskits, AV, Hullar, I, Bersenyi, A, Andrasofszky, E, Kulcsar, M, Szabo, J. Effect of fulvic and humic acids on performance, immune response and thyroid function in rats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2010;94(6):721-728. PubMed
  3. Gandy JJ, Meeding JP, Snyman JR, et al. Phase 1 clinical study of the acute and subacute safety and proof-of-concept efficacy of carbohydrate-derived fulvic acid. Clin Pharmacol. 2012;4:7-11. PubMed

See these in context on the Fulvic Acid monograph →

Diatomaceous Earth 6 references
  1. Rushton L. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and occupational exposure to silica. Rev Environ Health 2007;22(4):255-72. PubMed
  2. Gallagher LG, Park RM, Checkoway H. Extended follow-up of lung cancer and non-malignant respiratory disease mortality among California diatomaceous earth workers. Occup Environ Med. 2015;72(5):360-5. PubMed
  3. Moisan S, Rucay P, Ghali A, Penneau-Fontbonne D, Lavigne C. Silica-associated limited systemic sclerosis after occupational exposure to calcined diatomaceous earth. Joint Bone Spine. 2010;77(5):472-3. PubMed
  4. Park R, Rice F, Stayner L, Smith R, Gilbert S, Checkoway H. Exposure to crystalline silica, silicosis, and lung disease other than cancer in diatomaceous earth industry workers: a quantitative risk assessment. Occup Environ Med. 2002;59(1):36-43. PubMed
  5. Nattrass C, Horwell CJ, Damby DE, Kermanizadeh A, Brown DM, Stone V. The global variability of diatomaceous earth toxicity: a physicochemical and in vitro investigation. J Occup Med Toxicol. 2015 10;10:23. PubMed
  6. Wachter H, Lechleitner M, Artner-Dworzak E, Hausen A, Jarosch E, Widner B, Patsch J, Pfeiffer K, Fuchs D. Diatomaceous earth lowers blood cholesterol concentrations. Eur J Med Res. 1998 8;3(4):211-5.

See these in context on the Diatomaceous Earth monograph →

Clove 26 references
  1. The Review of Natural Products by Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis, MO: Wolters Kluwer Co., 1999.
  2. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21. Part 182 -- Substances Generally Recognized As Safe. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=182
  3. Kanerva L, Estlander T, Jolanki R. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from spices. Contact Dermatitis 1996;35:157-62. PubMed
  4. Chen SJ, Wang MH, Chen IJ. Antiplatelet and calcium inhibitory properties of eugenol and sodium eugenol acetate. Gen Pharmacol 1996;27:629-33. PubMed
  5. Malson JL, Lee EM, Murty R, et al. Clove cigarette smoking: biochemical, physiological, and subjective effects. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2003;74:739-45. PubMed
  6. Kirsch CM, Yenokida GG, Jensen WA, et al. Non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema due to the intravenous administration of clove oil. Thorax 1990;45:235-6. PubMed
  7. Pallares, D. E. Link between clove cigarettes and urticaria? Postgrad.Med 10-1-1999;106(4):153. PubMed
  8. Barnard, D. R. Repellency of essential oils to mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol. 1999;36(5):625-629. PubMed
  9. Sanchez-Perez, J. and Garcia-Diez, A. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from eugenol, oil of cinnamon and oil of cloves in a physiotherapist. Contact Dermatitis 1999;41(6):346-347. PubMed
  10. Andersen, K. E., Johansen, J. D., Bruze, M., Frosch, P. J., Goossens, A., Lepoittevin, J. P., Rastogi, S., White, I., and Menne, T. The time-dose-response relationship for elicitation of contact dermatitis in isoeugenol allergic individuals. Toxicol.Appl PubMed
  11. Alqareer, A., Alyahya, A., and Andersson, L. The effect of clove and benzocaine versus placebo as topical anesthetics. J Dent 2006;34(10):747-750. PubMed
  12. Lane, B. W., Ellenhorn, M. J., Hulbert, T. V., and McCarron, M. Clove oil ingestion in an infant. Hum.Exp Toxicol. 1991;10(4):291-294. PubMed
  13. Quirce, S., Fernandez-Nieto, M., del, Pozo, V, Sastre, B., and Sastre, J. Occupational asthma and rhinitis caused by eugenol in a hairdresser. Allergy 2008;63(1):137-138. PubMed
  14. Srivastava, K. C. and Malhotra, N. Acetyl eugenol, a component of oil of cloves (Syzygium aromaticum L.) inhibits aggregation and alters arachidonic acid metabolism in human blood platelets. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 1991;42(1):73-81. PubMed
  15. Dyrbye, B. A., Dubois, L., Vink, R., and Horn, J. A patient with clove oil intoxication. Anaesth.Intensive Care 2012;40(2):365-366.
  16. Guidotti, T. L., Laing, L., and Prakash, U. B. Clove cigarettes. The basis for concern regarding health effects. West J Med 1989;151(2):220-228.
  17. Anonymous. Evaluation of the health hazard of clove cigarettes. Council on Scientific Affairs. JAMA 12-23-1988;260(24):3641-3644. DOI
  18. Romaguera, C., Alomar, A., Camarasa, J. M., Garcia, Bravo B., Garcia, Perez A., Grimalt, F., Guerra, P., Lopez, Gorretcher B., Pascual, A. M., Miranda, A., and . Contact dermatitis in children. Contact Dermatitis 1985;12(5):283-284. PubMed
  19. Hackett, P. H., Rodriguez, G., and Roach, R. C. Clove cigarettes and high-altitude pulmonary edema. JAMA 6-28-1985;253(24):3551-3552. DOI
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Neem 28 references
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See these in context on the Neem monograph →

Black Walnut 3 references
  1. Blumenthal M, ed. The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Trans. S. Klein. Boston, MA: American Botanical Council, 1998.
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  3. Food and Drug Administration. Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004 (FALCPA); Public Law 108-282, Title II. Accessed on May 19, 2021. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/food/food-allergensgluten-free-guidance-documents-regulatory-infor

See these in context on the Black Walnut monograph →

Wormwood 10 references
  1. Weisbord SD, Soule JB, Kimmel PL. Poison on line-acute renal failure caused by oil of wormwood purchased through the internet. N Engl J Med 1997;337:825-7. PubMed
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See these in context on the Wormwood monograph →

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DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

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