Periwinkle Non-Alcohol Ingredients & Drug Interactions
by Hawaii Pharm
What is this page for?
First and foremost: checking Periwinkle Non-Alcohol against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.
Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy
Periwinkle Non-Alcohol is a dietary supplement by Hawaii Pharm with 1 active ingredient. Its ingredients are commonly taken for memory and cognitive support, circulation problems, dizziness and ringing in the ears.Based on those ingredients, 172 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are certified organic Periwinkle extract. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.
Check Your Meds Against Periwinkle Non-Alcohol by Hawaii Pharm
Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Periwinkle Non-Alcohol by Hawaii Pharm — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.
AI summaries are generated from our interaction database for education only — always confirm with your pharmacist. How we use AI
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Periwinkle Non-Alcohol by Hawaii Pharm
Four independent checks of what is known — a summary of the available information, not a grade of the product itself.
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
The stated purpose hasn't been mapped to our evidence data yet.
Why this rating?
- We haven't mapped this product's purpose to our evidence data yet — it'll be graded on the next content refresh.
Most active ingredients don't disclose an individual amount — you can't tell how much of each you're getting.
Why this rating?
- The label discloses an exact amount for 0 of its 1 active ingredient.
The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.
Why this rating?
- 1 of the 1 matched ingredient can interact with medications — Periwinkle.
- The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
- For scale: 172 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.
Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.
Why this rating?
- We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 1 of the 1 matched ingredient.
- Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 1 of 1.
- General safety write-ups exist for 1 of 1.
- Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.
HelloPharmacist summaryFormula with limited ingredient disclosure with no assessable stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.
Assessment coverage: 1 of 1 active ingredient matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Oct 23, 2020.
This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed
General information
Key facts about Periwinkle Non-Alcohol, straight from the product label.
| Brand | Hawaii Pharm |
|---|---|
| Barcode (UPC) | 0748399917713 |
| Net contents | 4 Fluid Ounce(s); 120 mL |
| Market status | Off market |
| Date entered into DSLD | Oct 23, 2020 |
| DSLD ID | 238385 |
| Product type | Botanical |
| Supplement form | Liquid |
| Dietary claims / uses | All Other, Structure/Function |
| Intended target group(s) | Adult (18 - 50 Years), Women (not pregnant or lactating), Organic, Gluten Free |
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.
Supplement Facts
The label details for Periwinkle Non-Alcohol by Hawaii Pharm, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.
Supplement Facts
| Ingredient | Amount | % DV |
|---|---|---|
| certified organic Periwinkle extract | 0 NP | -- |
Other ingredients: Vegetable Palm Glycerin, crystal clear artesian Hawaiian Water
Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
General Statements
Hawaii Pharm Non-Alcohol Herbal Extract Highest quality since 2008
Made with Aloha!
Formulation
Contains no gluten, artificial colors, pesticides, preservatives, heavy metals. Non GMO.
Super concentrated liquid herbal extract Dry herb/menstruum ratio: 1:3
Contains no alcohol
Description: We produced this extract according to precise standards where each herbs are individually extracted according to their distinct characteristic. We use a cold maceration extraction method, so that the active constituents of the herbs are extracted and maintained.
Non GMO Gluten free
Manufactured in an FDA registered facility. Ultra Sonic
Made in USA, Hawaii
Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions
Directions for use: Shake well before using. Take about 20-30 drops in juice, water, tea or as desired up to four times per day.
Precautions
Warnings: Keep out of the reach of children.
Not to be used during pregnancy. Consult a physician before using if nursing or taking any medications.
Do not use if you are allergic to any ingredients.
Do not use if seal is broken or missing.
Storage
Refrigerate after opening.
Formula
(Vinca minor)
FDA Statement of Identity
Herbal Dietary Supplement
FDA Disclaimer Statement
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
Seals/Symbols
FDA Registered Facility Made in United States of America USA
Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.
Periwinkle Non-Alcohol by Hawaii Pharm label
The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.
Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.
View the full label (PDF)The Ingredients in Periwinkle Non-Alcohol by Hawaii Pharm
This is the 1 active ingredient this product is made of. Select it to open its full monograph.
Serving size20 Drop(s) Dosage formLiquid Amounts shown are per serving.
Certified organic Periwinkle extract
Interacts with172 drugs
Periwinkle (Vinca minor) is a flowering plant whose alkaloids are the source of vinpocetine, a compound marketed for memory and brain circulation. Evi...
Certified organic Periwinkle extract monograph & interactionsOther (inactive) ingredients: Vegetable Palm Glycerin, Crystal clear artesian Hawaiian Water. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.
Periwinkle Non-Alcohol by Hawaii Pharm Drug Interactions
Periwinkle Non-Alcohol contains a single active ingredient, and it has known interactions with 172 medications. Here’s the picture, then you can look up your own drug.
Want to check YOUR meds against Periwinkle Non-Alcohol?
Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.
Go to the checkerIngredients driving the most interactions
Individual Drug Interactions
The ingredients in Periwinkle Non-Alcohol interact with 172 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.
1 of the 1 ingredient in Periwinkle Non-Alcohol interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. certified organic Periwinkle extract
Bumetanide (iv)Bumex
How Bumetanide (iv) interacts with Periwinkle Non-Alcohol — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Certified Organic Periwinkle ExtractAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Certified Organic Periwinkle Extract + Bumetanide (iv) interactionBumetanide (oral)Bumex
How Bumetanide (oral) interacts with Periwinkle Non-Alcohol — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Certified Organic Periwinkle ExtractAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Certified Organic Periwinkle Extract + Bumetanide (oral) interactionCandesartan CilexetilAmias, Atacand
How Candesartan Cilexetil interacts with Periwinkle Non-Alcohol — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Certified Organic Periwinkle ExtractAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Certified Organic Periwinkle Extract + Candesartan Cilexetil interactionCandesartan Cilexetil, HydrochlorothiazideAtacand HCT
How Candesartan Cilexetil, Hydrochlorothiazide interacts with Periwinkle Non-Alcohol — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Certified Organic Periwinkle ExtractAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Certified Organic Periwinkle Extract + Candesartan Cilexetil, Hydrochlorothiazide interactionCaptoprilAcepril, Capoten
How Captopril interacts with Periwinkle Non-Alcohol — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Certified Organic Periwinkle ExtractAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Certified Organic Periwinkle Extract + Captopril interactionCaptopril, HydrochlorothiazideAcezide, Capozide
How Captopril, Hydrochlorothiazide interacts with Periwinkle Non-Alcohol — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Certified Organic Periwinkle ExtractAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Certified Organic Periwinkle Extract + Captopril, Hydrochlorothiazide interactionCarteololCartrol, Ocupress
How Carteolol interacts with Periwinkle Non-Alcohol — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Certified Organic Periwinkle ExtractAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Certified Organic Periwinkle Extract + Carteolol interactionCarvedilolCoreg, Coreg CR
How Carvedilol interacts with Periwinkle Non-Alcohol — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Certified Organic Periwinkle ExtractAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Certified Organic Periwinkle Extract + Carvedilol interactionCeliprololCelicard
How Celiprolol interacts with Periwinkle Non-Alcohol — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Certified Organic Periwinkle ExtractAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Certified Organic Periwinkle Extract + Celiprolol interactionChlorothiazideDiuril
How Chlorothiazide interacts with Periwinkle Non-Alcohol — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Certified Organic Periwinkle ExtractAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Certified Organic Periwinkle Extract + Chlorothiazide interactionChlorothiazide, MethyldopaAldochlor, Aldoclor 150, Aldoclor 250
How Chlorothiazide, Methyldopa interacts with Periwinkle Non-Alcohol — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Certified Organic Periwinkle ExtractAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Certified Organic Periwinkle Extract + Chlorothiazide, Methyldopa interactionChlorothiazide, ReserpineDiupres
How Chlorothiazide, Reserpine interacts with Periwinkle Non-Alcohol — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Certified Organic Periwinkle ExtractAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Certified Organic Periwinkle Extract + Chlorothiazide, Reserpine interactionChlorthalidoneHygroton, Thalitone
How Chlorthalidone interacts with Periwinkle Non-Alcohol — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Certified Organic Periwinkle ExtractAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Certified Organic Periwinkle Extract + Chlorthalidone interactionChlorthalidone, ClonidineClorpres, Combipres
How Chlorthalidone, Clonidine interacts with Periwinkle Non-Alcohol — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Certified Organic Periwinkle ExtractAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Certified Organic Periwinkle Extract + Chlorthalidone, Clonidine interactionCilazaprilInhibace
How Cilazapril interacts with Periwinkle Non-Alcohol — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Certified Organic Periwinkle ExtractAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Certified Organic Periwinkle Extract + Cilazapril interactionClevidipineCleviprex
How Clevidipine interacts with Periwinkle Non-Alcohol — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Certified Organic Periwinkle ExtractAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Certified Organic Periwinkle Extract + Clevidipine interactionClonidineCatapres
How Clonidine interacts with Periwinkle Non-Alcohol — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Certified Organic Periwinkle ExtractAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Certified Organic Periwinkle Extract + Clonidine interactionCryptenamine, MethyclothiazideDiutensen
How Cryptenamine, Methyclothiazide interacts with Periwinkle Non-Alcohol — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Certified Organic Periwinkle ExtractAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Certified Organic Periwinkle Extract + Cryptenamine, Methyclothiazide interactionCyclothiazideAnhydron, Fluidil
How Cyclothiazide interacts with Periwinkle Non-Alcohol — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Certified Organic Periwinkle ExtractAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Certified Organic Periwinkle Extract + Cyclothiazide interactionDeserpidineHarmonyl
