Major interaction on record — check this product against your medications before combining. Based on 5 of 6 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Horny Goat Weed Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Windmill Health Products

Horny Goat Weed label
See full label image
Tablet Or Pill Category: Other Combinations
Most serious interaction: Major
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 23, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Horny Goat Weed against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Major

Horny Goat Weed is a dietary supplement by Windmill Health Products with 6 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for low libido and sexual function, energy and stamina, menopause symptoms.Based on those ingredients, 1,209 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated major. The ingredients most likely to interact are Horny Goat Weed Extract, Cordyceps sinensis extract, Mucuna pruriens extract. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Horny Goat Weed by Windmill Health Products

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Horny Goat Weed by Windmill Health Products — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Horny Goat Weed by Windmill Health Products

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Aug 6, 2026

What’s inside

Low disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Low

Most active ingredients don't disclose an individual amount — you can't tell how much of each you're getting.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 1 of its 6 active ingredients.
  • “Proprietary Blend” is a proprietary blend — the label gives one combined amount (250 mg) without saying how much of each component you get.

This product contains six ingredients: a proprietary blend (whose components are listed individually), plus maca, horny goat weed extract, oat extract standardized to 10:1 concentration, cordyceps sinensis extract, and mucuna pruriens extract, along with inactive ingredients like cellulose, calcium carbonate, and magnesium stearate. The active ingredients are meant to support sexual function and energy; oat extract is also included for cardiovascular health.

We could not check polypodium vulgare for interactions.

Does it work?

Insufficient evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Insufficient

There isn't enough reliable clinical evidence to rate this product's ingredients for its stated purpose.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: Boost libido and support sexual function.
  • We looked for evidence on: Erectile dysfunction (ED), Sexual desire, Sexual dysfunction, Antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction, Age-related testosterone deficiency, Male infertility — and 3 related terms.
  • The closest evidence on file: Maca is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Maca is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Sexual desire, Age-related testosterone deficiency, Male infertility.
  • Also on file: Cordyceps is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Sexual dysfunction.

The evidence doesn't support these ingredients strongly. Horny goat weed extract, maca, and cordyceps all have insufficient reliable evidence for the conditions this product targets, including sexual dysfunction.

Oat extract is likely effective for cholesterol and heart health, but that's not the primary claim here. None of the other ingredients have established effectiveness ratings in our data for their intended uses in this product.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Maca Oats Cordyceps Cowhage Horny Goat Weed

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 5 of the 5 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 5 of 5.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 5 of 5.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Horny goat weed extract is generally well tolerated short-term, though human safety data is limited and quality varies between brands. The most common side effects are dizziness, dry mouth, nosebleed, thirst, and vomiting; a rare serious effect is respiratory arrest.

Long-term use has been linked to vomiting, dry mouth, thirst, and nosebleed. Oat extract is generally well tolerated and may cause bloating, flatulence, and abdominal distension as your digestive system adjusts — these usually fade with continued use.

Cordyceps seems well tolerated short-term but may cause abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, or constipation; a rare case of liver inflammation has been reported. Mucuna pruriens is generally well tolerated, though diarrhea, flatulence, nausea, and abdominal distension have been reported in some studies.

Maca is generally well tolerated as a food, though raw maca can cause stomach pain. Pregnancy safety is a concern: horny goat weed, maca, cordyceps, and mucuna pruriens all lack sufficient safety data in supplement amounts and should be avoided during pregnancy.

Mucuna pruriens should also be avoided while breastfeeding because its levodopa content may lower milk supply.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Maca Oats Cordyceps Cowhage Horny Goat Weed

Meds to double-check

Major interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Major identified

At least one ingredient has a documented Major-severity interaction. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 4 of the 5 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Cordyceps, Horny Goat Weed, Oats, Cowhage.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Major.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; immunosuppressants / transplant drugs; diabetes medications; Parkinson's medications.
  • For scale: 1,210 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before taking this product, confirm with your pharmacist or doctor if you take any monoamine oxidase inhibitor (an older type of antidepressant), methyldopa (a blood pressure drug), levodopa (Parkinson's medication), blood pressure medications, blood thinners or antiplatelet drugs, diabetes medications, insulin, estrogen or birth control, antipsychotics, tricyclic antidepressants, guanethidine, immunosuppressants, or anesthesia drugs. These are the medication types with documented interactions; do not start this product without checking your full medication list.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFormula with limited ingredient disclosure with insufficient evidence for its stated purpose. Major medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This product is not for you if you take blood pressure medications, blood thinners, diabetes drugs, insulin, antidepressants (especially older MAOIs), antipsychotics, or estrogen therapy, or if you're pregnant or breastfeeding. The effectiveness evidence for sexual function is thin across all ingredients.

