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Dietary supplement

Standardized Extract Cranberry 300 mg Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by Spring Valley

Other (e.g. Tea Bag) Category: Botanical
Most serious interaction: Moderate
The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Standardized Extract Cranberry 300 mg is a dietary supplement by Spring Valley with 1 active ingredient. Its ingredients are commonly taken for urinary tract infection prevention, bladder health, antioxidant support.Based on those ingredients, 712 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Cranberry. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Standardized Extract Cranberry 300 mg by Spring Valley

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 1 of its 1 active ingredient.
  • No proprietary blends here — you can verify the dose of every single component.

This supplement contains one active ingredient: cranberry extract at 300 mg per dose. The remaining ingredients are inactive — fillers, binders, and capsule materials like microcrystalline cellulose, magnesium stearate, and food colorings — that help deliver the active ingredient.

Does it work?

Moderate evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Moderate

Some clinical evidence supports this product's ingredients for its stated purpose, but it isn't conclusive.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: urinary tract health.
  • We looked for evidence on: Urinary tract infections (UTIs), Overactive bladder, Urinary odor, Catheter-related infections, Radiation-induced cystitis, bladder health.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Cranberry is rated "Possibly Effective" for Urinary tract infections (UTIs) (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Cranberry is rated "Insufficient Reliable Evidence To Rate" for Urinary odor, Overactive bladder, Catheter-related infections, Radiation-induced cystitis.

The evidence here is mixed. Cranberry is possibly effective for urinary tract infections (UTIs) — that's the one use with meaningful support.

For age-related cognitive decline, benign prostatic hyperplasia, cancer prevention, fatty liver disease, and chronic fatigue, the evidence isn't established in the data we hold, so we can't say whether it works for those conditions.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Cranberry

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 1 of the 1 matched ingredient.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 1 of 1.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 1 of 1.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Cranberry is generally well tolerated at normal food amounts. The most common side effects from oral use are diarrhea and stomach discomfort.

Very high doses — like 3 to 4 liters of juice daily — can cause significant gastrointestinal upset, especially in young children. There's limited reliable data on concentrated supplement doses like this one, so it's worth checking with your doctor or pharmacist first.

Skin redness and itching have been reported rarely. Cranberry is likely safe in pregnancy and while breastfeeding, but concentrated supplements haven't been well studied in those situations — talk to your provider if you're pregnant or nursing and want to use this.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Cranberry

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 1 of the 1 matched ingredient can interact with medications — Cranberry.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs.
  • For scale: 713 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Check with your pharmacist before starting if you take blood thinners (especially warfarin), cholesterol medications that are CYP3A4 substrates (like atorvastatin), blood pressure drugs like nifedipine, or any medication metabolized by CYP2C9 enzymes. Use the search tool on this page to verify your exact medications.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

If you're dealing with a urinary tract infection, cranberry extract may help — talk to your pharmacist about whether it fits your situation. Anyone taking blood thinners like warfarin, cholesterol drugs like atorvastatin, or blood pressure medications should check with their pharmacist first.

Cranberry isn't a substitute for medical treatment of infections.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 1 of 1 active ingredient matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated May 24, 2017.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Standardized Extract Cranberry 300 mg, straight from the product label.

Brand Spring Valley
Barcode (UPC) 681131010269
Net contents 60 Caplet(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD May 24, 2017
DSLD ID 73293
Product type Botanical
Supplement form Other (e.g. Tea Bag)
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years), Gluten Free
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Standardized Extract Cranberry 300 mg by Spring Valley, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
1 Caplet(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
1 Caplet(s)
UPC/BARCODE
681131010269
IngredientAmount% DV
Cranberry300 mg--

Other ingredients: Dicalcium Phosphate, Cranberry, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Hypromellose, Magnesium Hydroxide, Croscarmellose Sodium, Silicon Dioxide, Magnesium Stearate, Stearic Acid, Polyethylene Glycol, Carmine color, Dextrin, Caramel color, Dextrose, Lecithin, Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose, Sodium Citrate

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
General

164152 0A172 2G F3

General Statements

Vitamin #1 brand 3600 mg fruit equivalent Urinary tract health

Helps maintain a healthy urinary tract.

From 12:1 concentrate; each 300 mg caplet is equivalent to 3600 mg of fresh, raw cranberries.

Quality assurance guarantee Produced under strict quality guidelines. Verified by an independent, ISO 9001:2000 certified laboratory. Unconditionally guaranteed by refund or replacement

FDA Statement of Identity

Dietary Supplement

Formulation

No gluten, no lactose, no preservatives, no artificial color, no artificial flavor

FDA Disclaimer Statement

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

Suggested Use: Adults, take 1 caplet once daily with a full glass of water.

Precautions

Warning: If you are pregnant or nursing a baby, or if you are taking any medication, have a medical condition or are planning to have surgery, ask a doctor before using this product.

Keep out of the reach of children.

Contains: Soy

Storage

Store in a dry place at room temperature (59(0)F-86(0)F).

Formula

Contains: Soy

See for yourself

Standardized Extract Cranberry 300 mg by Spring Valley label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

What’s inside

The Ingredients in Standardized Extract Cranberry 300 mg by Spring Valley

This is the 1 active ingredient this product is made of. Select it to open its full monograph.

Serving size1 Caplet(s) Dosage formOther (e.g. Tea Bag) Amounts shown are per serving.

Cranberry

Interacts with
712 drugs
300 mg per serving

Cranberry is best known for helping to prevent repeated urinary tract infections (UTIs) in some people, and the evidence here is moderate but mixed. I...

Cranberry monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: Dicalcium Phosphate, Cranberry, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Hypromellose, Magnesium Hydroxide, Croscarmellose Sodium, Silicon Dioxide, Magnesium Stearate, Stearic Acid, Polyethylene Glycol, Carmine color, Dextrin, Caramel color, Dextrose, Lecithin, Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose, Sodium Citrate. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Standardized Extract Cranberry 300 mg by Spring Valley Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Standardized Extract Cranberry 300 mg?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

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712Drugs
643 Moderate 69 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Cranberry 712

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Standardized Extract Cranberry 300 mg with known interactions, here are the types of medications it can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Cranberry6 drug types · 712 drugs

Atorvastatin (Lipitor)

Theoretically, cranberry might increase levels and adverse effects of atorvastatin.
In one case report, a patient taking atorvastatin experienced upper back pain, rhabdomyolysis, and abnormal liver function after drinking cranberry juice 16 ounces daily for 2 weeks. Theoretically, this may have been caused by inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) enzymes by cranberry juice, as atorvastatin is a CYP3A4 substrate. Creatinine kinase and liver enzymes normalized within 2 weeks of stopping cranberry juice. Patients taking atorvastatin should avoid large quantities of cranberry juice.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (Cyp3A4) Substrates

Theoretically, cranberry might increase the levels and adverse effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
A case of upper back pain, rhabdomyolysis, and abnormal liver function has been reported for a patient taking atorvastatin, a CYP3A4 substrate, in combination with cranberry juice 16 ounces daily for 2 weeks. Creatinine kinase and liver enzymes normalized within 2 weeks of stopping cranberry juice. Also, animal research suggests that cranberry juice, administered intraduodenally 30 minutes prior to nifedipine, a CYP3A4 substrate, inhibits nifedipine metabolism and increases the area under the concentration-time curve by 1.6-fold compared to control.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Nifedipine (Procardia)

Theoretically, cranberry might increase the levels and adverse effects of nifedipine.
Animal research suggests that cranberry juice, administered intraduodenally 30 minutes prior to nifedipine treatment, inhibits nifedipine metabolism and increases the area under the concentration-time curve by 1.6-fold compared to control. This interaction has not been reported in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Theoretically, cranberry might increase the levels and adverse effects of warfarin. However, research is conflicting.
There is contradictory evidence about the effect of cranberry juice on warfarin. Case reports have linked cranberry juice consumption to increases in the international normalized ratio (INR) in patients taking warfarin, resulting in severe spontaneous bleeding and excessive postoperative bleeding. Daily consumption of cranberry sauce for one week has also been linked to an increase in INR in one case report. In a small study in healthy young males, taking a high dose of 3 grams of cranberry juice concentrate capsules, equivalent to 57 grams of fruit daily, for 2 weeks produced a 30% increase in the area under the INR-time curve after a single 25-mg dose of warfarin. However, 3 very small clinical studies in patients stabilized on warfarin reported that cranberry juice 250 mL once or twice daily for 7 days (27% cranberry juice or pure cranberry juice) or 240 mL once daily for 14 days does not significantly increase INR or affect plasma warfarin levels. The reasons for these discrepant findings are unclear. It is possible that the form and dose of cranberry may play a role, as cranberry extracts and juices contain different constituents. Additionally, an in vitro study evaluating 5 different cranberry juices found varying effects, with only a cranberry concentrate, and not diluted cranberry juices, inhibiting CYP2C9. However, this concentrate did not inhibit CYP2C9 activity in humans.

Likelihood Possible Evidence B
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (Cyp2C9) Substrates

Theoretically, cranberry might increase the levels and adverse effects of CYP2C9 substrates. However, research is conflicting.
There is contradictory evidence about the effect of cranberry on CYP2C9 enzymes. In vitro evidence suggests that flavonoids in cranberry inhibit CYP2C9 enzymes. However, clinical research shows that cranberry juice does not significantly affect the levels, metabolism, or elimination of the CYP2C9 substrates flurbiprofen or diclofenac. Also, in patients stabilized on warfarin, drinking cranberry juice 250 mL daily for 7 days does not significantly increase the anticoagulant activity of warfarin, a CYP2C9 substrate. Additional pharmacokinetic research shows that cranberry juice does not increase peak plasma concentrations or area under the concentration-time curve of warfarin.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B
Diclofenac (Voltaren, Others)

Theoretically, cranberry might modestly increase the levels and adverse effects of diclofenac.
In vitro evidence suggests that cranberry juice inhibits diclofenac metabolism by human liver microsomes. However, drinking cranberry juice does not seem to affect diclofenac metabolism in humans.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Standardized Extract Cranberry 300 mg, from the product label.

Spring Valley

See all Spring Valley products
Name
Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.
City
Bentonville
State
AR
ZipCode
72716
Phone Number
1-866-251-1662
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Standardized Extract Cranberry 300 mg by Spring Valley: Common Questions

Does Standardized Extract Cranberry 300 mg by Spring Valley interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Standardized Extract Cranberry 300 mg has a known interaction with 712 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Standardized Extract Cranberry 300 mg contains a single active ingredient, and that one ingredient can interact with many different medications on its own. We check it against each medication and show the mechanism responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Can I use cranberry extract if I'm pregnant or breastfeeding?
Cranberry from food sources is likely safe during pregnancy and while breastfeeding. The safety data for concentrated supplement doses like this extract hasn't been thoroughly studied in pregnancy or lactation, so talk with your doctor or pharmacist for personalized advice.
What side effects might I notice?
The most common are diarrhea and stomach discomfort. Very high doses can cause more significant digestive upset. A small number of people have reported nausea, vomiting, skin redness, or itching. If your stomach bothers you, lower your dose or talk to your pharmacist.
Does this actually work for UTIs?
Cranberry is possibly effective for urinary tract infections — meaning there's meaningful evidence supporting its use. It's not a substitute for medical treatment, but it may be worth discussing with your doctor as part of your care.
Can this help with other conditions like cancer or memory?
The evidence for those uses — cancer, age-related memory loss, prostate health, fatty liver disease, and chronic fatigue — isn't established in the data we hold. We can't say whether it works for those conditions.
Is this safe to use with my medications?
Cranberry can interact with several common drugs, especially blood thinners, cholesterol medications, and blood pressure drugs. Use the medication checker on this page to search your exact medications before you start, and talk to your pharmacist.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Standardized Extract Cranberry 300 mg label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Standardized Extract Cranberry 300 mg’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Standardized Extract Cranberry 300 mg's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 33 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Cranberry 33 references
  1. Anon. Possible interaction between warfarin and cranberry juice. Current Problems in Pharmacovigilance 2003;29:8. PubMed
  2. Greenblatt DJ, von Moltke LL, Perloff ES, et al. Interaction of flurbiprofen with cranberry juice, grape juice, tea, and fluconazole: in vitro and clinical studies. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2006;79:125-33. PubMed
  3. Hodek P, Trefil P, Stiborova M. Flavonoids-potent and versatile biologically active compounds interacting with cytochromes P450. Chem Biol Interact 2002;139:1-21.. PubMed
  4. Grant P. Warfarin and cranberry juice: An interaction? J Heart Valve Dis 2004;13:25-6.
  5. Suvarna R, Pirmohamed M, Henderson L. Possible interaction between warfarin and cranberry juice. BMJ 2003;327:1454. PubMed
  6. Li Z, Seeram NP, Carpenter CL, et al. Cranberry does not affect prothrombin time in male subjects on warfarin. J Am Diet Assoc 2006;106:2057-61. PubMed
  7. Lilja JJ, Backman JT, Neuvonen PJ. Effects of daily ingestion of cranberry juice on the pharmacokinetics of warfarin, tizanidine, and midazolam - probes of CYP2C9, CYP1A2 and CYP3A4. Clin Pharmacol The 2007:81:833-9. PubMed
  8. Wing DA, Rumney PJ, Preslicka CW, Chung JH. Daily cranberry juice for the prevention of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy: a randomized, controlled pilot study. J Urol 2008;180:1367-72. PubMed
  9. Mohammed Abdul MI, Jiang X, Williams KM, et al. Pharmacodynamic interaction of warfarin with cranberry but not with garlic in healthy subjects. Br J Pharmacol 2008;154:1691-700. PubMed
  10. McMurdo MET, Argo I, Phillips G, et al. Cranberry or trimethoprim for the prevention of recurrently urinary tract infections? A randomized controlled trial in older women. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009;63:389-95.
  11. Mergenhagen KA, Sherman O. Elevated International Normalized Ratio after concurrent ingestion of cranberry sauce and warfarin. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2008;65:2113-6. PubMed
  12. Ansell J, McDonough M, Zhao Y, et al. The absence of an interaction between warfarin and cranberry juice: a randomized, double-blind trial. J Clin Pharmacol 2009;49:824-30. PubMed
  13. Haber SL, Cauthon KA, Raney EC. Cranberry and warfarin interaction: a case report and review of the literature. Consult Pharm 2012;27:58-65. PubMed
  14. Hamann GL, Campbell JD, George CM. Warfarin-cranberry juice interaction. Ann Pharmacother 2011;45:e17. PubMed
  15. Roberts D, Flanagan P. Case report: Cranberry juice and warfarin. Home Healthc Nurse 2011;29:92-7.
  16. Garcia-Calatayud, S., Larreina Cordoba, J. J., and Lozano De La Torre MJ. [Severe cranberry juice poisoning]. An.Esp.Pediatr. 2002;56(1):72-73.
  17. Patel, D. A., Gillespie, B., Sobel, J. D., Leaman, D., Nyirjesy, P., Weitz, M. V., and Foxman, B. Risk factors for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis in women receiving maintenance antifungal therapy: results of a prospective cohort study. Am J Obstet.Gy PubMed
  18. Isele, H. [Fatal bleeding under warfarin plus cranberry juice. Is it due to salicylic acid?]. MMW.Fortschr.Med 3-11-2004;146(11):13.
  19. Linsenmeyer, T. A., Harrison, B., Oakley, A., Kirshblum, S., Stock, J. A., and Millis, S. R. Evaluation of cranberry supplement for reduction of urinary tract infections in individuals with neurogenic bladders secondary to spinal cord injury. A prospecti
  20. McMurdo, M. E., Bissett, L. Y., Price, R. J., Phillips, G., and Crombie, I. K. Does ingestion of cranberry juice reduce symptomatic urinary tract infections in older people in hospital? A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Age Ageing 2005;34(3):256- PubMed
  21. Sylvan, L. and Justice, N. P. Possible interaction between warfarin and cranberry juice. Am Fam.Physician 9-15-2005;72(6):1000.
  22. Niklasson, A. and Andren, L. [Interaction between Waran and cranberry juice]. Lakartidningen 3-15-2006;103(11):853-854.
  23. Rindone, J. P. and Murphy, T. W. Warfarin-cranberry juice interaction resulting in profound hypoprothrombinemia and bleeding. Am J Ther 2006;13(3):283-284. PubMed
  24. Uesawa, Y. and Mohri, K. Effects of cranberry juice on nifedipine pharmacokinetics in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2006;58(8):1067-1072. PubMed
  25. Valentova, K., Stejskal, D., Bednar, P., Vostalova, J., Cihalik, C., Vecerova, R., Koukalova, D., Kolar, M., Reichenbach, R., Sknouril, L., Ulrichova, J., and Simanek, V. Biosafety, antioxidant status, and metabolites in urine after consumption of dried
  26. Royer, D. J., George, J. N., and Terrell, D. R. Thrombocytopenia as an adverse effect of complementary and alternative medicines, herbal remedies, nutritional supplements, foods, and beverages. Eur J Haematol 2010;84(5):421-429. PubMed
  27. Stapleton, A. E., Dziura, J., Hooton, T. M., Cox, M. E., Yarova-Yarovaya, Y., Chen, S., and Gupta, K. Recurrent urinary tract infection and urinary Escherichia coli in women ingesting cranberry juice daily: a randomized controlled trial. Mayo.Clin.Proc. PubMed
  28. Doad GJ, Kabange W. Cranberry juice, atorvastatin and back pain. J Med Assoc Ga 2014;103(1):14.
  29. Griffiths AP, Beddall A, Pegler S. Fatal haemopericardium and gastrointestinal haemorrhage due to possible interaction of cranberry juice with warfarin. J R Soc Promot Health 2008;128(6):324-6. PubMed
  30. Mellen CK, Ford M, Rindone JP. Effect of high-dose cranberry juice on the pharmacodynamics of warfarin in patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2010;70(1):139-42. PubMed
  31. Ushijima K, Tsuruoka S, Tsuda H, Hasegawa G, Obi Y, Kaneda T, Takahashi M, Maekawa T, Sasaki T, Koshimizu TA, Fujimura A. Cranberry juice suppressed the diclofenac metabolism by human liver microsomes, but not in healthy human subjects. Br J Clin Pharmaco PubMed
  32. Ngo N, Brantley SJ, Carrizosa DR, et al. The warfarin-cranberry juice interaction revisited: A systematic in vitro-in vivo evaluation. J Exp Pharmacol. 2010;2010(2):83-91.
  33. Williams G, Stothart CI, Hahn D, Stephens JH, Craig JC, Hodson EM. Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023;11(11):CD001321. PubMed

See these in context on the Cranberry monograph →

Parts of this content are provided by the Therapeutic Research Center, LLC.

DISCLAIMER: Currently this does not check for drug-drug interactions. This is not an all-inclusive comprehensive list of potential interactions and is for informational purposes only. Not all interactions are known or well-reported in the scientific literature, and new interactions are continually being reported. Input is needed from a qualified healthcare provider including a pharmacist before starting any therapy. Application of clinical judgment is necessary.

© 2021 Therapeutic Research Center, LLC

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