Drug & supplement interaction

Kiwi + Quetiapine

Quetiapine brand names: Seroquel, Dopaquel.

No Known Interaction

Medically reviewed by Dr. Brian Staiger, PharmD, BCPS · Updated July 2026 · Pair last verified Sep 13, 2026

The bottom line No known interaction

We found no known interaction between Kiwi and Quetiapine in our sources. Absence of a documented interaction is not the same as proven safety, and does not guarantee one does not exist. Do not start, stop, or change a medication or supplement based on this page; confirm with your pharmacist or doctor first. Additionally, although there is no interaction, the label for Quetiapine states a food rule worth keeping to, and the two are separately associated with some of the same side effects, which would make a new symptom harder to attribute to one or the other.

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Interaction report

Kiwi and Quetiapine

We checked these two against our interaction database. Here is what we found.

No Known Interaction Found

We did not find a documented interaction between Quetiapine and Kiwi in our sources. This does not guarantee that the combination is completely free of risk — there is often limited research on supplements and herbal products, especially around drug interactions.

If you decide to take both, the practical routine is simple: add one new thing at a time and note the date you started it. If the combination is going to disagree with you, it usually shows in the first days to a couple of weeks — and a start date turns “I’ve been feeling off” into something a pharmacist can actually work with. Do not stop a prescribed medicine on your own.

Always talk with your pharmacist or doctor before making changes to your medications or supplements, particularly if you take several medications or have an ongoing health condition.

Kiwi safety at a glance

Kiwi overall Generally safe Kiwi is safe for most people when eaten as a normal food.

Pregnancy Likely Safe When used in food amounts. There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of kiwi when used orally in medicinal amounts; avoid use. Read the full pregnancy detail

Breastfeeding Likely Safe When used in food amounts. There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of kiwi when used orally in medicinal amounts; avoid use. Read the full breastfeeding detail

Pregnancy & breastfeeding ratings are from Natural Medicines (Therapeutic Research Center) — the full detail is in the Special populations card below. Safety guidance is general; always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor for your situation.

Still wondering about combining Quetiapine and Kiwi? Ask Dr. Brian Staiger, PharmD, BCPS directly ›

How we checked

Why No Interaction Is Listed for Quetiapine

Interactions in our licensed database are recorded against drug classes, not just single drug names. Quetiapine is filed under 10 classifications — including antipsychotic drugs, qt interval-prolonging drugs, serotonergic drugs. Kiwi has documented interactions with 2 drug classes — the most serious being anticoagulant/antiplatelet drugs (moderate) and antihypertensive drugs (moderate) — and none of Quetiapine’s classifications are among them.

Classification data comes from our licensed Natural Medicines dataset. A medication can belong to classes beyond those recorded there, so this describes how the check was run — it is not a safety guarantee.

Keep it in perspective

Kiwi Does Interact With Other Medications

Kiwi has 289 moderate known drug interactions in our database — Quetiapine isn’t one of them. If you take anything else, check it against the full list below.

Moderate 289 No known interaction 2,541 (incl. Quetiapine)

Taking anything else?

Check Another of Your Medications Against Kiwi

Covers the 2,830 medications we’ve checked against Kiwi. Pick one to open its full report.

What to actually watch for

No Interaction Found — But Data Suggests Kiwi and Quetiapine May Share Several of the Same Side Effects

This is not an interaction. Neither one changes how your body handles the other, and nothing here says they react together. What our sources do show is that each has separately been linked to the effects below — so taking both can make those effects more likely to turn up, and harder to pin on one or the other if they do. 4 of them are worth acting on rather than waiting out — marked below.

Trouble swallowing / Pancreatitis / A severe allergic reaction / An allergic reaction Worth acting on Additional detail
Kiwi
“Orally, kiwi fruit is generally well tolerated. Eating kiwi fruit or drinking the juice can lead to hypersensitivity reactions of the lips, mouth, tongue, and throat, including dysphagia, urticaria, dermatitis, angioedema, and vomiting immediately following ingestion in some patients (6,963,57465,57496,57491,57497,57635,57636,109591).”

Kiwi · Natural Medicines adverse-effect record, reported in allergic rhinitis (hay fever).
6 sources cited

6. The Review of Natural Products by Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis, MO: Wolters Kluwer Co., 1999.

963. Diez-Gomez ML, Quirce S, Aragoneses E, Cuevas M. Asthma caused by Ficus benjamina latex: evidence of cross-reactivity with fig fruit and papain. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1998;80:24-30.

57465. Ishida, T., Murai, K., Yasuda, T., Satou, T., Sejima, T., and Kitamura, K. [Oral allergy syndrome in patients with Japanese cedar pollinosis]. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 2000;103(3):199-205. PubMed

57496. Lucas, J. S., Grimshaw, K. E., Collins, K., Warner, J. O., and Hourihane, J. O. Kiwi fruit is a significant allergen and is associated with differing patterns of reactivity in children and adults. Clin.Exp.Allergy 2004;34(7):1115-1121. PubMed

57491. Lucas, J. S., Lewis, S. A., and Hourihane, J. O. Kiwi fruit allergy: a review. Pediatr.Allergy Immunol. 2003;14(6):420-428. PubMed

57497. Hemmer, W., Focke, M., Gotz, M., and Jarisch, R. Sensitization to Ficus benjamina: relationship to natural rubber latex allergy and identification of foods implicated in the Ficus-fruit syndrome. Clin.Exp.Allergy 2004;34(8):1251-1258.
“Eating kiwi fruit or drinking the juice can lead to hypersensitivity reactions of the lips, mouth, tongue, and throat, including dysphagia, urticaria, dermatitis, angioedema, and vomiting immediately following ingestion in some patients (6,963,57465,57496,57491,57497,57635,57636,109591,109592). Other reported symptoms of kiwi allergy include nausea, diarrhea, and acute pancreatitis.”

Kiwi · Natural Medicines adverse-effect record, reported in allergic rhinitis (hay fever).
6 sources cited

6. The Review of Natural Products by Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis, MO: Wolters Kluwer Co., 1999.

963. Diez-Gomez ML, Quirce S, Aragoneses E, Cuevas M. Asthma caused by Ficus benjamina latex: evidence of cross-reactivity with fig fruit and papain. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1998;80:24-30.

57465. Ishida, T., Murai, K., Yasuda, T., Satou, T., Sejima, T., and Kitamura, K. [Oral allergy syndrome in patients with Japanese cedar pollinosis]. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 2000;103(3):199-205. PubMed

57496. Lucas, J. S., Grimshaw, K. E., Collins, K., Warner, J. O., and Hourihane, J. O. Kiwi fruit is a significant allergen and is associated with differing patterns of reactivity in children and adults. Clin.Exp.Allergy 2004;34(7):1115-1121. PubMed

57491. Lucas, J. S., Lewis, S. A., and Hourihane, J. O. Kiwi fruit allergy: a review. Pediatr.Allergy Immunol. 2003;14(6):420-428. PubMed

57497. Hemmer, W., Focke, M., Gotz, M., and Jarisch, R. Sensitization to Ficus benjamina: relationship to natural rubber latex allergy and identification of foods implicated in the Ficus-fruit syndrome. Clin.Exp.Allergy 2004;34(8):1251-1258.
Quetiapine

Listed in the ADVERSE REACTIONS section of the FDA label for Quetiapine. Read the label on DailyMed ›
Diarrhea / Vomiting / Nausea Additional detail

Kiwi

Recorded for Kiwi in the same Natural Medicines adverse-effect record shown under Trouble swallowing / Pancreatitis / A severe allergic reaction / An allergic reaction above.

Quetiapine

Listed in the ADVERSE REACTIONS section of the FDA label for Quetiapine. Read the label on DailyMed ›

Reported for Kiwi but not commonly for Quetiapine: a skin rash, hives and wheezing.

Effects for Quetiapine come from the ADVERSE REACTIONS section of its FDA label; effects for Kiwi come from the Natural Medicines adverse-effect record, quoted above. Where a percentage is shown, it is the share of 188,604 voluntary FDA FAERS reports for Quetiapine that mention that effect — a reporting proportion, not an incidence rate and not evidence the drug caused it. Wording is matched across sources by our own clinical vocabulary, so treat this as a prompt to pay attention, not a diagnosis.

Special populations

Kiwi in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding

Pregnancy And Lactation Likely Safe

When used in food amounts. There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of kiwi when used orally in medicinal amounts; avoid use.

DISCLAIMER: This tool is intended for informational purposes only, and should not be interpreted as specific medical advice. Patients should consult with a qualified healthcare provider before making decisions about therapies and/or health conditions.© 2026 Therapeutic Research Center

How to take them

Some Quetiapine Products Have a Food Rule — Kiwi Should Not Break It

At least one FDA label for a product containing Quetiapine says to take it on an empty stomach. Most supplements — Kiwi included — are taken with a meal, so the easy mistake is swallowing both together at breakfast. Where that rule applies, keep Quetiapine on its own and move Kiwi to a meal later in the day.

This may not be true of your version. Food instructions belong to the product, not the ingredient: two Quetiapine products can carry different directions, and extended-release forms often differ from immediate-release ones. The label we read is quoted below — check the directions on your own box or bottle, or ask your pharmacist, for how to take the exact product you were given.

It is recommended that SEROQUEL XR be taken without food or with a light meal (approximately 300 calories) [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ].

From the Dosage and Administration section of the FDA label we read for Quetiapine — where that label names a specific product, the instruction is that product's. Read the label on DailyMed ›

A food rule is not an interaction — it is about how much of the medicine you absorb. The directions that came with your own product, and your pharmacist, outrank anything on this page.

From our Q&A

Questions About Kiwi or Quetiapine

These are real questions from readers, answered by the pharmacists at HelloPharmacist — written by a person, not generated from a database. Each one covers Kiwi or Quetiapine, not necessarily both, but if one is close to what you were about to ask it will usually go further than a database entry can:

Not quite your question? Ask our pharmacists directly — it is free, there is no account required, and answers usually come back within 24 hours.

Everything else you take

See Every Supplement That Interacts With Quetiapine

This page covers Kiwi only. If you take other supplements — a multivitamin, a sleep aid, something for joints — the Quetiapine page lists 199 supplements it has a documented interaction with, worst first, each one explained.

The most serious there right now: Activated Charcoal (major), American Hellebore (major), Arsenic (major), Cesium (major) and Ephedra (major).

By severity: 11 major · 147 moderate · 41 minor.

From our pharmacist’s overview on the Quetiapine page

“Quetiapine (Seroquel) treats schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, illnesses where an unplanned swing in the drug's blood level has real consequences, and that is why these 199 supplement interactions deserve a careful read rather than a shrug. Most of the risk runs through CYP3A4, the liver enzyme that clears quetiapine: grapefruit bloc…”

Reviewed by 2 · Jul 18, 2026

Open the Quetiapine interaction page

One more smart check

Taking Kiwi as Part of a Dietary Supplement Product? Check It for Interactions

We hold 361 real supplement products containing Kiwi, each one broken down to its full ingredient list — and combination products often carry several ingredients besides Kiwi. Even though Kiwi itself has no known interaction with Quetiapine, another ingredient on your label might. Find your product and we’ll check every ingredient on its label:

How much people look this up

Where Kiwi and Quetiapine Sit Against Everything Else

Out of every supplement and medication people look up on HelloPharmacist, here is where these two land this week — and which way each has been moving.

Supplement Kiwi

Steady interest

#750 of 1,452 supplements looked up here in the last 7 days

29 days ago today

Medication Quetiapine

Top 5%

#38 of 2,830 medications looked up here in the last 7 days

29 days ago today

Position among everything looked up on this site, not a measure of how commonly either one is used or how important it is. A supplement can climb this list because of a news story. It counts every request to the page, automated ones included, and nothing here identifies anyone.

Where does our data come from?

Source: the Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) clinical database — the evidence-graded professional reference for herb & supplement interactions.
Citation library: 103,510 references behind our interaction content, 65,311 of them resolved to verified PubMed/DOI sources. See every Kiwi reference on this page ↓
Freshness: we automatically re-check this combination every week — this pair was last verified September 13, 2026. The Kiwi and Quetiapine records this page draws on were last updated July 10, 2026.
What “no known interaction” means: no documented interaction in the sources above — not a guarantee of safety. Supplements are studied far less than prescription drugs, so we say exactly what the evidence supports, and nothing more.

Data structure & sourcing designed and verified by Dr. Brian Staiger, PharmD, BCPS.

Supplement

About Kiwi

What is Kiwi?

Constipation and digestive health
Vitamin C and antioxidant support
Sleep support
Immune support
Heart and cholesterol health

Kiwi is a nutritious fruit that is rich in vitamin C, fiber, and antioxidants, and it is generally safe to eat as a food. The strongest evidence is for helping with constipation and overall digestive regularity, while other uses like better sleep or immune support are far less proven. People with a known kiwi or latex allergy should avoid it.

Actinidia deliciosa · Actinidiaceae · Fruit (and seeds) · Fresh fruit, dried fruit, juice, extracts, capsules, powders

An interaction check asks whether these two react with each other — it does not ask whether Kiwi is a good idea for someone in your situation. Here is what our Kiwi record says about it on its own.

Kiwi: dosing

There is no official or standardized dose of kiwi for any health condition. In studies on digestion and sleep, people often ate about one to two kiwifruit per day, but this is not a formal medical recommendation.For kiwi supplements, juices, or powders, follow the directions on the product label, since the amount of active ingredients varies widely between products. Simply enjoying kiwi as a fruit is a safe and easy way to get its nutrients.

From our Kiwi monograph — the full record covers uses, side effects and every documented interaction.

Read the full Kiwi monograph & all interactions

Medication

About Quetiapine

What Is Quetiapine Used For?

Brand names: Seroquel, Dopaquel

Quetiapine treats schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in adults and certain age groups of children and adolescents. For bipolar disorder, it is approved for manic episodes (both as a stand-alone treatment and alongside lithium or divalproex) and for depressive episodes.

The extended-release form of quetiapine is also approved as add-on therapy for major depressive disorder (MDD) in adults who are already taking an antidepressant. The regular tablet form is not approved for this use.

See full Quetiapine drug information

Keep checking

Other Drugs & Kiwi

Browse every other medication we’ve checked against Kiwi — both the ones with a known interaction and the ones without. Select any drug for the full detail.

0Major

289Moderate

0Minor

2,540No known interaction

289 Moderate 2,540 No interaction

Moderate

289 interactions

Showing 60 of 289 moderate interactions — see all 289 on the Kiwi page.

No interaction 2,540 drugs checked — show the list

We also checked Kiwi against these medications and found no known interaction in our sources. Open any page to confirm.

Showing the 60 most looked-up of 2,540 medications checked with no known interaction — see the full Kiwi list.

See the full Kiwi interactions page

See every supplement checked against Quetiapine, ranked by severity

Evidence & sources

Kiwi References

The 32 references that drive our Kiwi monograph and interaction data, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Citations with a link open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