If you're considering this supplement, talk it over with your doctor or pharmacist first — especially if you're on any regular medications or have heart disease, high blood pressure, or diabetes.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 5 of 6 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Jul 23, 2020.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Horny Goat Weed, straight from the product label.

Brand Windmill Health Products
Barcode (UPC) 035046047429
Net contents 60 Tablet(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Jul 23, 2020
DSLD ID 231226
Product type Other Combinations
Supplement form Tablet Or Pill
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Horny Goat Weed by Windmill Health Products, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
1 Tablet(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
1 Tablet(s)
Servings per container
60
UPC/BARCODE
035046047429
IngredientAmount% DV
Proprietary Blend250 mg--
Maca0 NP--
Horny Goat Weed Extract500 mg--
Oat 10:1 extract0 NP--
Cordyceps sinensis extract0 NP--
Mucuna pruriens extract0 NP--
Polypodium vulgare0 NP--

Other ingredients: Calcium Carbonate, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Hypromellose, Stearic Acid, Silica, Magnesium Stearate, Coating

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Directions: Take 1 tablet daily, with a meal, as a dietary supplement or as directed by a healthcare professional.

Precautions

Keep out of reach of children.

Do not use if inner seal is broken.

Warning: Pregnant or lactating women should consult with their physician prior to taking this product.

Storage

Protect from heat, light and moisture. Store in a cool, dry place.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

Formulation

Nature's aphrodisiac Maximum potency

Helps boost libido Supports sexual function Promotes health Nitric Oxide

Sustained release formula

Made in the U.S.A. from globally sourced ingredients.

Formula

(Epimedium sagittatum) Standardized 10% Icarin compound With maca, oat extract, & cordyceps

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

Brand IP Statement(s)

Copyright 2019 Windmill Health Products All rights reserved.

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Horny Goat Weed by Windmill Health Products label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Horny Goat Weed label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Horny Goat Weed by Windmill Health Products

These are the 6 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size1 Tablet(s) Dosage formTablet Or Pill Servings per container60 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Proprietary Blend

250 mg per serving

Horny Goat Weed Extract

Interacts with
963 drugs
500 mg per serving Form: Icariin

Horny goat weed (Epimedium) is a traditional Chinese herb most often marketed for low libido and erectile problems, but solid human evidence for these...

Horny Goat Weed Extract monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: Calcium Carbonate, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Hypromellose, Stearic Acid, Silica, Magnesium Stearate, Coating. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Horny Goat Weed by Windmill Health Products Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Horny Goat Weed?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
1,209Drugs
17 Major 1,189 Moderate 3 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Horny Goat Weed Extract 963
Cordyceps sinensis extract 249
Mucuna pruriens extract 193
Oat 10:1 extract 86

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Horny Goat Weed interact with 1,209 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

4 of the 6 ingredients in Horny Goat Weed interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Horny Goat Weed Extract Cordyceps sinensis extract Mucuna pruriens extract Oat 10:1 extract

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Horny Goat Weed with known interactions, here are the types of medications they can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Horny Goat Weed Extract6 drug types · 963 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, horny goat weed might increase the risk of bleeding.
In vitro research and animal research shows that horny goat weed can inhibit platelet aggregation and thrombus formation. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, horny goat weed might increase the risk of hypotension.
Laboratory research suggests that horny goat weed might have hypotensive effects. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (Cyp1A2) Substrates

Theoretically, horny goat weed might increase the effects and side effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
In vitro, horny goat weed leaf extract inhibits CYP1A2. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 2B6 (Cyp2B6) Substrates

Theoretically, horny goat weed might increase the effects and side effects of CYP2B6 substrates.
In vitro, horny goat weed leaf extract inhibits CYP2B6. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, horny goat weed might increase the effects and side effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
In vitro, horny goat weed extract inhibits CYP3A4 and suppresses CYP3A4 mRNA expression. This effect has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Estrogens

Theoretically, concomitant use of horny goat weed with estrogens might increase their therapeutic and adverse effects.
In vitro evidence suggests that horny goat weed has estrogenic activity. In clinical research, horny goat weed has been shown to increase blood levels of estrogen in some females.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Horny Goat Weed Extract full monograph & interactions

Cordyceps sinensis extract3 drug types · 249 drugs

Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Theoretically, cordyceps may increase the risk of bleeding when used with antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs.
In vitro and animal research suggests that cordyceps extract inhibits platelet aggregation and function. However, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Immunosuppressants

Theoretically, concurrent use of cordyceps might interfere with immunosuppressive therapy.
Animal and in vitro research suggests that cordyceps stimulates the immune system. However, limited clinical research suggests that taking cordyceps may lower the necessary therapeutic dose of the immunosuppressant cyclosporine, which suggests that cordyceps may have an immunosuppressive effect.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Testosterone

Theoretically, concurrent use of cordyceps and testosterone might have additive effects.
Animal research suggests that cordyceps can increase testosterone levels. The clinical significance of this finding is unclear.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cordyceps sinensis extract full monograph & interactions

Mucuna pruriens extract8 drug types · 193 drugs

Levodopa

Concomitant use can increase the risk of levodopa-related adverse effects.
Cowhage contains levodopa. Some cowhage products have been standardized to contain 75-400 mg of levodopa per dose.

Likelihood Likely Evidence D
Methyldopa (Aldomet)

Theoretically, concomitant use of cowhage and methyldopa might increase the risk of hypotension.
Cowhage contains levodopa. Use of levodopa with methyldopa might cause additive hypotension. In addition, methyldopa may inhibit peripheral decarboxylation of levodopa and increase levodopa levels in the central nervous system; avoid using.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (Maois)

Theoretically, concomitant use of cowhage and non-selective MAOIs might increase the risk of hypertensive crisis.
Cowhage contains levodopa. Use of levodopa with non-selective MAOIs might cause hypertensive crisis. However, this interaction has not been reported with MAO-B selective inhibitors such as selegiline.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Anesthesia

Theoretically, concomitant use of cowhage and anesthesia might increase the risk of arrhythmias.
Cowhage contains levodopa. Use of levodopa with cyclopropane or halogenated hydrocarbon anesthesia has led to arrhythmias. Other anesthetics have not been implicated. Use other anesthetics in patients taking cowhage or tell patients to stop taking cowhage at least 2 weeks before surgery.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, concomitant use of cowhage and antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Animal research shows that cowhage might have hypoglycemic effects.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Antipsychotic Drugs

Theoretically, use of cowhage might decrease the clinical effects of antipsychotic drugs.
Cowhage contains levodopa. Use of levodopa might counteract the antidopaminergic effects of antipsychotic medications.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Guanethidine (Ismelin)

Theoretically, concomitant use of cowhage and guanethidine might increase the risk of hypotension.
Cowhage contains levodopa. Use of levodopa with guanethidine might cause additive hypotension; avoid using.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Tricyclic Antidepressants (Tcas)

Theoretically, use of TCAs might reduce the levels and clinical effects of cowhage.
Cowhage contains levodopa. Use of TCAs might reduce the absorption of levodopa. Some case reports describe patients that developed hypertension and dyskinesia when taking both levodopa and TCAs.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Mucuna pruriens extract full monograph & interactions

Oat 10:1 extract2 drug types · 86 drugs

Antidiabetes Drugs

Theoretically, oats may have additive effects with antidiabetic agents and might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Consuming oats can decrease blood glucose in patients with diabetes. In those who require insulin, taking oats 100 grams daily for 2 days reduces the insulin dose required to achieve metabolic control.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Insulin

Concomitant use of oats and insulin might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
In patients with insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes, taking oats 100 grams daily for 2 days reduces the insulin dose required to achieve metabolic control.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Oat 10:1 extract full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Horny Goat Weed, from the product label.