How Deserpidine interacts with Periwinkle Non-Alcohol — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Certified Organic Periwinkle ExtractAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Certified Organic Periwinkle Extract + Deserpidine interactionDeserpidine, HydrochlorothiazideOreticyl, Oreticyl Forte
How Deserpidine, Hydrochlorothiazide interacts with Periwinkle Non-Alcohol — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Certified Organic Periwinkle ExtractAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Certified Organic Periwinkle Extract + Deserpidine, Hydrochlorothiazide interactionDeserpidine, MethyclothiazideEnduronyl, Enduronyl Forte
How Deserpidine, Methyclothiazide interacts with Periwinkle Non-Alcohol — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Certified Organic Periwinkle ExtractAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Certified Organic Periwinkle Extract + Deserpidine, Methyclothiazide interactionDiltiazemAdizem-SR, Adizem-XL, Angitil SR, Angitil XL, Calcicard CR, Cardizem +23 more
How Diltiazem interacts with Periwinkle Non-Alcohol — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Certified Organic Periwinkle ExtractAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Certified Organic Periwinkle Extract + Diltiazem interactionDiltiazem, EnalaprilTeczem
How Diltiazem, Enalapril interacts with Periwinkle Non-Alcohol — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Certified Organic Periwinkle ExtractAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Certified Organic Periwinkle Extract + Diltiazem, Enalapril interactionDoxazosin MesylateCardura
How Doxazosin Mesylate interacts with Periwinkle Non-Alcohol — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Certified Organic Periwinkle ExtractAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Certified Organic Periwinkle Extract + Doxazosin Mesylate interactionEnalapril MaleateEpaned, Vasotec
How Enalapril Maleate interacts with Periwinkle Non-Alcohol — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Certified Organic Periwinkle ExtractAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Certified Organic Periwinkle Extract + Enalapril Maleate interactionEnalapril Maleate, FelodipineLexxel
How Enalapril Maleate, Felodipine interacts with Periwinkle Non-Alcohol — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Certified Organic Periwinkle ExtractAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Certified Organic Periwinkle Extract + Enalapril Maleate, Felodipine interactionEnalapril Maleate, HydrochlorothiazideVaseretic
How Enalapril Maleate, Hydrochlorothiazide interacts with Periwinkle Non-Alcohol — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Certified Organic Periwinkle ExtractAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Certified Organic Periwinkle Extract + Enalapril Maleate, Hydrochlorothiazide interactionEplerenoneInspra
How Eplerenone interacts with Periwinkle Non-Alcohol — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Certified Organic Periwinkle ExtractAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Certified Organic Periwinkle Extract + Eplerenone interactionEpoprostenolFlolan
How Epoprostenol interacts with Periwinkle Non-Alcohol — through 1 ingredient. Tap an ingredient for the detail:
Certified Organic Periwinkle ExtractAntihypertensive Drugs Moderate
Interaction Summary
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Read the full Certified Organic Periwinkle Extract + Epoprostenol interactionEach ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects
For each ingredient in Periwinkle Non-Alcohol with known interactions, here are the types of medications it can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.
certified organic Periwinkle extract
Antihypertensive Drugs
Theoretically, taking periwinkle may increase the effects of antihypertensive drugs due to the hypotensive activity of vincamine, a constituent of periwinkle.
Brand information
Manufacturer and brand details for Periwinkle Non-Alcohol, from the product label.
Hawaii Pharm
See all Hawaii Pharm products- Name
- Hawaii Pharm LLC
- City
- Honolulu
- State
- HI
- ZipCode
- 96815
Periwinkle Non-Alcohol by Hawaii Pharm: Common Questions
Does Periwinkle Non-Alcohol by Hawaii Pharm interact with any medications?
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Where does this information come from?
Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy
Not sure if Periwinkle Non-Alcohol is safe with your meds?
Our pharmacists answer your medication & supplement questions — free.
Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.
The Full Monographs Behind Periwinkle Non-Alcohol’s Ingredients
Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.
Sources & How We Checked
Periwinkle Non-Alcohol's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.
- NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) — The official product label on file for this supplement.
- Natural Medicines (Therapeutic Research Center) — Evidence-graded clinical reference behind the ingredient interaction data.
Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.
The 5 references behind this product’s interaction data
Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.
Periwinkle 5 references
- Blumenthal M, ed. The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Trans. S. Klein. Boston, MA: American Botanical Council, 1998.
- McGuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R, Goldberg A, eds. American Herbal Products Association's Botanical Safety Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, LLC 1997.
- Ellenhorn MJ, et al. Ellenhorn's Medical Toxicology: Diagnoses and Treatment of Human Poisoning. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1997.
- Gruenwald J, Brendler T, Jaenicke C. PDR for Herbal Medicines. 1st ed. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company, Inc., 1998.
- Brinker F. Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 2nd ed. Sandy, OR: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1998.
Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.
DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.
© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC