Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Based on 3 of 9 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

PRO-Moms Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Hyperbiotics

PRO-Moms label
See full label image
Tablet Or Pill Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking PRO-Moms against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

PRO-Moms is a dietary supplement by Hyperbiotics with 9 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for replacing fluids and electrolytes, preventing dehydration during exercise or illness, treating low blood sodium (under medical care).Based on those ingredients, 503 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Actazin Kiwifruit Powder, Sodium, L. acidophilus. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against PRO-Moms by Hyperbiotics

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with PRO-Moms by Hyperbiotics — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of PRO-Moms by Hyperbiotics

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Sep 3, 2026

What’s inside

Low disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Low

Most active ingredients don't disclose an individual amount — you can't tell how much of each you're getting.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 2 of its 9 active ingredients.

PRO-Moms contains 9 active ingredients, including sodium, five strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium probiotics (L. rhamnosus, L. plantarum, B. infantis, L. acidophilus, L. fermentum, and L. reuteri), a proprietary probiotic blend, and Actazin kiwifruit powder. These probiotics are live organisms meant to support digestive and immune health, while the kiwifruit powder may contribute fiber and nutrients.

The tablet also contains inactive ingredients—microcrystalline cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, pectin, sodium carbonate, stearic acid, and guar gum—which serve as binders, fillers, and capsule materials.

Does it work?

Moderate evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Moderate

Some clinical evidence supports this product's ingredients for its stated purpose, but it isn't conclusive.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: digestive health and regularity support during pregnancy.
  • We looked for evidence on: Antibiotic-associated diarrhea, Constipation, Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), Lactose intolerance, Pregnancy-induced nausea and vomiting, gut flora balance — and 1 related terms.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Lactobacillus Acidophilus is rated "Possibly Effective" for Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Lactobacillus Acidophilus is rated "Possibly Effective" for Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
  • Also on file: Lactobacillus Acidophilus is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Constipation, Lactose intolerance, Pregnancy-induced nausea and vomiting.

The evidence we hold is limited and mixed. For L. acidophilus, we have possibly effective ratings for irritable bowel syndrome, Helicobacter pylori infection, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and bacterial vaginosis; it's possibly ineffective for atopic disease, and the evidence for acute respiratory distress syndrome isn't established.

For kiwifruit powder, the evidence isn't established for asthma, constipation, high blood pressure, or irritable bowel syndrome. Sodium itself has a likely effective rating for cystic fibrosis and a possibly effective rating for amphotericin B nephrotoxicity (kidney damage from a specific antibiotic), but insufficient evidence for bipolar disorder and congestive heart failure.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Sodium Lactobacillus Acidophilus Kiwi

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 3 of the 3 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 3 of 3.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 3 of 3.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Sodium is generally well tolerated when used in moderation up to the recommended daily level of 2.3 grams, but too much is linked to high blood pressure and heart strain. L. acidophilus is generally well tolerated in healthy adults and children, though rarely it may cause gastrointestinal side effects like bloating, flatulence, or abdominal discomfort.

Very rarely, live organisms can cause serious infection in certain patients. Kiwifruit is generally well tolerated as a food, though some people have hypersensitivity reactions (mouth or throat swelling, itching, or rarely anaphylaxis) immediately after eating it.

For pregnancy and lactation, sodium is rated likely safe and possibly unsafe (ratings differ); L. acidophilus is possibly safe during pregnancy, with no data on file for lactation; kiwifruit powder is likely safe during pregnancy and lactation.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Sodium Lactobacillus Acidophilus Kiwi

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 3 of the 3 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Lactobacillus Acidophilus, Kiwi, Sodium.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; lithium.
  • For scale: 503 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before taking PRO-Moms, double-check with your doctor or pharmacist if you take blood pressure medications (antihypertensive drugs)—sodium can reduce their effectiveness. Also flag antibiotic drugs, which may lower L. acidophilus activity; blood thinners and antiplatelet drugs like warfarin or aspirin, where kiwifruit may increase bleeding risk; corticosteroids (steroid medications); lithium; didanosine; sodium phosphates; tolvaptan; or any other sodium-containing drugs.

Altogether, these interactions span 503 individual medications.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFormula with limited ingredient disclosure with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

PRO-Moms may be worth considering if you're looking for a probiotic supplement to support digestive health and you don't take blood pressure medications, blood thinners, antibiotics, lithium, or steroid medications. Be careful if you have high blood pressure, heart disease, or kidney problems, or if you're on any of those medication types—check with your doctor or pharmacist first.