Windmill Health Products

See all Windmill Health Products products
Name
Windmill Health Products
Street Address
10 Henderson Drive
City
West Caldwell
State
NJ
ZipCode
07006
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Horny Goat Weed by Windmill Health Products: Common Questions

Does Horny Goat Weed by Windmill Health Products interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Horny Goat Weed has a known interaction with 1,209 medications, including 17 rated major. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Horny Goat Weed contains 6 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Is this safe to take if I'm pregnant or breastfeeding?
No. Horny goat weed extract, maca, cordyceps, and mucuna pruriens all lack sufficient safety data and should be avoided in pregnancy. Mucuna pruriens should also be avoided while breastfeeding because it may reduce milk supply. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist about what's safe for you.
What does horny goat weed actually do?
The evidence doesn't clearly establish that it works for sexual dysfunction — we rate that as insufficient reliable evidence. Lab and animal studies suggest it might affect blood pressure and blood clotting, but these effects haven't been proven in humans.
What's mucuna pruriens and why is it in here?
Mucuna pruriens is a plant that naturally contains levodopa, a compound similar to a Parkinson's medication. It's included for sexual and energy support, but the evidence for those uses is insufficient. The levodopa content makes it interact with several medications, so it needs careful attention.
Will this interact with my blood pressure medication?
Possibly, yes — horny goat weed and mucuna pruriens may both lower blood pressure further and increase the risk of dizziness or fainting. Use the search tool on this page to check your specific medication, or call your pharmacist before starting.
Can I take this with birth control?
Horny goat weed theoretically increases estrogen levels and may alter how estrogen-based birth control works. Confirm with your pharmacist before combining them.
What are the most common side effects?
From horny goat weed: dizziness, dry mouth, nosebleed, thirst, and vomiting. From oat extract: bloating, flatulence, and stomach distension (usually fade with time). Cordyceps may cause abdominal discomfort or diarrhea. Mucuna pruriens may cause diarrhea, flatulence, or nausea.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if Horny Goat Weed is safe with your meds?

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Horny Goat Weed label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Horny Goat Weed’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Maca

Maca is a nutrient-rich Andean root often used for energy, libido, and menopause symptoms. Early studies suggest it may modestly help sexual desire and some menopause symptoms, but the evide...

Read the full Maca monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Oats

Interacts with 86 drugs

Oats are a well-studied whole grain whose soluble fiber (beta-glucan) can help lower cholesterol and support heart health when eaten regularly. As a food, oats are safe for most people, and...

Read the full Oats monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Cordyceps

Interacts with 249 drugs

Cordyceps is a fungus used in traditional Chinese medicine for energy, exercise performance, and lung and immune support. Human research is limited and mostly low quality, so its benefits ar...

Read the full Cordyceps monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Cowhage

Interacts with 193 drugs

Cowhage (Mucuna pruriens) is a tropical legume best known as a natural source of L-dopa, the compound the body turns into dopamine. It is most studied for Parkinson's disease symptoms and ma...

Read the full Cowhage monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Horny Goat Weed

Interacts with 963 drugs

Horny goat weed (Epimedium) is a traditional Chinese herb most often marketed for low libido and erectile problems, but solid human evidence for these uses is lacking. While short-term use s...

Read the full Horny Goat Weed monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Horny Goat Weed's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 51 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Maca 1 reference
  1. Valerio, L. G., Jr. and Gonzales, G. F. Toxicological aspects of the South American herbs cat's claw (Uncaria tomentosa) and Maca (Lepidium meyenii) : a critical synopsis. Toxicol.Rev 2005;24(1):11-35. PubMed

See these in context on the Maca monograph →

Horny Goat Weed 11 references
  1. Cirigliano MD, Szapary PO. Horny goat weed for erectile dysfunction. Alt Med Alert 2001;4:19-22.
  2. Partin JF, Pushkin YR. Tachyarrhythmia and hypomania with horny goat weed. Psychosomatics 2004;45:536-7. PubMed
  3. De Naeyer A, Pocock V, Milligan S, De Keukeleire D. Estrogenic activity of a polyphenolic extract of the leaves of Epimedium brevicornum. Fitoterapia 2005;76:35-40. PubMed
  4. Zhang CZ, Wang SX, Zhang Y, et al. In vitro estrogenic activities of Chinese medicinal plants traditionally used for the management of menopausal symptoms. J Ethnopharmacol 2005;98:295-300. PubMed
  5. Yap SP, Shen P, Li J, et al. Molecular and pharmacodynamic properties of estrogenic extracts from the traditional Chinese medicinal herb, Epimedium. J Ethnopharmacol 2007;113:218-24. PubMed
  6. Yan, F. F., Liu, Y., Liu, Y. F., and Zhao, Y. X. Herba Epimedii water extract elevates estrogen level and improves lipid metabolism in postmenopausal women. Phytother.Res. 2008;22(9):1224-1228. PubMed
  7. Ramanathan VS, Mitropoulos E, Shlopov B, et al. An Enzyte'ing' case of acute hepatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2011;45(9):834-5. PubMed
  8. Zhong Q, Shi Z, Zhang L, et al. The potential of Epimedium koreanum Nakai for herb-drug interaction. J Pharm Pharmacol 2017;69(10):1398-408. doi: 10.1111/jphp.12773.
  9. Irfan M, Kwon TH, Lee DH, et al. Antiplatelet and Antithrombotic Effects of Epimedium koreanum Nakai. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. Apr 2021;2021:7071987. PubMed
  10. Tan K, Yang W, Pang L, Hou F. Differences in clinical characteristics among 726 patients with Chinese herbal medicine- or Western medicine-induced liver injury. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022;101(32):e29909. PubMed
  11. Li K, Yu XH, Maskey AR, et al. Cytochrome P450 3A4 suppression by epimedium and active compound kaempferol leads to synergistic anti-inflammatory effect with corticosteroid. Front Pharmacol 2023;13:1042756. PubMed

See these in context on the Horny Goat Weed monograph →

Oats 13 references
  1. Cooper SG, Tracey EJ. Small-bowel obstruction caused by oat-bran bezoar. N Engl J Med 1989;320:1148-9. DOI
  2. Pick ME, Hawrysh ZJ, Gee MI, et al. Oat bran concentrate bread products improve long-term control of diabetes: a pilot study. J Am Diet Assoc 1996;96:1254-61. PubMed
  3. Braaten JT, Scott FW, Wood PJ, et al. High beta-glucan oat bran and oat gum reduce postprandial blood glucose and insulin in subjects with and without type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 1994;11:312-8.
  4. Rosario PG, Gerst PH, Prakash K, Albu E. Dentureless distention: oat bran bezoars cause obstruction. J Am Geriatr Soc 1990;38:608. PubMed
  5. Food and Drug Administration. Food labeling: health claims: oats and coronary heart disease. Fed Regist 1996;61:296-313.
  6. Foulke J. FDA Allows Whole Oat Foods To Make Health Claim on Reducing the Risk of Heart Disease. FDA Talk Paper. 1997. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/ANS00782.html.
  7. Chandalia M, Garg A, Lutjohann D, et al. Beneficial effects of high dietary fiber intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1392-8. PubMed
  8. Lembo A, Camilleri M. Chronic constipation. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1360-8. . PubMed
  9. De Paz Arranz S, Perez Montero A, Remon LZ, Molero MI. Allergic contact urticaria to oatmeal. Allergy 2002;57:1215. . PubMed
  10. Delgado G, Kleber ME, Krämer BK, et al. Dietary intervention with oatmeal in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus - A crossover study. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2019;127(9):623-629. PubMed
  11. Sobhan M, Hojati M, Vafaie SY, Ahmadimoghaddam D, Mohammadi Y, Mehrpooya M. The efficacy of colloidal oatmeal cream 1% as add-on therapy in the management of chronic irritant hand eczema: A double-blind study. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2020;13:241-25
  12. Hou Q, Li Y, Li L, Cheng G, Sun X, Li S, Tian H. The metabolic effects of oats intake in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2015;7(12):10369-87. PubMed
  13. González-Afonso M, Cañas JA, Sastre B, et al. A Case of Anaphylaxis After Ingestion of Oats: Research Into New Allergens. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2022;32(6):506-508. PubMed

See these in context on the Oats monograph →

Cordyceps 14 references
  1. Zhu JS, Halpern GM, Jones K. The scientific rediscovery of an ancient Chinese herbal medicine: Cordyceps sinensis: part I. J Altern Complement Med 1998;4:289-303.
  2. Zhu JS, Halpern GM, Jones K. The scientific rediscovery of a precious ancient Chinese herbal regimen: Cordyceps sinensis: part II. J Altern Complement Med 1998;4:429-57.
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DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

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