Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Propolis & Herbs Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Y.S. Eco Bee Farms

Propolis & Herbs label
See full label image
Liquid Category: Botanical
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Propolis & Herbs against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Propolis & Herbs is a dietary supplement by Y.S. Eco Bee Farms with 1 active ingredient. Its ingredients are commonly taken for cold sores and herpes lesions (topical), sore throat and mouth sores, wound and skin healing.Based on those ingredients, 2,223 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Propolis & Herb Tincture. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

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Check Your Meds Against Propolis & Herbs by Y.S. Eco Bee Farms

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Propolis & Herbs by Y.S. Eco Bee Farms — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Propolis & Herbs by Y.S. Eco Bee Farms

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Sep 3, 2026

What’s inside

Low disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Low

Most active ingredients don't disclose an individual amount — you can't tell how much of each you're getting.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 0 of its 8 active ingredients.
  • “Propolis & Herb Tincture” is listed as a grouped ingredient — the label gives one combined amount (0.40 mL) without saying how much of each component you get.

Propolis & Herbs is a liquid supplement containing 8 active ingredients: licorice, forsythia, goldenseal, cloves, propolis extract, echinacea, slippery elm, and myrrh. Licorice root has been traditionally used for digestive and immune support; forsythia and goldenseal are herbal antimicrobials; cloves are aromatic and used for digestive comfort; propolis is a bee-derived resin with antioxidant properties; echinacea is a traditional immune herb; slippery elm bark contains mucilage to soothe the throat and digestive tract; and myrrh is a resin traditionally used for mouth and throat health.

The product contains no inactive fillers or other ingredients.

Does it work?

Moderate evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Moderate

Some clinical evidence supports this product's ingredients for its stated purpose, but it isn't conclusive.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: Sore throat, mouth and gum health.
  • We looked for evidence on: Canker sores, Common cold, Cough, Dental caries, Dental plaque, Denture stomatitis — and 4 related terms.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Propolis is rated "Possibly Effective" for Herpes labialis (cold sores) (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Licorice is rated "Possibly Effective" for Canker sores.
  • Also on file: Clove is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Cough, Dental plaque, Gingivitis, Halitosis.

The evidence for this product's effectiveness is mixed and often limited. Licorice is rated possibly effective for canker sores and eczema (atopic dermatitis), but the data on its use for Addison disease and asthma is insufficient.

Cloves show possible effectiveness for ventilator-associated pneumonia, though evidence for cough and pain is insufficient. Propolis is possibly effective for oral mucositis, cold sores (herpes labialis), and diabetes, but data on dengue fever are insufficient.

Echinacea's effectiveness for conditions like anxiety, athletic performance, ADHD, burns, chronic fatigue, and migraines has not been reliably established. Forsythia, goldenseal, slippery elm, and myrrh all lack sufficient evidence for the conditions they're traditionally used to treat.

In short, solid evidence exists only for a few specific uses, and many common reasons people take these herbs lack reliable research support.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Propolis Licorice Forsythia Goldenseal Clove Echinacea Slippery Elm Myrrh

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 7 of the 8 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 7 of 8.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 8 of 8.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Licorice is generally well tolerated in small food amounts, but its active compound glycyrrhizin can cause serious problems with high doses or long-term use — most commonly headache, nausea, and vomiting. Licorice is unsafe in pregnancy due to links to harmful fetal effects, and there isn't enough data to recommend it while breastfeeding.

Forsythia, goldenseal, and myrrh all have limited human safety data and should be avoided during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Goldenseal contains berberine, which may harm the fetus or trigger contractions.

Cloves are likely safe in pregnancy and breastfeeding when used in food amounts, but medicinal doses lack sufficient data. Propolis is generally well tolerated short-term and possibly safe while breastfeeding, but allergic reactions are possible (especially in people sensitive to bee products), and safety during pregnancy is not established.

Echinacea is possibly safe in pregnancy but may trigger allergic reactions in people sensitive to ragweed and related plants. Slippery elm is generally well tolerated but may cause contact dermatitis; high-quality safety data are limited for pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Myrrh is traditionally said to stimulate the uterus and is best avoided in pregnancy.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Propolis Licorice Forsythia Goldenseal Clove Echinacea Slippery Elm Myrrh

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 8 of the 8 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Clove, Propolis, Myrrh, Licorice, Goldenseal, among others.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; immunosuppressants / transplant drugs; diabetes medications; heart-rhythm medications.
  • For scale: 2,224 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before taking Propolis & Herbs, check with your doctor or pharmacist if you take blood thinners or blood-clotting drugs like warfarin, aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix), heparin, or enoxaparin (Lovenox), as multiple ingredients may increase bleeding risk. Also check if you take digoxin (Lanoxin) or other heart medications, diabetes drugs, sedatives or anti-anxiety drugs, blood pressure medications, or any drugs your liver metabolizes—licorice, goldenseal, cloves, propolis, and echinacea can all interfere.

If you take caffeine supplements or rely on caffeine for alertness, echinacea may boost caffeine levels by about 30%. Check with your pharmacist about any chemotherapy, immunosuppressants, or antiretroviral drugs before use.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFormula with limited ingredient disclosure with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This product combines eight herbal ingredients with limited evidence for most uses and moderate to significant interaction risks with common medications—especially blood thinners, heart drugs, diabetes medications, and drugs your liver breaks down. If you take any prescription or over-the-counter medications, talk with your doctor or pharmacist before starting this supplement.

Even if you don't take medications, tell your pharmacist about it so they have a complete picture of what you're taking.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 8 of 8 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Aug 23, 2019.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Propolis & Herbs, straight from the product label.

Brand Y.S. Eco Bee Farms
Barcode (UPC) 726635940404
Net contents 1 fl. Oz.; 30 mL
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Aug 23, 2019
DSLD ID 205974
Product type Botanical
Supplement form Liquid
Dietary claims / uses All Other
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years), Organic
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Propolis & Herbs by Y.S. Eco Bee Farms, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
0.4 mL
Maximum serving Sizes:
0.4 mL
Servings per container
75
UPC/BARCODE
726635940404
IngredientAmount% DV
Licorice0 NP--
Forsythia0 NP--
Goldenseal0 NP--
Cloves0 NP--
Propolis extract0 NP--
Echinacea0 NP--
Slippery Elm0 NP--
Propolis & Herb Tincture0.4 mL--
Myrrh0 NP--

Other ingredients: None

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Formulation

Pioneer in Organic

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested use: Shake well before using. As a dietary supplement, take 2 sprays into mouth as needed.

General Statements

High strength Sore throat, gums, mouth, breath freshener cooling & soothing

Formula

Our Propolis is specially harvested and extracted to capture the full spectrum of essential tree resins (all the possible varieties, different locations and seasons). Propolis is a major source of Bioflavonoids, antioxidants and deep defense works.

Seals/Symbols

YS Organic

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Propolis & Herbs by Y.S. Eco Bee Farms label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Propolis & Herbs label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Propolis & Herbs by Y.S. Eco Bee Farms

This is the 1 active ingredient this product is made of. Select it to open its full monograph.

Serving size0.4 mL Dosage formLiquid Servings per container75 Amounts shown are per serving.

Propolis & Herb Tincture

Interacts with
921 drugs
0.4 mL per serving

Propolis is a natural, resin-like substance made by bees that has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties in lab studies. Early research sugges...

Propolis & Herb Tincture monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: None. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Propolis & Herbs by Y.S. Eco Bee Farms Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Propolis & Herbs?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
2,223Drugs
2,222 Moderate 1 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Propolis & Herb Tincture 921

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Propolis & Herbs interact with 2,223 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

1 of the 1 ingredient in Propolis & Herbs interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Propolis & Herb Tincture

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Propolis & Herbs with known interactions, here are the types of medications it can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Propolis & Herb Tincture8 drug types · 921 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, propolis might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs.
In vitro research shows that propolis water extract and the propolis constituent, caffeic acid phenethyl ester, can inhibit platelet aggregation. Additionally, evidence from an animal model shows that taking propolis in addition to warfarin decreases INR, suggesting that propolis can decrease the effectiveness of warfarin.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Theoretically, high doses of propolis might increase blood levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
In vitro research shows that propolis extract can inhibit CYP1A2. However, animal research shows that propolis extract does not significantly affect CYP1A2 activity when administered to rats at doses up to 250 mg/kg. It is postulated that the constituents of propolis that inhibit CYP1A2 in vitro do not have significant effects in vivo due to low bioavailability and hepatic first-pass effect. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2C19 (Cyp2C19) Substrates

Theoretically, high doses of propolis might increase blood levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C19.
In vitro research shows that propolis extract can inhibit CYP2C19. However, animal research shows that propolis extract does not significantly affect CYP2C19 activity when administered to rats at doses up to 250 mg/kg. It is postulated that the constituents of propolis that inhibit CYP2C19 in vitro do not have significant effects in vivo due to low bioavailability and hepatic first-pass effect. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (Cyp2C9) Substrates

Theoretically, high doses of propolis might increase blood levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C9.
In vitro research shows that propolis extract can inhibit CYP2C9. However, animal research shows that propolis extract does not significantly affect CYP2C9 activity when administered to rats at doses up to 250 mg/kg. It is postulated that the constituents of propolis that inhibit CYP2C9 in vitro do not have significant effects in vivo due to low bioavailability and hepatic first-pass effect. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (Cyp2D6) Substrates

Theoretically, high doses of propolis might increase blood levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2D6.
In vitro research shows that propolis extract can inhibit CYP2D6. However, animal research shows that propolis extract does not significantly affect CYP2D6 activity when administered to rats at doses up to 250 mg/kg. It is postulated that the constituents of propolis that inhibit CYP2D6 in vitro do not have significant effects in vivo due to low bioavailability and hepatic first-pass effect. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2E1 (Cyp2E1) Substrates

Theoretically, propolis might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.
In vitro research shows that propolis can inhibit CYP2E1. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, high doses of propolis might increase blood levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Some in vitro research shows that propolis extract can inhibit CYP3A4; however, other in vitro research shows that propolis has no effect on CYP3A4 activity. Furthermore, animal research shows that propolis extract does not significantly affect CYP3A4 activity when administered to rats at doses up to 250 mg/kg. It is postulated that the constituents of propolis that might in inhibit CYP3A4 in vitro do not have significant effects in vivo due to low bioavailability and hepatic first-pass effect. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Theoretically, propolis might decrease the effectiveness of warfarin.
Animal research shows that taking propolis in addition to warfarin decreases the international normalized ratio (INR). This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Propolis & Herb Tincture full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Propolis & Herbs, from the product label.

Y.S. Eco Bee Farms

See all Y.S. Eco Bee Farms products
Name
Y.S. Organic Bee Farms
Street Address
2774 N. 4351 Rd.
City
Sheridan
State
IL
ZipCode
60551
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Propolis & Herbs by Y.S. Eco Bee Farms: Common Questions

Does Propolis & Herbs by Y.S. Eco Bee Farms interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Propolis & Herbs has a known interaction with 2,223 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Propolis & Herbs contains a single active ingredient, and that one ingredient can interact with many different medications on its own. We check it against each medication and show the mechanism responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Is this safe to take if I'm pregnant or breastfeeding?
No — licorice and goldenseal are unsafe in pregnancy, forsythia and myrrh are best avoided in pregnancy, and most ingredients lack enough safety data for breastfeeding. Talk with your doctor or midwife before taking any of these herbs while pregnant or nursing.
Can this product really help with colds or immune support?
Echinacea and forsythia are traditionally used for immune support, but the evidence we hold shows insufficient reliable data for their effectiveness. Propolis is possibly effective for oral mucositis and cold sores, but again, solid proof for preventing or treating colds is lacking.
What are the most common side effects I might experience?
Licorice may cause headache, nausea, or vomiting. Goldenseal (via its berberine) might cause abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, or nausea. Echinacea can cause abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, or rashes. Propolis may cause mild headache in a small number of people. Allergic reactions are possible with echinacea (especially if you're sensitive to ragweed) or propolis (especially if you're sensitive to bee products).
Will this slow down my other medications?
Yes—slippery elm's mucilage may interfere with the absorption of oral drugs, so spacing this product several hours away from other medications is wise. Additionally, several herbs in this blend affect how your liver breaks down drugs, potentially raising or lowering their levels. Always check with your pharmacist.
How long is it safe to take this product?
Most of these herbs—forsythia, goldenseal, echinacea, propolis, and myrrh—have limited human safety data and are traditionally used short-term. Licorice especially can cause problems with high doses or long-term use. Don't take this as a daily supplement indefinitely without checking with your doctor or pharmacist first.
Can I take this with my blood thinner?
No — forsythia, goldenseal, cloves, propolis, and myrrh all carry interactions with blood thinners and blood-clotting drugs. Licorice also interacts with warfarin. Do not combine this product with any blood thinner without explicit approval from your doctor or pharmacist, as the bleeding risk could be serious.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Propolis & Herbs label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Propolis & Herbs’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Propolis

Interacts with 921 drugs

Propolis is a natural, resin-like substance made by bees that has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties in lab studies. Early research suggests it may help with cold sores, mouth so...

Read the full Propolis monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Licorice

Interacts with 1,040 drugs

Licorice root is a traditional remedy used for sore throats, coughs, and digestive complaints, but solid human evidence is limited for most uses. Regular licorice contains glycyrrhizin, whic...

Read the full Licorice monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Forsythia

Interacts with 123 drugs

Forsythia is a traditional Chinese herb, used mainly for cold and flu symptoms and as part of multi-herb formulas. Most evidence comes from laboratory, animal, and traditional use rather tha...

Read the full Forsythia monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Goldenseal

Interacts with 1,237 drugs

Goldenseal is a popular North American herb that contains berberine, a compound studied for antimicrobial effects. However, strong human evidence for its many traditional uses is largely lac...

Read the full Goldenseal monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Clove

Interacts with 977 drugs

Clove is a common cooking spice that is also used in traditional medicine, especially as a topical numbing agent for tooth pain thanks to its main compound, eugenol. Food amounts are general...

Read the full Clove monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Echinacea

Interacts with 816 drugs

Echinacea is a popular herb taken to help prevent or shorten the common cold, but study results are mixed and the overall benefit appears small at best. It is generally well tolerated for sh...

Read the full Echinacea monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Slippery Elm

Interacts with 2,022 drugs

Slippery elm is a traditional herbal remedy made from the inner bark of a North American elm tree, used mainly to soothe sore throats and irritated digestive tracts. Its mucilage can coat an...

Read the full Slippery Elm monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Myrrh

Interacts with 88 drugs

Myrrh is a fragrant gum resin from Commiphora trees that has long been used in mouthwashes, throat remedies, and skin care. Modern evidence for most of its uses is limited and comes mostly f...

Read the full Myrrh monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Propolis & Herbs's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 238 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Licorice 92 references
  1. Farese RV Jr, Biglieri EG, Shackleton CH, et al. Licorice-induced hypermineralocorticoidism. N Engl J Med 1991;325:1223-7. PubMed
  2. Sigurjonsdottir HA, Ragnarsson J, Franzson L, Sigurdsson G. Is blood pressure commonly raised by moderate consumption of liquorice? J Hum Hypertens 1995;9:345-8.
  3. Armanini D, Lewicka S, Pratesi C, et al. Further studies on the mechanism of the mineralocorticoid action of licorice in humans. J Endocrinol Invest 1996;19:624-9. PubMed
  4. Zhang YD, Lorenzo B, Reidenberg MM. Inhibition of 11 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase obtained from guinea pig kidney by furosemide, naringenin and some other compounds. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1994;49:81-5.
  5. Strandberg TE, Jarvenpaa AL, Vanhanen H, McKeigue PM. Birth outcome in relation to licorice consumption during pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol 2001;153:1085-8. PubMed
  6. Sigurjonsdottir HA, Franzson L, Manhem K, et al. Liquorice-induced rise in blood pressure: a linear dose-response relationship. J Hum Hypertens 2001;15:549-52. PubMed
  7. Amato P, Christophe S, Mellon PL. Estrogenic activity of herbs commonly used as remedies for menopausal symptoms. Menopause 2002;9:145-50. PubMed
  8. Kent UM, Aviram M, Rosenblat M, Hollenberg PF. The licorice root derived isoflavan glabridin inhibits the activities of human cytochrome P450S 3A4, 2B6, and 2C9. Drug Metab Dispos 2002;30:709-15.. PubMed
  9. Yoshida S, Takayama Y. Licorice-induced hypokalemia as a treatable cause of dropped head syndrome. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2003;105:286-7.. PubMed
  10. Strandberg TE, Andersson S, Jarvenpaa AL, et al. Preterm birth and licorice consumption during pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol 2002;156:803-5.. PubMed
  11. Hussain RM. The sweet cake that reaches parts other cakes can't! Postgrad Med J 2003;79:115-6.. PubMed
  12. Morris DJ, Davis E, Latif SA. Licorice, tobacco chewing, and hypertension. N Engl J Med 1990;322:849-50. PubMed
  13. Quinkler M, Stewart PM. Hypertension and the cortisol-cortisone shuttle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:2384-92. PubMed
  14. Westman EC, Guthrie GP. Licorice, tobacco chewing, and hypertension. N Engl J Med 1990;322:850. PubMed
  15. Mu Y, Zhang J, Zhang S, et al. Traditional Chinese medicines Wu Wei Zi (Schisandra chinensis Baill) and Gan Cao (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch) activate pregnane X receptor and increase warfarin clearance in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006;316:1369-77. PubMed
  16. Yasue H, Itoh T, Mizuno Y, Harada E. Severe hypokalemia, rhabdomyolysis, muscle paralysis, and respiratory impairment in a hypertensive patient taking herbal medicines containing licorice. Intern Med 2007;46:575-8. PubMed
  17. Brayley J, Jones J. Life-threatening hypokalemia associated with excessive licorice ingestion (letter). Am J Psychiatry 1994;151:617-8. PubMed
  18. de Klerk GJ, Nieuwenhuis G, Beutler JJ. Hypokalaemia and hypertension associated with use of liquorice flavoured chewing gum. BMJ 1997;314:731-2.
  19. Dellow EL, Unwin RJ, Honour JW. Pontefract cakes can be bad for you: refractory hypertension and liquorice excess. Nephol Dial Transplant 1999;14:218-20. PubMed
  20. Elinav E, Chajek-Shaul T. Licorice consumption causing severe hypokalemic paralysis. Mayo Clin Proc 2003;78:767-8. PubMed
  21. Eriksson JW, Carlberg B, Hillom V. Life-threatening ventricular tachycardia due to liquorice-induced hypokalemia. J Intern Med 1999;245:307-10.
  22. Janse A, van Iersel M, Hoefnagels WH, Olde Rikker MG. The old lady who liked liquorice: hypertension due to chronic intoxication in a memory-impaired patient. Neth J Med 2005;63:149-50.
  23. Lin SH, Yang SS, Chau T, Halperin ML. An unusual cause of hypokalemic paralysis: chronic licorice ingestion. Am J Med Sci 2003;325:153-6. PubMed
  24. van den Bosch AE, van der Klooster JM, Zuidgeest DM, et al. Severe hypokalemic paralysis and rhabdomyolysis due to ingestion of liquorice. Neth J Med 2005;63:146-8.
  25. van Uum SH. Liquorice and hypertension. Neth J Med 2005;63:119-20.
  26. Russo S, Mastropasqua M, Mosetti MA, et al. Low doses of liquorice can induce hypertension encephalopathy. Am J Nephrol 2000;20:145-8. PubMed
  27. Stormer FC, Reistad R, Alexander J. Glycyrrhizic acid in liquorice - evaluation of health hazard. Food Chem Toxicol 1993;31:303-12. PubMed
  28. Sontia B, Mooney J, Gaudet L, Touyz RM. Pseudohyperaldosteronism, liquorice, and hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2008;10:153-7. PubMed
  29. Francini-Pesenti F, Puato M, Piccoli A, Brocadello F. Liquorice-induced hypokalaemia and water retention in the absence of hypertension. Phytother Res 2008;22:563-5. PubMed
  30. Lapi F, Gallo E, Bernasconi S, et al. Myopathies associated with red yeast rice and liquorice: spontaneous reports from the Italian Surveillance System of Natural Health Products. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2008;66:572-4. PubMed
  31. Chen MF, Shimada F, Kato H, Yano S, Kanaoka M. Effect of glycyrrhizin on the pharmacokinetics of prednisolone following low dosage of prednisolone hemisuccinate. Endocrinol Jpn 1990;37:331-41. PubMed
  32. Teelucksingh S, Mackie AD, Burt D, McIntyre MA, Brett L, Edwards CR. Potentiation of hydrocortisone activity in skin by glycyrrhetinic acid. Lancet 1990;335(8697):1060-3. PubMed
  33. Heidemann HT, Kreuzfelder E. Hypokalemic rhabdomyolysis with myoglobinuria due to licorice ingestion and diuretic treatment. Klin Wochenschr 1983;61:303-5. PubMed
  34. Hukkanen J, Ukkola O, Savolainen MJ. Effects of low-dose liquorice alone or in combination with hydrochlorothiazide on the plasma potassium in healthy volunteers. Blood Press 2009;18:192-5. PubMed
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Slippery Elm 3 references
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Myrrh 8 references
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  2. The Review of Natural Products by Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis, MO: Wolters Kluwer Co., 1999.
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DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

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