The Review of Natural Products by Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis, MO: Wolters Kluwer Co., 1999.
Diez-Gomez ML, Quirce S, Aragoneses E, Cuevas M. Asthma caused by Ficus benjamina latex: evidence of cross-reactivity with fig fruit and papain. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1998;80:24-30.
Forastiere F, Pistelli R, Sestini P, et al. Consumption of fresh fruit rich in vitamin C and wheezing symptoms in children. Thorax 2000;55:283-8. DOI
Carey IM, Strachan DP, Cook DG. Effects of changes in fresh fruit consumption on ventilatory function in healthy British adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;158:728-33. PubMed
Schwartz J, Weiss ST. Relationship between dietary vitamin C intake and pulmonary function in the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I). Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59:110-4. PubMed
Butland BK, Fehily AM, Elwood PC. Diet, lung function, and lung function decline in a cohort of 2512 middle aged men. Thorax 2000;55:102-8. PubMed
Troisi RJ, Willett WC, Weiss ST, et al. A prospective study of diet and adult-onset asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;151:1401-8. PubMed
Blanco C, Diaz-Perales A, Collada C, et al. Class I chitinases as potential panallergens involved in the latex-fruit syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;103(3 Pt 1):507-13. PubMed
Diaz-Perales A, Collada C, Blanco C, et al. Cross-reactions in the latex-fruit syndrome: A relevant role of chitinases but not of complex asparagine-linked glycans. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;104:681-7. PubMed
Rance, F. and Dutau, G. Labial food challenge in children with food allergy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 1997;8(1):41-44. PubMed
Kim, K. T. and Hussain, H. Prevalence of food allergy in 137 latex-allergic patients. Allergy Asthma Proc 1999;20(2):95-97. PubMed
Ishida, T., Murai, K., Yasuda, T., Satou, T., Sejima, T., and Kitamura, K. [Oral allergy syndrome in patients with Japanese cedar pollinosis]. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 2000;103(3):199-205. PubMed
Lucas, J. S., Lewis, S. A., and Hourihane, J. O. Kiwi fruit allergy: a review. Pediatr.Allergy Immunol. 2003;14(6):420-428. PubMed
Eriksson, N. E., Moller, C., Werner, S., Magnusson, J., Bengtsson, U., and Zolubas, M. Self-reported food hypersensitivity in Sweden, Denmark, Estonia, Lithuania, and Russia. J Investig.Allergol.Clin Immunol. 2004;14(1):70-79.
Lucas, J. S., Grimshaw, K. E., Collins, K., Warner, J. O., and Hourihane, J. O. Kiwi fruit is a significant allergen and is associated with differing patterns of reactivity in children and adults. Clin.Exp.Allergy 2004;34(7):1115-1121. PubMed
Hemmer, W., Focke, M., Gotz, M., and Jarisch, R. Sensitization to Ficus benjamina: relationship to natural rubber latex allergy and identification of foods implicated in the Ficus-fruit syndrome. Clin.Exp.Allergy 2004;34(8):1251-1258.
Duttaroy, A. K. and Jorgensen, A. Effects of kiwi fruit consumption on platelet aggregation and plasma lipids in healthy human volunteers. Platelets. 2004;15(5):287-292. PubMed
Chan, A. O., Leung, G., Tong, T., and Wong, N. Y. Increasing dietary fiber intake in terms of kiwifruit improves constipation in Chinese patients. World J Gastroenterol. 9-21-2007;13(35):4771-4775. PubMed
Chang, C. C., Lin, Y. T., Lu, Y. T., Liu, Y. S., and Liu, J. F. Kiwifruit improves bowel function in patients with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. Asia Pac.J Clin.Nutr. 2010;19(4):451-457.
Brevik, A., Gaivao, I., Medin, T., Jorgenesen, A., Piasek, A., Elilasson, J., Karlsen, A., Blomhoff, R., Veggan, T., Duttaroy, A. K., and Collins, A. R. Supplementation of a western diet with golden kiwifruits (Actinidia chinensis var.'Hort 16A':) effect
Veraldi, S. and Schianchi-Veraldi, R. Contact urticaria from kiwi fruit. Contact Dermatitis 1990;22(4):244. PubMed
Garcia, B. E., de la Cuesta, C. G., Santos, F., Feliu, X., and Cordoba, H. A rare case of food allergy: monosensitivity to kiwi (Actinidia chinensis). Allergol.Immunopathol.(Madr.) 1989;17(4):217-218.
Falliers, C. J. Anaphylaxis to Kiwi fruit and related "exoti"" items. J.Asthma 1983;20(3):193-196.
Shimizu, T. and Morikawa, A. Anaphylaxis to kiwi fruit in a 12-year-old boy. J.Asthma 1995;32(2):159-160. PubMed
Novembre, E., Bernardini, R., Bertini, G., Massai, G., and Vierucci, A. Skin-prick-test-induced anaphylaxis. Allergy 1995;50(6):511-513. PubMed
Castillo, R., Delgado, J., Quiralte, J., Blanco, C., and Carrillo, T. Food hypersensitivity among adult patients: epidemiological and clinical aspects. Allergol.Immunopathol.(Madr.) 1996;24(3):93-97.
Rademaker, M. Allergic contact dermatitis from kiwi fruit vine (actinidia chinensis). Contact Dermatitis 1996;34(3):221-222. PubMed
Gastaminza, G., Bernaola, G., and Camino, M. E. Acute pancreatitis caused by allergy to kiwi fruit. Allergy 1998;53(11):1104-1105. PubMed
Svendsen, M., Klemsdal, T. O., Heggen, E., Holme, I., Pedersen, T. R., Seljeflot, I., Blomhoff, R., and Tonstad, S. Effect of Dietary Intake of Kiwi Fruit on 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure (Abstract 16175). Circulation 2011;
Eady SL, Wallace AJ, Hedderley DI, Bentley-Hewitt KL, Butts CA. The effects on immune function and digestive health of consuming the skin and flesh of Zespri SunGold Kiwifruit (Actinidia Chinensis var. Chinensis 'Zesy002') in healthy and IBS-constipated i
Gabrielli S, Clarke AE, Morris J, et al. Fruit-induced anaphylaxis: clinical presentation and management. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2021;9(7):2825-30. PubMed
Ukleja-Sokolowska N, Zacniewski R, Lis K, Zbikowska-Gotz M, Kuzminski A, Bartuzi Z. Exercise induced anaphylaxis in kiwi allergic patient: case report. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2021;17(1):91. PubMed

