Major interaction on record — check this product against your medications before combining. Based on 4 of 5 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Training Formula Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by True Athlete

Training Formula label
See full label image
Powder Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Major
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Training Formula against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Major

Training Formula is a dietary supplement by True Athlete with 5 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for improving high-intensity exercise performance, building muscle strength and size, sports and athletic training.Based on those ingredients, 218 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated major. The ingredients most likely to interact are Ginseng, Astragalus membranaceus. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Training Formula by True Athlete

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Training Formula by True Athlete — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
Prefer a human? Send your question to our licensed pharmacists — free, answered by email within 24 hours.

HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Training Formula by True Athlete

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 11, 2026

What’s inside

Partial disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Partial

Most active ingredients list an amount, but at least one is hidden in a blend or missing.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 3 of its 5 active ingredients.
  • “AstraGin” is listed as a grouped ingredient — the label gives one combined amount (17 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.

Training Formula contains five active ingredients. Creatine Monohydrate and CarnoSyn (beta-alanine) are amino-acid-based compounds designed to support muscle strength and athletic performance.

Arginine AKG and Ginseng support exercise recovery and endurance. Astragalus is an herb traditionally used in Chinese medicine.

The product also includes stevia as a sweetener.

Does it work?

Moderate evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Moderate

Some clinical evidence supports this product's ingredients for its stated purpose, but it isn't conclusive.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: Muscle strength, endurance and athletic performance.
  • We looked for evidence on: Athletic performance, Physical performance, Muscle strength, Exercise-induced muscle breakdown, Muscle breakdown, Muscle cramps — and 4 related terms.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Creatine is rated "Possibly Effective" for Athletic performance (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Creatine is rated "Possibly Effective" for Muscle strength, Sarcopenia.
  • Also on file: Beta-alanine is rated "Possibly Effective" for Athletic performance, Physical performance.

Creatine has the strongest evidence: it's possibly effective for muscle strength, athletic performance, and helping preserve muscle mass in aging (sarcopenia). Beta-alanine is also possibly effective for athletic and physical performance.

Astragalus, arginine AKG, and ginseng don't have established effectiveness ratings in the data we hold — the evidence for most of astragalus's traditional uses (hay fever, asthma, angina, anemia) falls short of what's needed to rate it either way. Whether the other ingredients live up to 'training formula' claims depends on your specific goals and the dose in each scoop.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Creatine Beta-alanine Astragalus American Ginseng

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 4 of the 4 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 4 of 4.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 4 of 4.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Creatine is generally well tolerated but causes common mild side effects: dehydration, diarrhea, stomach upset, muscle cramps, and water retention. If you have kidney problems, use it carefully and talk to your doctor first.

Beta-alanine commonly causes a harmless tingling sensation in the skin that usually starts on the scalp and spreads — it kicks in within 20 minutes and lasts about an hour — but we don't have long-term safety data at high doses. Astragalus is generally well tolerated short-term in healthy adults, though quality safety studies in humans are limited.

Dizziness and rash have been reported rarely. Neither creatine nor beta-alanine nor astragalus have enough safety data in pregnancy or while breastfeeding — all three should be avoided during these times.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Creatine Beta-alanine Astragalus American Ginseng

Meds to double-check

Major interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Major identified

At least one ingredient has a documented Major-severity interaction. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 2 of the 4 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Astragalus, American Ginseng.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Major.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; immunosuppressants / transplant drugs; diabetes medications; lithium.
  • For scale: 218 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

If you're on immunosuppressants, cyclophosphamide, lithium, or diabetes medications, double-check this product with your pharmacist before you use it — astragalus in the blend may interfere with how these drugs work or increase their side effects.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glancePartially disclosed formula with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Major medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This is a performance-focused blend backed by solid evidence for creatine and beta-alanine if you're training hard. If you take medications for your immune system, diabetes, lithium for mood, or cancer therapy, check with your pharmacist first — astragalus may not play well with them.

Pregnant or nursing? Skip it.

Everyone else should watch for tingling skin (normal with beta-alanine) and make sure you're drinking plenty of water.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 4 of 5 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Nov 20, 2017.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Training Formula, straight from the product label.

Brand True Athlete
Barcode (UPC) 766536060245
Net contents 8.6 Oz(s); 243 Gram(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Nov 20, 2017
DSLD ID 80686
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Powder
Dietary claims / uses Nutrient, All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Vegetarian, Adult (18 - 50 Years), Gluten Free, Dairy Free, Sugar Free
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Training Formula by True Athlete, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
2.7 Gram(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
8.1 Gram(s)
Servings per container
90
UPC/BARCODE
766536060245
IngredientAmount% DV
Creatine Monohydrate1 Gram(s)--
CarnoSyn500 mg--
Arginine AKG1 Gram(s)--
Astragalus membranaceus0 NP--
AstraGin17 mg--
Ginseng0 NP--

Other ingredients: Rebaudioside A-Stevia

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Formula

Creatine, arginine, and beta-alanine with AstraGin nutrient uptake enhancer

Developed with the athlete and fitness enthusiast in mind, True Athlete Training Formula contains the important base nutrients creatine, arginine and beta alanine, as well as AstraGin, a proprietary nutrient uptake enhancer. This trademarked ingredient is produced from ginseng and astragalus and has been shown to improve absorption of amino acids, glucose, vitamins and other nutrients over placebo.

Formulation

No artificial colors, flavors or sweeteners

Does Not Contain: Wheat, gluten, sugar, salt, soy, dairy, fish, animal derivatives, preservatives, artificial colors or flavors.

Seals/Symbols

NSF Certified For Sport

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

Brand IP Statement(s)

Naturally driven

That’s what you get with True Athlete Training Formula.

Products that are designated “NSF Certified for Sport” are rigorously tested to help ensure that they contain no banned substances, unlisted ingredients or harmful impurities.

Natural Alternatives International (NAI) is the owner of patents as listed on ww.carnosyn.com and registered trademark of CarnoSyn. CarnoSyn Carnosine Synthesizer

AstraGin is a trademark of NuLiv Science USA, Inc.

General Statements

Serious muscle, endurance and performance support.

No filler. No fluff. No hype. Just the primary active ingredients needed to give you the advanced pre-workout support you want.

This streamlined formula can be customized to meet your athletic and fitness needs.

www.true-athlete.com Visit www.vitaminshoppe.com or call 1-800-223-1216 for more information and to reorder.

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Bodybuilding - Combine training formula with protein or amino acids for added muscle support Fitness/sports training - For added energy and recovery support, combine training formula with amino acids and/or natural fruit juice Endurance - Can be taken with electrolytes or added to your favorite sports beverage True Athlete Training Formula has a light sweet taste so it can be taken alone or in combination with other sports nutrition supplements.

Directions: As a dietary supplement, add 1 - 3 scoops to 4 - 8 oz of water or sports drink. Consume 30 - 45 minutes prior to training or activity.

Precautions

Warning: Consult your healthcare provider prior to use if you are pregnant, nursing, taking any medication or have any medical conditions.

Keep out of reach of children.

Tamper evident Do not use if outer seal is broken or missing.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place.

General

Item No. VS-6024 1774439 HR 37

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Training Formula by True Athlete label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Training Formula label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Training Formula by True Athlete

These are the 5 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size2.7 Gram(s) Dosage formPowder Servings per container90 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Creatine Monohydrate

No known
interactions
1 Gram(s) per serving

Creatine is one of the most studied sports supplements, with solid evidence that it can boost strength and performance during short, high-intensity ac...

Creatine Monohydrate monograph & interactions

CarnoSyn

No known
interactions
500 mg per serving Form: Beta-Alanine

Beta-alanine is an amino acid taken mostly by athletes to raise muscle carnosine, which may help buffer acid and reduce fatigue during short, high-int...

CarnoSyn monograph & interactions

Arginine AKG

1 Gram(s) per serving

AstraGin

17 mg per serving

Other (inactive) ingredients: Rebaudioside A-Stevia. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Training Formula by True Athlete Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Training Formula?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
218Drugs
2 Major 216 Moderate

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Ginseng 217
Astragalus membranaceus 208

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Training Formula interact with 218 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

2 of the 5 ingredients in Training Formula interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Ginseng Astragalus membranaceus

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Training Formula with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Ginseng4 drug types · 217 drugs

Warfarin (Coumadin)

American ginseng seems to decrease the effectiveness of warfarin therapy.
Healthy patients receiving warfarin 5 mg daily, who also take American ginseng 1 gram twice daily, seem to have a significantly reduced international normalized ratio (INR).

Likelihood Likely Evidence B
Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, taking American ginseng with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
American ginseng seems to lower postprandial blood glucose. Theoretically, concomitant use with antidiabetes drugs might enhance blood glucose lowering effects and possibly cause hypoglycemia.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Immunosuppressants

Theoretically, American ginseng use might interfere with immunosuppressive therapy.
American ginseng seems to stimulate immune function. Theoretically, American ginseng might decrease the effectiveness of immunosuppressant drugs.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (Maois)

Theoretically, American ginseng can interfere with MAOI therapy.
There is one case report of insomnia, headache, and tremors when an unspecified ginseng product was used with phenelzine (Nardil), an MAOI. There is also one case report of hypomania when an unspecified ginseng product was used with phenelzine. Theoretically, American ginseng may interfere with MAOI therapy.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Ginseng full monograph & interactions

Astragalus membranaceus4 drug types · 208 drugs

Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, taking astragalus with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Clinical research in humans shows that astragalus might have hypoglycemic effects. Theoretically, taking astragalus, especially in combination with other hypoglycemic agents, might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.

Likelihood Probable Evidence A
Cyclophosphamide

Theoretically, astragalus might interfere with cyclophosphamide therapy.
Evidence regarding the effect of astragalus on immunosuppression caused by cyclophosphamide is conflicting. Some animal research suggests that astragalus reverses cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression. However, other animal research shows no effect.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Immunosuppressants

Theoretically, astragalus might interfere with immunosuppressive therapy.
Astragalus seems to stimulate immune function. Theoretically, taking astragalus might decrease the effects of immunosuppressive therapy.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Lithium

Theoretically, astragalus might increase levels and adverse effects of lithium.
Animal research suggests that astragalus has diuretic properties. Theoretically, due to this diuretic effect, astragalus might reduce excretion and increase levels of lithium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Astragalus membranaceus full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Training Formula, from the product label.

True Athlete

See all True Athlete products
Name
Vitamin Shoppe, Inc.
City
Secaucus
State
NJ
ZipCode
07094
Phone Number
1-800-223-1216
Web Address
www.vitaminshoppe.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Training Formula by True Athlete: Common Questions

Does Training Formula by True Athlete interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Training Formula has a known interaction with 218 medications, including 2 rated major. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Training Formula contains 5 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Will this make me gain weight from water retention?
Creatine commonly causes water retention, which accounts for some early weight gain. Beta-alanine may also cause some fluid shifts. If you're tracking your weight closely, expect a few pounds up — that's partly water, not fat. Staying well hydrated can help manage it.
Why does my skin tingle after I take this?
That's beta-alanine (CarnoSyn), and it's harmless. The tingling (paresthesia) usually starts on your scalp within 20 minutes, spreads across your body, and fades in about an hour. It's more noticeable at higher doses, but many people find it mild or don't experience it at all.
Can I take this if I have kidney disease?
Creatine requires caution if you have kidney problems — talk to your doctor or pharmacist first. People with healthy kidneys tolerate it well, but those with kidney issues need to weigh the risks carefully with their healthcare team.
Is it safe to use while I'm pregnant?
No — creatine, beta-alanine, and astragalus all lack enough safety data in pregnancy, so it's best to avoid this product if you're pregnant or planning to be. Talk with your doctor about what's safe for you during pregnancy.
Can I breastfeed while taking this?
There isn't enough safety information for nursing mothers, so all three of the main ingredients (creatine, beta-alanine, and astragalus) should be avoided while breastfeeding. Chat with your doctor or pharmacist about safer options while you're nursing.
What does astragalus do in this formula?
Astragalus is a traditional Chinese herb included here for recovery support, though the clinical evidence for most of its uses — like boosting immunity or endurance — hasn't been rated yet. It's generally well tolerated short-term, but solid human safety data is limited.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if Training Formula is safe with your meds?

Our pharmacists answer your medication & supplement questions — free.

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Training Formula label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Training Formula’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Creatine

Creatine is one of the most studied sports supplements, with solid evidence that it can boost strength and performance during short, high-intensity activities like weightlifting and sprintin...

Read the full Creatine monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Beta-alanine

Beta-alanine is an amino acid taken mostly by athletes to raise muscle carnosine, which may help buffer acid and reduce fatigue during short, high-intensity exercise. The evidence is moderat...

Read the full Beta-alanine monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Astragalus

Interacts with 208 drugs

Astragalus is a root used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine, mainly to support the immune system and help the body cope with stress. While early studies are interesting, strong h...

Read the full Astragalus monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

American Ginseng

Interacts with 217 drugs

American ginseng is an herbal root used as an 'adaptogen' to support energy, stress, immune function, and blood sugar. Some uses—such as reducing the chance or length of colds and modestly l...

