Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Based on 1 of 3 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Anarchy Covalex Strawberry Lemonade Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by VPX

Anarchy Covalex Strawberry Lemonade label
See full label image
Powder Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 16, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Anarchy Covalex Strawberry Lemonade against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Anarchy Covalex Strawberry Lemonade is a dietary supplement by VPX with 3 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for replacing fluids and electrolytes, preventing dehydration during exercise or illness, treating low blood sodium (under medical care).Based on those ingredients, 205 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Sodium. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Anarchy Covalex Strawberry Lemonade by VPX

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Anarchy Covalex Strawberry Lemonade by VPX — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Anarchy Covalex Strawberry Lemonade by VPX

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 11, 2026

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 2 of its 2 active ingredients.
  • No proprietary blends here — you can verify the dose of every single component.

This powder has 2 active ingredients: sodium and a proprietary blend. Sodium is an essential mineral that plays a key role in nerve and muscle function, but it's the amount that matters—dietary amounts are fine, but supplements add up fast.

The proprietary blend's contents aren't specified here, so we can't tell you what else is in the mix.

Does it work?

Strong evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed

This product doesn't appear to be marketed for a specific use, so we graded Sodium's overall clinical evidence instead.

Strong

Strong clinical evidence supports Sodium for:

Why this rating?
  • We looked at the product name, claims, and label statements and couldn't find a stated purpose to grade.
  • Since the label doesn't commit to one use, we graded the ingredient's overall clinical evidence instead.
  • On file: Cystic fibrosis — rated "Likely Effective" (Natural Medicines).
  • On file: Amphotericin B nephrotoxicity — rated "Possibly Effective" (Natural Medicines).

Sodium is likely effective for cystic fibrosis and possibly effective for amphotericin B nephrotoxicity (kidney damage from that antifungal drug). The evidence for bipolar disorder and congestive heart failure isn't established in the data we hold.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Sodium

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 1 of the 1 matched ingredient.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 1 of 1.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 1 of 1.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Sodium is well tolerated when you stay around the daily recommended limit of 2.3 grams. Too much, though, is linked to high blood pressure, heart strain, and kidney problems.

Population research also ties high sodium intake to a higher risk of stomach cancer. While low sodium can increase bone-loss risk, the answer isn't to load up on supplements—talk with your pharmacist or doctor about what's right for you.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Sodium

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 1 of the 1 matched ingredient can interact with medications — Sodium.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: lithium.
  • For scale: 205 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before taking this, double-check with your pharmacist if you take blood pressure drugs, lithium, corticosteroids, didanosine, sodium phosphate bowel-prep products, tolvaptan, or any other sodium-containing medications. All carry Moderate interaction risk with added sodium.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with strong clinical evidence behind its ingredients' uses. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This product is sodium, so it's only for people with a medical reason to take it (like cystic fibrosis) and under medical supervision. If you take blood pressure drugs, lithium, corticosteroids, or any sodium-containing medication, check with your pharmacist first.

Normal dietary sodium is fine; supplementing without guidance is a different story.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 1 of 2 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Nov 25, 2011.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Anarchy Covalex Strawberry Lemonade, straight from the product label.

Brand VPX
Barcode (UPC) 610764732613
Net contents 7.3 oz.; 206 g
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Nov 25, 2011
DSLD ID 2005
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Powder
Dietary claims / uses Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Anarchy Covalex Strawberry Lemonade by VPX, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
5.88 Gram(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
5.88 Gram(s)
Servings per container
35
UPC/BARCODE
610764732613
IngredientAmount% DV
Calories15 {Calories}--
Total Carbohydrates1 g--
Protein3 g6%
Sodium20 mg1%
Proprietary Blend4383 mg--

Other ingredients: Malic Acid, Natural and Artificial flavors, Sucralean brand Sucralose, Citric Acid Anhydrous, potassium citrate monohydrate, Sodium Chloride, calcium silicate

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
FDA Statement of Identity

DIETARY SUPPLEMENT

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

RECOMMENDED USE: Do not use Anarchy with REDLINE, Meltdown or any other products and/or beverages that contain caffeine or other forms of stimulants. Mix One (1) level scoop of Anarchy with 6 to 8 ounces of water or your favorite non-caffeinated beverage. Unlike other supplements in this category, Anarchy is very powerful and requires only one (1) scoop. Always consume at least ½ ounce of water for every pound of body weight. Example: 160 pound person would drink 80 ounces of water per day.