Medication overviews come from MedlinePlus (NIH); supplement label data from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists — see our data sources and editorial standards.

Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Taking Kiwi and Quetiapine Together: Common Questions

Is it safe to take Kiwi with Quetiapine?

We do not list a known interaction between Kiwi and Quetiapine. That does not guarantee the combination is risk-free, so confirm with your pharmacist or doctor — especially if you take other medications or have a health condition.

Do Kiwi and Quetiapine have any of the same side effects?

Yes — our sources link each of them separately to 7 of the same effects. That is not an interaction: neither changes how your body handles the other. It does mean that if one of those effects turns up, it can be harder to tell which one is behind it. They are listed on this page with the source behind each.

Should I take Kiwi and Quetiapine at the same time of day?

At least one FDA label for a product containing Quetiapine says to take it on an empty stomach, and supplements are usually taken with a meal — so taking them together at breakfast is the easy mistake. Where that applies, keep Quetiapine on its own and move Kiwi to a meal later in the day. Food instructions belong to the product rather than the ingredient, so check the directions on your own box. This is about absorption, not an interaction.

How was the Kiwi and Quetiapine combination checked?

Interactions in our licensed database are recorded against drug classes. Quetiapine is filed under 10 classifications, and Kiwi has documented interactions with 2 drug classes — none of Quetiapine's classifications are among them. A medication can belong to classes beyond those recorded in our dataset, so this describes how the check was run rather than guaranteeing safety.

Does Kiwi interact with any other medications?

Yes. Kiwi has 289 documented drug interactions in our database — Quetiapine is simply not one of them. If you take anything else, it is worth checking each one; they are all listed on this page.

Does Quetiapine interact with any supplements?

Yes. Quetiapine has documented interactions with 199 supplements in our database — Kiwi is not one of them. The Quetiapine interaction page linked on this page lists every one, ranked by severity.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Where next

Keep Exploring

Kiwi monograph Uses, safety profile, and every drug interaction in one place Quetiapine drug information The full plain-English guide to this medication Quetiapine supplement interactions Every supplement checked against Quetiapine, ranked by severity Supplement interaction checker Check any supplement or product against your medications Browse medications A–Z Every drug we’ve checked against herbs & supplements References The 32 citations behind this page Ask a pharmacist Free, personal answer from our licensed team

Still Have a Question About Quetiapine and Kiwi?

Our pharmacists answer your medication & supplement questions — free.

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This information is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always check with your pharmacist or doctor before starting, stopping, or combining supplements and medications.