Talk it over with your healthcare provider before starting, especially if you take any prescription medications or have known kiwi allergy.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 3 of 9 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Sep 22, 2022.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about PRO-Moms, straight from the product label.

Brand Hyperbiotics
Barcode (UPC) 9506000058566
Net contents 30 Patented, Time-Release Tablet(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Sep 22, 2022
DSLD ID 270196
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Tablet Or Pill
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Vegetarian, Pregnant Women, Adult Female (18 - 50 Years), Lactating, Gluten Free, Dairy Free
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for PRO-Moms by Hyperbiotics, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
1 Tablet(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
1 Tablet(s)
Servings per container
30
UPC/BARCODE
9506000058566
IngredientAmount% DV
Total Carbohydrates1 Gram(s)1%, 1%
Sodium5 mg1%, 1%
Total Sugars0 Gram(s)--
added Sugars0 Gram(s)1%, 1%
L. rhamnosus0 NP--
L. plantarum0 NP--
B. infantis0 NP--
Proprietary Probiotic Blend0 NP--
L. acidophilus0 NP--
L. fermentum0 NP--
L. reuteri0 NP--
Actazin Kiwifruit Powder250 mg--

Other ingredients: Microcrystalline Cellulose, Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose, Pectin, Sodium Carbonate, Stearic Acid, Guar Gum

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
General Statements

For more information on gut health and to reorder, visit hyperbiotics.com

Visit hyperbiotics.com/why to understand the science behind the survivability.

Please recycle

15x more survivability!

Formula

With a patented delivery method, PRO-Moms ensures 15x more survivability than standard capsules, reaching deep into your intestinal tract alive. (US Patent No. 8,007,777 & 7,150,623)

Kiwifruit powder, comprised entirely of the New Zealand kiwifruit, is a whole food, superfruit ingredient that helps your probiotics colonize, supports digestion, and helps support regularity, which is useful during pregnancy.

For expecting & nursing women

5 billion CFU 6 strains With Kiwifruit

At the time of manufacture. Minimum of 1.5 billion CFU at expiration. Adds a negligible amount of sugar.

Precautions

Note: As with any dietary supplement, consult your healthcare professional. Do not use if tamper-evident seal is broken or missing.

Keep out of reach of children.

Seals/Symbols

Made in the USA

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

When taken regularly as part of a balanced diet and healthy lifestyle.

Daily Maintenance: Take 1 tablet per day with or without food. Intense Support: Take up to 3 tablets per day.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

Formulation

With US and worldwide ingredients

Vegetarian

Dairy free Gluten free

This formula is dairy free.

Vegetarian; non-GMO; yeast free; no dairy, no soy, no gluten, no wheat, no nuts, no preservatives, no sugar, no artificial colors or flavors.

Brand IP Statement(s)

Actazin is a registered trademark of Anagenix LTD. BIO-tract and LiveBac are registered trademarks of Probi USA, Inc.

FDA Statement of Identity

Premium Probiotic Supplement

Storage

No Refrigeration Necessary: Once opened, store in a cool, dry place.

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

PRO-Moms by Hyperbiotics label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

PRO-Moms label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in PRO-Moms by Hyperbiotics

These are the 9 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size1 Tablet(s) Dosage formTablet Or Pill Servings per container30 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Sodium

Interacts with
205 drugs
5 mg per serving

Sodium is an essential mineral and electrolyte your body needs to balance fluids, support nerves, and help muscles work. Most people in modern diets g...

Sodium monograph & interactions

L. rhamnosus

0 NP per serving

L. plantarum

0 NP per serving

B. infantis

0 NP per serving

Proprietary Probiotic Blend

0 NP per serving

L. acidophilus

Interacts with
182 drugs
0 NP per serving

Lactobacillus acidophilus is a 'friendly' bacterium used as a probiotic to support gut and vaginal health. It is generally well tolerated in healthy p...

L. acidophilus monograph & interactions

L. fermentum

0 NP per serving

L. reuteri

0 NP per serving

Actazin Kiwifruit Powder

Interacts with
289 drugs
250 mg per serving

Kiwi is a nutritious fruit that is rich in vitamin C, fiber, and antioxidants, and it is generally safe to eat as a food. The strongest evidence is fo...

Actazin Kiwifruit Powder monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: Microcrystalline Cellulose, Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose, Pectin, Sodium Carbonate, Stearic Acid, Guar Gum. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

PRO-Moms by Hyperbiotics Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against PRO-Moms?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
503Drugs
503 Moderate

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Actazin Kiwifruit Powder 289
Sodium 205
L. acidophilus 182

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in PRO-Moms interact with 503 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

3 of the 9 ingredients in PRO-Moms interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Actazin Kiwifruit Powder Sodium L. acidophilus

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in PRO-Moms with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Actazin Kiwifruit Powder2 drug types · 289 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Clinical research suggests that kiwi inhibits platelet aggregation. Theoretically, kiwi might increase the risk of bleeding when used with antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs. Some anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs include aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix), dalteparin (Fragmin), enoxaparin (Lovenox), heparin, ticlopidine (Ticlid), warfarin (Coumadin), and others.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antihypertensive Drugs

Clinical research suggests that consuming kiwi reduces systolic and diastolic blood pressure in hypertensive individuals. Theoretically, concomitant use of kiwi and antihypertensive drugs may increase the risk of hypotension when used in combination with drugs that lower blood pressure. These include captopril (Capoten), enalapril (Vasotec), losartan (Cozaar), valsartan (Diovan), diltiazem (Cardizem), amlodipine (Norvasc), hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDiuril), furosemide (Lasix), and many others.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Actazin Kiwifruit Powder full monograph & interactions

Sodium7 drug types · 205 drugs

Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
High intake of dietary sodium can increase systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Also, high intake of sodium may necessitate increased use of antihypertensive medications to achieve blood pressure control in some patients, such as those with chronic kidney disease.

Likelihood Probable Evidence A
Corticosteroids

Concomitant use of mineralocorticoids and some glucocorticoids with sodium supplements might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Mineralocorticoids and some glucocorticoids (corticosteroids) cause sodium retention. This effect is dose-related and depends on mineralocorticoid potency. It is most common with hydrocortisone, cortisone, and fludrocortisone, followed by prednisone and prednisolone.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Didanosine (Videx)

Concomitant use of didanosine with additional sodium from dietary or supplemental sources may increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Didanosine formulations contain a significant amount of sodium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence C
Lithium

Altering dietary intake of sodium might alter the levels and clinical effects of lithium.
High sodium intake can reduce plasma concentrations of lithium by increasing lithium excretion. Reducing sodium intake can significantly increase plasma concentrations of lithium and cause lithium toxicity in patients being treated with lithium carbonate. Stabilizing sodium intake is shown to reduce the percentage of patients with lithium level fluctuations above 0.8 mEq/L. Patients taking lithium should avoid significant alterations in their dietary intake of sodium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Sodium Phosphates

Theoretically, concomitant use of sodium phosphate with sodium supplements might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Use of high doses (> 45 mL in 24 hours) of sodium phosphate, such as those used for bowel cleansing before surgery, can lead to serious electrolyte disturbances, including hypernatremia. The risk of hypernatremia is highest in the elderly and people with other risk factors for electrolyte disturbances.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Sodium-Containing Drugs

Concomitant use of sodium-containing drugs with additional sodium from dietary or supplemental sources may increase the risk of hypernatremia and long-term sodium-related complications.
The Chronic Disease Risk Reduction (CDRR) intake level of 2.3 grams of sodium daily indicates the intake at which it is believed that chronic disease risk increases for the apparently healthy population. Some medications contain high quantities of sodium. When used in conjunction with sodium supplements or high-sodium diets, the CDRR may be exceeded. Additionally, concomitant use may increase the risk for hypernatremia; this risk is highest in the elderly and people with other risk factors for electrolyte disturbances.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Tolvaptan (Samsca)

Theoretically, concomitant use of tolvaptan with sodium might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Tolvaptan is a vasopressin receptor 2 antagonist that is used to increase sodium levels in patients with hyponatremia. Patients taking tolvaptan should use caution with the use of sodium salts such as sodium chloride.

Likelihood Probable Evidence C
Sodium full monograph & interactions

L. acidophilus1 drug type · 182 drugs

Antibiotic Drugs

Theoretically, taking Lactobacillus acidophilus with antibiotic drugs might decrease the effectiveness of L. acidophilus.
L. acidophilus preparations usually contain live and active organisms. Therefore, simultaneously taking antibiotics might kill a significant number of the organisms. Tell patients to separate administration of antibiotics and L. acidophilus preparations by at least two hours.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
L. acidophilus full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for PRO-Moms, from the product label.

Hyperbiotics

See all Hyperbiotics products
Name
Hyperbiotics
Street Address
170 S. Green Valley Pkwy, Suite 300
City
Henderson
State
NV
ZipCode
89012
Phone Number
(800) 711-5958
Web Address
hyperbiotics.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

PRO-Moms by Hyperbiotics: Common Questions

Does PRO-Moms by Hyperbiotics interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, PRO-Moms has a known interaction with 503 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
PRO-Moms contains 9 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Is this safe to take while pregnant or breastfeeding?
The data on file shows sodium is rated likely safe but possibly unsafe in pregnancy and lactation—the ratings differ, so you'll need to talk with your doctor or pharmacist about what's right for you. L. acidophilus is possibly safe during pregnancy, but we don't have lactation data for it. Kiwifruit powder is likely safe in both. Since the product contains sodium, it's worth discussing the overall sodium content with your healthcare provider.
Can I take this with antibiotics?
The live organisms in L. acidophilus may be killed by antibiotics, making the probiotic less effective. Ask your doctor or pharmacist about timing—they may suggest spacing doses several hours apart or waiting to restart the probiotic after your antibiotics are done.
What is the kiwifruit powder in here for?
Actazin kiwifruit powder is included in the formula as a source of fiber and nutrients. The evidence isn't established yet for whether it helps with specific conditions like constipation or IBS, but it may support digestive function as part of the overall blend.
Does this have any probiotics you couldn't check for interactions?
Yes. We hold no interaction data for L. rhamnosus, L. plantarum, B. infantis, L. fermentum, L. reuteri, or the proprietary probiotic blend in this product. That doesn't mean they interact with medications—just that we haven't reviewed interaction studies for them.
Is L. acidophilus generally well tolerated?
Yes, it's generally well tolerated in healthy adults and children. Rarely, people taking probiotics report gastrointestinal side effects like bloating, flatulence, or belly discomfort. Very uncommonly, live organisms may cause serious infection in vulnerable patients, so check with your doctor if you have a weakened immune system.
Can I take this if I have high blood pressure?
Check with your doctor or pharmacist first. This product contains sodium and kiwifruit powder—both can lower blood pressure—and sodium can interfere with blood pressure medications' effectiveness. Your healthcare provider needs to know your current medications and blood pressure status before you start.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

PRO-Moms label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind PRO-Moms’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Sodium

Interacts with 205 drugs

Sodium is an essential mineral and electrolyte your body needs to balance fluids, support nerves, and help muscles work. Most people in modern diets get more than enough—often too much—from...

Read the full Sodium monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Lactobacillus Acidophilus

Interacts with 182 drugs

Lactobacillus acidophilus is a 'friendly' bacterium used as a probiotic to support gut and vaginal health. It is generally well tolerated in healthy people, and there is reasonable evidence...

Read the full Lactobacillus Acidophilus monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Kiwi

Interacts with 289 drugs

Kiwi is a nutritious fruit that is rich in vitamin C, fiber, and antioxidants, and it is generally safe to eat as a food. The strongest evidence is for helping with constipation and overall...