Read the full American Ginseng monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Training Formula's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 124 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Creatine 86 references
  1. Koshy KM, Griswold E, Schneeberger EE. Interstitial nephritis in a patient taking creatine. N Engl J Med 1999;340:814-5. PubMed
  2. Vahedi K, Domingo V, Amarenco P, Bousser MG. Ischemic stroke in a sportsman who consumed MaHuang extract and creatine monohydrate for bodybuilding. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 2000;68:112-3.
  3. Greenhaff P. Renal dysfunction accompanying oral creatine supplements. Lancet 1998;352:233-4. PubMed
  4. Vandenberghe K, Goris M, Van Hecke P, et al. Long-term creatine intake is beneficial to muscle performance during resistance training (abstract). J Appl Physiol 1997;83:2055-63. PubMed
  5. Hultman E, Soderlund K, Timmons JA, et al. Muscle creatine loading in men. J Appl Physiol 1996;81:232-7. PubMed
  6. Pritchard NR, Kalra PA. Renal dysfunction accompanying oral creatine supplements. Lancet 1998;351:1252-3. PubMed
  7. Poortmans JR, Auquier H, Renaut V, et al. Effect of short-term creatine supplementation on renal responses in men (abstract). Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1997;76:566-7. PubMed
  8. Poortmans JR, Francaux M. Long-term oral creatine supplementation does not impair renal function in healthy athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999;31:1108-10. PubMed
  9. Mihic S, MacDonald JR, McKenzie S, Tarnopolsky MA. Acute creatine loading increases fat-free mass, but does not affect blood pressure, plasma creatinine, or CK activity in men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000;32:291-6. PubMed
  10. Rawson ES, Wehnert ML, Clarkson PM. Effects of 30 days of creatine ingestion in older men. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1999;80:139-44. PubMed
  11. Earnest CP, Almada AL, Mitchell TL. High-performance capillary electrophoresis-pure creatine monohydrate reduces blood lipids in men and women. Clin Sci (Colch) 1996;91:113-8. PubMed
  12. Juhn MS. Oral creatine supplementation. Separating fact from hype. Phys Sportsmed 1999;27:47-50,53-54,56,61,89. PubMed
  13. Juhn MS, O'Kane JW, Vinci DM. Oral creatine supplementation in male collegiate athletes: a survey of dosing habits and side effects. J Am Diet Assoc 1999;99:593-5.
  14. Green AL, Hultman E, Macdonald IA, et al. Carbohydrate ingestion augments skeletal muscle creatine accumulation during creatine supplementation in humans. Am J Physiol 1996;271:E821-6. PubMed
  15. Balsom PD, Soderlund K, Sjodin B, Ekblom B. Skeletal muscle metabolism during short duration high-intensity exercise: influence of creatine supplementation. Acta Physiol Scand 1995;154:303-10. PubMed
  16. Snow RJ, McKenna MJ, Selig SE, et al. Effect of creatine supplementation on sprint exercise performance and muscle metabolism. (abstract) J Appl Physiol 1998;84:1667-73. PubMed
  17. McNaughton LR, Dalton B, Tarr J. The effects of creatine supplementation on high-intensity exercise performance in elite performers. (abstract) Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1998;78:236-40. PubMed
  18. Groeneveld GJ, Veldink JH, van der Tweel I, et al. A randomized sequential trial of creatine in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2003;53:437-45. . PubMed
  19. Robinson SJ. Acute quadriceps compartment syndrome and rhabdomyolysis in a weight lifter using high-dose creatine supplementation. J Am Board Fam Pract 2000;13:134-7. PubMed
  20. Kammer RT. Lone atrial fibrillation associated with creatine monohydrate supplementation. Pharmacotherapy 2005;25:762-4. PubMed
  21. Gualano B, Ugrinowitsch C, Novaes RB, et al. Effects of creatine supplementation on renal function: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008;103:33-40. PubMed
  22. Pfeffer, G., Majamaa, K., Turnbull, D. M., Thorburn, D., and Chinnery, P. F. Treatment for mitochondrial disorders. Cochrane Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;4:CD004426. PubMed
  23. Boos, C. J., White, S. H., Bland, S. A., and McAllister, P. D. Dietary supplements and military operations: caution is advised. J R.Army Med Corps 2010;156(1):41-43. PubMed