Precautions

KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN.

Do not use this product if you are pregnant or nursing or have any medical condition.

WARNING: NOT FOR USE BY INDIVIDUALS UNDER THE AGE OF 18 YEARS. DO NOT USE IF PREGNANT OR NURSING.

Allergen Warning: Manufactured in a facility that processes milk, egg, soy, wheat, and shellfish.

Consult a physician or licensed qualified health care professional before using this product if you have, or have a family history of, heart disease, thyroid disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, depression or other psychiatric condition, glaucoma, difficulty in urinating, prostate enlargement, or seizure disorder, or if you are using a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) or any other dietary supplement, prescription drug, or over-the-counter drug containing ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, or phenylpropanolamine (ingredients found in certain allergy, asthma, cough or cold, and weight control products).

Discontinue use and call a physician or licensed qualified health care professional immediately if you experience rapid heartbeat, dizziness, severe headache, shortness of breath, or other similar symptoms.

Do not exceed recommended serving. Exceeding recommended serving may cause adverse health effects.

Do not use for weight reduction.

Do not use this product if you are more than 15 pounds overweight.

Individuals who are sensitive to the effects of caffeine or have a medical condition should consult a licensed health care professional before consuming this product.

Not recommended for use by children under 18 years of age.

The consumer assumes total liability if this product is used in a manner inconsistent with label guidelines.

This product is intended for use by healthy individuals only.

Warning statement: Too much caffeine may cause nervousness, irritability, sleeplessness, and, occasionally, rapid heartbeat.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

*These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

Storage

PROTECT FROM HEAT, LIGHT AND MOISTURE. DO NOT PURCHASE IF SAFETY SEAL IS BROKEN OR MISSING. STORE AT 15-25°C (59-77°F)

Formula

One serving of Anarchy provides 195 mg of caffeine which is less than two cups of coffee.

General Statements

©2010 VITAL PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

35 ULTRA POTENT SCOOPS

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Anarchy Science: “Without rules and scientific boundaries and limitations – Anarchy is the rule of controlled chaos!" J. Owoc, June, 2010.

BEST BY DATE ON SIDE

Natural & Artificial Flavors

NEW PRE-WORKOUT MATRIX!

Not a Significant Source of Vitamin A, Vitamin C, calcium and iron.

PATENT PENDING COVALENT BONDED CREATINE GLUTAMINE PEPTIDE!

STRAWBERRY LEMONADE

General

V001

Brand IP Statement(s)

Physiological Function: Rapid ATP Resynthesis, CNS Stimulator, Increases Whole Body Creatine Retention & Intramuscular Carnosine, pH Stabilizer/Fatigue Inhibitor, Nutrient Dense Blood-Engorging Muscle Matrix, Explosive Power & Intense Energy! Myogenic Regulatory Factor (MRF) Igniter!* Anarchy is currently the only product in the world to contain VPX's Covalex(TM) Patent Pending Covalently Bonded Creatine Glutamine Peptide!

Words of Wisdom & Caution: Anarchy induces extreme mental acuity & intense energy required for explosive workouts in the gym and on the field. Anarchy is designed to ignite Myogenic Regulatory Factors (MRF’s) and positively influence increases in these muscle gene proteins for proliferation of new muscle cells. Increases in MRF's up to 515% is proven by a study conducted at Baylor University on VPX's NO-Shtogun.* This same University Proven Science has been used to develop the (cutting-edge) Anarchy formula. Anarchy is intended for advanced athletes who seek to increase and/or break personal or competitive performance goals. Anarchy is currently the only product in the world to contain VPX's Covalex(TM)-Patent Pending Covalently Bonded Creatine Glutamine Peptide. Utilize Anarchy with caution. While similar products may require 3 to 5 scoops, it is forbidden to use more than one scoop of Anarchy due to its extreme potency.

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Anarchy Covalex Strawberry Lemonade by VPX label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Anarchy Covalex Strawberry Lemonade label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Anarchy Covalex Strawberry Lemonade by VPX

These are the 3 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size5.88 Gram(s) Dosage formPowder Servings per container35 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Protein

3 g per serving

Sodium

Interacts with
205 drugs
20 mg per serving

Sodium is an essential mineral and electrolyte your body needs to balance fluids, support nerves, and help muscles work. Most people in modern diets g...

Sodium monograph & interactions

Proprietary Blend

4383 mg per serving Form: 1, 3, N-Dipropyl-7- Proparglyxanthine, 3'-5'-cAMP, 3'-5'-Diiodo-L-Thyronine, Beta-Alanine, Caffeine Anhydrous, Creatine Monohydrate, Creatyl-L-Glutamine, L-Histidine Hydrochloride, N-Methyl-Beta-Phenylethylamine, Olive leaf extract, R-Beta-Methylphenylethylamine HCl, Supra-Amine Apple geranium, Toothed Clubmoss, Yohimbe

Other (inactive) ingredients: Malic Acid, Natural and Artificial flavors, Sucralean brand Sucralose, Citric Acid Anhydrous, Potassium citrate monohydrate, Sodium Chloride, Calcium silicate. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Anarchy Covalex Strawberry Lemonade by VPX Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Anarchy Covalex Strawberry Lemonade?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
205Drugs
205 Moderate

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Sodium 205

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Anarchy Covalex Strawberry Lemonade interact with 205 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

1 of the 3 ingredients in Anarchy Covalex Strawberry Lemonade interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Sodium

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Anarchy Covalex Strawberry Lemonade with known interactions, here are the types of medications it can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Sodium7 drug types · 205 drugs

Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, a high intake of dietary sodium might reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs.
High intake of dietary sodium can increase systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Also, high intake of sodium may necessitate increased use of antihypertensive medications to achieve blood pressure control in some patients, such as those with chronic kidney disease.

Likelihood Probable Evidence A
Corticosteroids

Concomitant use of mineralocorticoids and some glucocorticoids with sodium supplements might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Mineralocorticoids and some glucocorticoids (corticosteroids) cause sodium retention. This effect is dose-related and depends on mineralocorticoid potency. It is most common with hydrocortisone, cortisone, and fludrocortisone, followed by prednisone and prednisolone.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Didanosine (Videx)

Concomitant use of didanosine with additional sodium from dietary or supplemental sources may increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Didanosine formulations contain a significant amount of sodium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence C
Lithium

Altering dietary intake of sodium might alter the levels and clinical effects of lithium.
High sodium intake can reduce plasma concentrations of lithium by increasing lithium excretion. Reducing sodium intake can significantly increase plasma concentrations of lithium and cause lithium toxicity in patients being treated with lithium carbonate. Stabilizing sodium intake is shown to reduce the percentage of patients with lithium level fluctuations above 0.8 mEq/L. Patients taking lithium should avoid significant alterations in their dietary intake of sodium.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Sodium Phosphates

Theoretically, concomitant use of sodium phosphate with sodium supplements might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Use of high doses (> 45 mL in 24 hours) of sodium phosphate, such as those used for bowel cleansing before surgery, can lead to serious electrolyte disturbances, including hypernatremia. The risk of hypernatremia is highest in the elderly and people with other risk factors for electrolyte disturbances.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Sodium-Containing Drugs

Concomitant use of sodium-containing drugs with additional sodium from dietary or supplemental sources may increase the risk of hypernatremia and long-term sodium-related complications.
The Chronic Disease Risk Reduction (CDRR) intake level of 2.3 grams of sodium daily indicates the intake at which it is believed that chronic disease risk increases for the apparently healthy population. Some medications contain high quantities of sodium. When used in conjunction with sodium supplements or high-sodium diets, the CDRR may be exceeded. Additionally, concomitant use may increase the risk for hypernatremia; this risk is highest in the elderly and people with other risk factors for electrolyte disturbances.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Tolvaptan (Samsca)

Theoretically, concomitant use of tolvaptan with sodium might increase the risk of hypernatremia.
Tolvaptan is a vasopressin receptor 2 antagonist that is used to increase sodium levels in patients with hyponatremia. Patients taking tolvaptan should use caution with the use of sodium salts such as sodium chloride.

Likelihood Probable Evidence C
Sodium full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Anarchy Covalex Strawberry Lemonade, from the product label.

VPX

See all VPX products
Phone Number
(954) 641-0570
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Anarchy Covalex Strawberry Lemonade by VPX: Common Questions

Does Anarchy Covalex Strawberry Lemonade by VPX interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Anarchy Covalex Strawberry Lemonade has a known interaction with 205 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Anarchy Covalex Strawberry Lemonade contains 3 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Is this safe during pregnancy or breastfeeding?
The data shows sodium is likely safe in pregnancy but possibly unsafe during breastfeeding. This is a conversation to have with your doctor or midwife—don't start supplementing on your own.
What's a proprietary blend, and why can't you check it?
A proprietary blend means the brand kept the exact ingredients and amounts secret—they just list it as one item. We don't have a database entry for it, so we can't check whether it interacts with your medications.
Can I take this with my blood pressure medication?
High sodium can make blood pressure drugs less effective. Talk to your pharmacist before adding this—they'll know your specific medication and can advise whether it's okay.
Why is this a powder and not a food?
It's formulated as a supplement, so it's treated and regulated differently than food. That means you're getting concentrated doses of sodium, not the amount you'd get from eating.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if Anarchy Covalex Strawberry Lemonade is safe with your meds?

Our pharmacists answer your medication & supplement questions — free.

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Anarchy Covalex Strawberry Lemonade label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Anarchy Covalex Strawberry Lemonade’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Sodium

Interacts with 205 drugs

Sodium is an essential mineral and electrolyte your body needs to balance fluids, support nerves, and help muscles work. Most people in modern diets get more than enough—often too much—from...

Read the full Sodium monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Anarchy Covalex Strawberry Lemonade's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 38 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Sodium 38 references
  1. Garabedian-Ruffalo SM, Ruffalo RL. Drug and nutrient interactions. Am Fam Physician 1986;33:165-74.
  2. Food and Drug Administration Science Background: Safety of Sodium Phosphates Oral Solution. September 17, 2001. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/safety/sodiumphospate.htm
  3. Coton T, Mallaret C, Coilliot C, Carre D, Guisset M. Severe acute ulcerated gastritis induced by salt. Presse Med 2009;38(3):499-500. PubMed
  4. Frings-Meuthen P, Buehlmeier J, Baecker N, et al. High sodium chloride intake exacerbates immobilization-induced bone resorption and protein losses. J Appl Physiol 2011;111(2):537-542. PubMed
  5. Frings-Meuthen P, Baecker N, Heer M. Low-grade metabolic acidosis may be the cause of sodium chloride-induced exaggerated bone resorption. J Bone Miner Res 2008;23(4):517-524. PubMed
  6. Alam S, Johnson AG. A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCT) among healthy normotensive and essential hypertensive elderly patients to determine the effect of high salt (NaCl) diet of blood pressure. J Hum Hypertens 1999;13(6):367-74.
  7. Boudville N, Ward S, Benaroia M, House AA. Increased sodium intake correlates with greater use of antihypertensive agents by subjects with chronic kidney disease. Am J Hypertens 2005;18(10):1300-5. PubMed
  8. Bennett WM. Drug interactions and consequences of sodium restriction. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65(2 Suppl):678S-681S. PubMed
  9. Okusa MD, Crystal LJ. Clinical manifestations and management of acute lithium intoxication. Am J Med 1994;97(4):383-9. PubMed
  10. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2005. Available at: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10925. DOI
  11. D'Elia L, Rossi G, Ippolito R, Cappuccio FP, Strazzullo P. Habitual salt intake and risk of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Clin Nutr 2012;31(4):489-98. PubMed
  12. Goldsmith SR. Hyponatremia in heart failure: time for a trial. J Card Fail 2013;19(6):398-400. PubMed
  13. Willocks L, Brettle R, Keen J, Valentine C, Pinching AJ. Formulations of didanosine (ddI) and salt overload. Lancet 1992;339(8786):190.
  14. Chen L, Zhang Z, Chen W, Whelton PK, Appel LJ. Lower Sodium Intake and Risk of Headaches: Results From the Trial of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(7):1270-5. PubMed
  15. Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Lower levels of sodium intake and reduced cardiovascular risk. Circulation. 2014;129(9):981-9. PubMed
  16. Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Sodium Intake and All-Cause Mortality Over 20 Years in the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(15):1609-1617. PubMed
  17. Mente A, O'Donnell M, Rangarajan S, et al. Associations of urinary sodium excretion with cardiovascular events in individuals with and without hypertension: a pooled analysis of data from four studies. Lancet. 2016;388(10043):465-75. PubMed
  18. Moosavian SP, Haghighatdoost F, Surkan PJ, Azadbakht L. Salt and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2017;68(3):265-277. PubMed
  19. O'Donnell M, Mente A, Rangarajan S, et al. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion, mortality, and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(7):612-23. DOI
  20. Poggio R, Gutierrez L, Matta MG, Elorriaga N, Irazola V, Rubinstein A. Daily sodium consumption and CVD mortality in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Public Health Nutr. 2015;18(4):695-704. PubMed
  21. Stallings VA, Harrison M, Oria M; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium, Food and Nutrition Board, Health and Medicine Division, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington (DC): National Acad
  22. Mahtani KR, Heneghan C, Onakpoya I, et al. Reduced Salt Intake for Heart Failure: A Systematic Review. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Dec 1;178(12):1693-1700. PubMed
  23. Yancy CW. Sodium Restriction in Heart Failure: Too Much Uncertainty-Do the Trials. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Dec 1;178(12):1700-1701. PubMed
  24. He FJ, Campbell NRC, Ma Y, MacGregor GA, Cogswell ME, Cook NR. Errors in estimating usual sodium intake by the Kawasaki formula alter its relationship with mortality: implications for public health. Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47(6):1784-1795. PubMed
  25. Murthy K, Ondrey GJ, Malkani N, et al. THE EFFECTS OF HYPONATREMIA ON BONE DENSITY AND FRACTURES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. Endocr Pract. 2019;25(4):366-378. PubMed
  26. Messerli FH, Hofstetter L, Syrogiannouli L, et al. Sodium intake, life expectancy, and all-cause mortality. Eur Heart J 2021;42(21):2103-2112. PubMed
  27. Graudal NA, Hubeck-Graudal T, Jurgens G. Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020;12(12):CD004022. PubMed
  28. Giatti S, Santos RB, Aielo AN, et al. Association of sodium with obstructive sleep apnea. The ELSA-Brasil study. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021;18(3):502-510. PubMed
  29. Nan X, Lu H, Wu J, et al. The interactive association between sodium intake, alcohol consumption and hypertension among elderly in northern China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr 2021;21(1):135. PubMed
  30. Kyozuka H, Fukusda T, Murata T, et al. Impact of preconception sodium intake on hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: The Japan Environment and Children's study. Pregnancy Hypertens 2021;23:66-72. PubMed
  31. Zhao L, Ogden CL, Yang Q, et al. Association of usual sodium intake with obesity among US children and adolescents, NHANES 2009-2016. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021;29(3):587-594. PubMed
  32. Ma Y, He FJ, Sun Q, et al. 24-Hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med 2022;386(3):252-263. PubMed
  33. Liu J, Yang X, Zhang P, et al. Association of urinary sodium excretion and left ventricular hypertrophy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021;12:728493. PubMed
  34. Filippini T, Malavolti M, Whelton PK, Vinceti M. Sodium intake and risk of hypertension: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational cohort studies. Curr Hypertens Rep 2022;24(5):133-144. PubMed
  35. Wang DD, Li Y, Nguyen XT, et al. Dietary sodium and potassium intake and risk of non-fatal cardiovascular diseases: The million veteran program. Nutrients 2022;14(5):1121. PubMed
  36. Kwak JH, Park CH, Eun CS, et al. The associations of dietary intake of high sodium and low zinc with gastric cancer mortality: A prospective cohort study in Korea. Nutr Cancer 2022;74(10):3501-3508. PubMed
  37. George S, Maiti R, Mishra BR, Jena M, Mohapatra D. Effect of regulated add-on sodium chloride intake on stabilization of serum lithium concentration in bipolar disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Bipolar Disord 2023;25(1):66-75. PubMed
  38. Zhou TL, Schütten MTJ, Kroon AA, et al. Urinary Sodium Excretion and Salt Intake Are Not Associated With Blood Pressure Variability in a White General Population. J Am Heart Assoc 2023;12(1):e026578. PubMed

See these in context on the Sodium monograph →

Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.

DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

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