Read the full Kiwi monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

PRO-Moms's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 85 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Sodium 38 references
  1. Garabedian-Ruffalo SM, Ruffalo RL. Drug and nutrient interactions. Am Fam Physician 1986;33:165-74.
  2. Food and Drug Administration Science Background: Safety of Sodium Phosphates Oral Solution. September 17, 2001. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/safety/sodiumphospate.htm
  3. Coton T, Mallaret C, Coilliot C, Carre D, Guisset M. Severe acute ulcerated gastritis induced by salt. Presse Med 2009;38(3):499-500. PubMed
  4. Frings-Meuthen P, Buehlmeier J, Baecker N, et al. High sodium chloride intake exacerbates immobilization-induced bone resorption and protein losses. J Appl Physiol 2011;111(2):537-542. PubMed
  5. Frings-Meuthen P, Baecker N, Heer M. Low-grade metabolic acidosis may be the cause of sodium chloride-induced exaggerated bone resorption. J Bone Miner Res 2008;23(4):517-524. PubMed
  6. Alam S, Johnson AG. A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCT) among healthy normotensive and essential hypertensive elderly patients to determine the effect of high salt (NaCl) diet of blood pressure. J Hum Hypertens 1999;13(6):367-74.
  7. Boudville N, Ward S, Benaroia M, House AA. Increased sodium intake correlates with greater use of antihypertensive agents by subjects with chronic kidney disease. Am J Hypertens 2005;18(10):1300-5. PubMed
  8. Bennett WM. Drug interactions and consequences of sodium restriction. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65(2 Suppl):678S-681S. PubMed
  9. Okusa MD, Crystal LJ. Clinical manifestations and management of acute lithium intoxication. Am J Med 1994;97(4):383-9. PubMed
  10. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2005. Available at: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10925. DOI
  11. D'Elia L, Rossi G, Ippolito R, Cappuccio FP, Strazzullo P. Habitual salt intake and risk of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Clin Nutr 2012;31(4):489-98. PubMed
  12. Goldsmith SR. Hyponatremia in heart failure: time for a trial. J Card Fail 2013;19(6):398-400. PubMed
  13. Willocks L, Brettle R, Keen J, Valentine C, Pinching AJ. Formulations of didanosine (ddI) and salt overload. Lancet 1992;339(8786):190.
  14. Chen L, Zhang Z, Chen W, Whelton PK, Appel LJ. Lower Sodium Intake and Risk of Headaches: Results From the Trial of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(7):1270-5. PubMed
  15. Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Lower levels of sodium intake and reduced cardiovascular risk. Circulation. 2014;129(9):981-9. PubMed
  16. Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Sodium Intake and All-Cause Mortality Over 20 Years in the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(15):1609-1617. PubMed
  17. Mente A, O'Donnell M, Rangarajan S, et al. Associations of urinary sodium excretion with cardiovascular events in individuals with and without hypertension: a pooled analysis of data from four studies. Lancet. 2016;388(10043):465-75. PubMed
  18. Moosavian SP, Haghighatdoost F, Surkan PJ, Azadbakht L. Salt and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2017;68(3):265-277. PubMed
  19. O'Donnell M, Mente A, Rangarajan S, et al. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion, mortality, and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(7):612-23. DOI
  20. Poggio R, Gutierrez L, Matta MG, Elorriaga N, Irazola V, Rubinstein A. Daily sodium consumption and CVD mortality in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Public Health Nutr. 2015;18(4):695-704. PubMed
  21. Stallings VA, Harrison M, Oria M; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium, Food and Nutrition Board, Health and Medicine Division, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington (DC): National Acad
  22. Mahtani KR, Heneghan C, Onakpoya I, et al. Reduced Salt Intake for Heart Failure: A Systematic Review. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Dec 1;178(12):1693-1700. PubMed
  23. Yancy CW. Sodium Restriction in Heart Failure: Too Much Uncertainty-Do the Trials. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Dec 1;178(12):1700-1701. PubMed
  24. He FJ, Campbell NRC, Ma Y, MacGregor GA, Cogswell ME, Cook NR. Errors in estimating usual sodium intake by the Kawasaki formula alter its relationship with mortality: implications for public health. Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47(6):1784-1795. PubMed
  25. Murthy K, Ondrey GJ, Malkani N, et al. THE EFFECTS OF HYPONATREMIA ON BONE DENSITY AND FRACTURES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. Endocr Pract. 2019;25(4):366-378. PubMed
  26. Messerli FH, Hofstetter L, Syrogiannouli L, et al. Sodium intake, life expectancy, and all-cause mortality. Eur Heart J 2021;42(21):2103-2112. PubMed
  27. Graudal NA, Hubeck-Graudal T, Jurgens G. Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020;12(12):CD004022. PubMed
  28. Giatti S, Santos RB, Aielo AN, et al. Association of sodium with obstructive sleep apnea. The ELSA-Brasil study. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021;18(3):502-510. PubMed
  29. Nan X, Lu H, Wu J, et al. The interactive association between sodium intake, alcohol consumption and hypertension among elderly in northern China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr 2021;21(1):135. PubMed
  30. Kyozuka H, Fukusda T, Murata T, et al. Impact of preconception sodium intake on hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: The Japan Environment and Children's study. Pregnancy Hypertens 2021;23:66-72. PubMed
  31. Zhao L, Ogden CL, Yang Q, et al. Association of usual sodium intake with obesity among US children and adolescents, NHANES 2009-2016. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021;29(3):587-594. PubMed
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Kiwi 32 references
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DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

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