  24. Kreider, R. B. Dietary supplements and the promotion of muscle growth with resistance exercise. Sports Med 1999;27(2):97-110. PubMed
  25. Juhn, M. S., O'Kane, J. W., and Vinci, D. M. Oral creatine supplementation in male collegiate athletes: a survey of dosing habits and side effects. J Am.Diet.Assoc 1999;99(5):593-595.
  26. Volek, J. S., Duncan, N. D., Mazzetti, S. A., Putukian, M., Gomez, A. L., and Kraemer, W. J. No effect of heavy resistance training and creatine supplementation on blood lipids. Int J Sport Nutr.Exerc.Metab 2000;10(2):144-156. PubMed
  27. Robinson, T. M., Sewell, D. A., Casey, A., Steenge, G., and Greenhaff, P. L. Dietary creatine supplementation does not affect some haematological indices, or indices of muscle damage and hepatic and renal function. Br.J Sports Med 2000;34(4):284-288. PubMed
  28. Tarnopolsky, M. A. Potential benefits of creatine monohydrate supplementation in the elderly. Curr.Opin.Clin Nutr.Metab Care 2000;3(6):497-502. PubMed
  29. Tarnopolsky, M. A. and MacLennan, D. P. Creatine monohydrate supplementation enhances high-intensity exercise performance in males and females. Int J Sport Nutr.Exerc.Metab 2000;10(4):452-463. PubMed
  30. Arciero, P. J., Hannibal, N. S., III, Nindl, B. C., Gentile, C. L., Hamed, J., and Vukovich, M. D. Comparison of creatine ingestion and resistance training on energy expenditure and limb blood flow. Metabolism 2001;50(12):1429-1434. PubMed
  31. Chrusch, M. J., Chilibeck, P. D., Chad, K. E., Davison, K. S., and Burke, D. G. Creatine supplementation combined with resistance training in older men. Med Sci.Sports Exerc. 2001;33(12):2111-2117. PubMed
  32. Cox, G., Mujika, I., Tumilty, D., and Burke, L. Acute creatine supplementation and performance during a field test simulating match play in elite female soccer players. Int J Sport Nutr.Exerc.Metab 2002;12(1):33-46. PubMed
  33. Kilduff, L. P., Vidakovic, P., Cooney, G., Twycross-Lewis, R., Amuna, P., Parker, M., Paul, L., and Pitsiladis, Y. P. Effects of creatine on isometric bench-press performance in resistance-trained humans. Med Sci.Sports Exerc. 2002;34(7):1176-1183. PubMed
  34. Brose, A., Parise, G., and Tarnopolsky, M. A. Creatine supplementation enhances isometric strength and body composition improvements following strength exercise training in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol.Sci.Med Sci. 2003;58(1):11-19. PubMed
  35. Volek, J. S., Ratamess, N. A., Rubin, M. R., Gomez, A. L., French, D. N., McGuigan, M. M., Scheett, T. P., Sharman, M. J., Hakkinen, K., and Kraemer, W. J. The effects of creatine supplementation on muscular performance and body composition responses to
  36. Tyler, T. F., Nicholas, S. J., Hershman, E. B., Glace, B. W., Mullaney, M. J., and McHugh, M. P. The effect of creatine supplementation on strength recovery after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-b DOI
  37. Groeneveld, G. J., Beijer, C., Veldink, J. H., Kalmijn, S., Wokke, J. H., and van den Berg, L. H. Few adverse effects of long-term creatine supplementation in a placebo-controlled trial. Int J Sports Med 2005;26(4):307-313. PubMed
  38. Astorino, T. A., Marrocco, A. C., Gross, S. M., Johnson, D. L., Brazil, C. M., Icenhower, M. E., and Kneessi, R. J. Is running performance enhanced with creatine serum ingestion? J Strength.Cond.Res 2005;19(4):730-734. PubMed
  39. Cramer, J. T., Stout, J. R., Culbertson, J. Y., and Egan, A. D. Effects of creatine supplementation and three days of resistance training on muscle strength, power output, and neuromuscular function. J Strength.Cond.Res 2007;21(3):668-677. PubMed
  40. Young, P., De, Jonghe P., Stogbauer, F., and Butterfass-Bahloul, T. Treatment for Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2008;(1):CD006052. PubMed
  41. Ostojic, S. M. and Ahmetovic, Z. Gastrointestinal distress after creatine supplementation in athletes: are side effects dose dependent? Res.Sports Med. 2008;16(1):15-22. PubMed
  42. Whitt, K. N., Ward, S. C., Deniz, K., Liu, L., Odin, J. A., and Qin, L. Cholestatic liver injury associated with whey protein and creatine supplements. Semin.Liver Dis. 2008;28(2):226-231. PubMed
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