Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

CE2 Hi-Def Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by MRI

CE2 Hi-Def label
See full label image
Other (e.g. Tea Bag) Category: Non-nutrient/non-botanical
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 23, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking CE2 Hi-Def against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

CE2 Hi-Def is a dietary supplement by MRI with 3 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for weight loss, fat burning, boosting metabolism.Based on those ingredients, 174 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Raspberry Ketone. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against CE2 Hi-Def by MRI

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with CE2 Hi-Def by MRI — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of CE2 Hi-Def by MRI

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 11, 2026

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 3 of its 3 active ingredients.
  • No proprietary blends here — you can verify the dose of every single component.

CE2 Hi-Def contains three active ingredients. Raspberry ketone is included for potential effects on weight and hair health, though evidence for both is insufficient to rate.

CarnoSyn (beta-alanine) and creatine are both added for athletic and muscle performance — both are rated possibly effective for those uses. The product also contains several inactive ingredients (microcrystalline cellulose, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, and a coating) that serve as fillers and binders.

Does it work?

Moderate evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Moderate

Some clinical evidence supports this product's ingredients for its stated purpose, but it isn't conclusive.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: Athletic performance and fat utilization for energy.
  • We looked for evidence on: Athletic performance, Physical performance, Exercise-induced muscle breakdown, Muscle strength, Muscle breakdown, Endurance — and 1 related terms.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Creatine is rated "Possibly Effective" for Athletic performance (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Creatine is rated "Possibly Effective" for Muscle strength.
  • Also on file: Beta-alanine is rated "Possibly Effective" for Athletic performance, Physical performance.

CarnoSyn and creatine are both rated possibly effective for athletic performance and muscle strength. Creatine is also possibly effective for sarcopenia (age-related muscle loss) and cerebral creatine deficiency syndromes.

Raspberry ketone's evidence for weight loss and hair regrowth (alopecia areata) is insufficient to rate — meaning we don't have enough reliable data to say whether it works for those purposes.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Raspberry Ketone Beta-alanine Creatine

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 3 of the 3 matched ingredients.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 3 of 3.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 3 of 3.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Beta-alanine and creatine are generally well tolerated in healthy adults. Beta-alanine commonly causes a harmless tingling or flushing sensation (paresthesia), usually on the scalp within 20 minutes, spreading to the body and lasting about an hour — the intensity depends on the dose.

Creatine's most common side effects are dehydration, diarrhea, stomach upset, muscle cramps, and water retention. If you have kidney problems, be cautious with creatine and talk to your doctor first.

Raspberry ketone has limited human safety data at supplement doses and structurally resembles a stimulant, so case reports include heart palpitations, elevated blood pressure, and in rare cases, dangerous heart rhythms. During pregnancy, there isn't enough safety information for any of these three ingredients — the safety data advises against use.

The same applies to breastfeeding.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Raspberry Ketone Beta-alanine Creatine

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 1 of the 3 matched ingredients can interact with medications — Raspberry Ketone.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs.
  • For scale: 174 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

If you take warfarin or other blood thinners, check first — raspberry ketone may reduce their effectiveness. Also double-check if you're on any stimulant drugs (for ADHD, narcolepsy, or other conditions), as raspberry ketone carries a moderate risk of cardiovascular side effects with them.

If you have kidney problems, talk to your pharmacist about creatine before starting.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with some supporting evidence for its stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

This product may work for athletic performance and muscle building, but it's not for everyone. If you take warfarin or any stimulant medication, you'll need to check it with your pharmacist or doctor first — the interactions are real.

People with kidney disease should avoid creatine, and anyone pregnant or nursing should skip this product. Run your exact medications through the checker on this page.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 3 of 3 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Mar 23, 2012.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about CE2 Hi-Def, straight from the product label.

Brand MRI
Net contents 180 Caplet(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Mar 23, 2012
DSLD ID 6634
Product type Non-nutrient/non-botanical
Supplement form Other (e.g. Tea Bag)
Dietary claims / uses All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Women (not pregnant or lactating), Adult Male (18-50 Years)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for CE2 Hi-Def by MRI, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
2 Caplet(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
5 Caplet(s)
Servings per container
90
IngredientAmount% DV
Raspberry Ketone200 mg--
CarnoSyn200 mg--
Creatine1400 mg--

Other ingredients: Microcrystalline Cellulose, Stearic Acid, Magnesium Stearate, Silicon Dioxide, Croscarmellose Sodium, coating

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
FDA Statement of Identity

DIETARY SUPPLEMENT

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

DIRECTIONS: Take 2 caplets in the morning and 2 caplets in the afternoon.

NOTE: To maximize results, drink at least 64 ounces of water daily while using CE2 HI-DEF.

ON TRAINING DAYS: Take one of your daily doses (2 caplets) 30-60 minutes before your workout to promote the utilization of fat for energy.

PRODUCT IS BEST IF USED WITHIN 45 DAYS OF BEING OPENED.

Precautions

KEEP OUT OF THE REACH OF CHILDREN.

Consult your physician if you are taking any over-the-counter or prescription medication. Do not use if you have been prescribed and are taking Disulfiram (Antabuse), or if you have a known hypersensitivity to any of the components in creatine or ethyl alcohol.

Not intended for use by individuals under the age of 18 years.

WARNING: Do not use if you are pregnant, nursing, at risk for or suffer from renal (kidney) or hepatic (liver) dysfunction.

FDA Disclaimer Statement

^ THESE STATEMENTS HAVE NOT BEEN EVALUATED BY THE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION. THIS PRODUCT IS NOT INTENDED TO DIAGNOSE, TREAT, CURE OR PREVENT ANY DISEASE.

Storage

PROTECT FROM LIGHT AND MOISTURE.

STORE AT 59-86°F (15-30°C).

General Statements

* PRELIMINARY LABORATORY RESEARCH INDICATES THAT THE RASPBERRY KETONE FOUND IN CE2 HI-DEF HELPS LIPOLYSIS, FAT-MOBILIZATION, AND BETA-OXIDATION.

1 ESTER CREATINE Gain Instant Strength It all starts with University-Developed rapid-diffusion ester creatine in CE2 HI-DEF. You rapidly get the powerful strength-enhancing properties of creatine. Best of all, users report no water retention (edema), dehydration, or cramping.^

2 BETA-ALANINE Stronger - Longer! Now you can maintain your maximum strength for longer periods of time. MRI's premium beta-alanine (BA) releases carnosine, stabilizing muscle tissue "pH," giving the muscle cell the ability to flush out muscle-disabling toxins - fast. What's more, MRI's BA super-charges creatine's effect in the muscle cell, which may give you even greater performance.^

3 THERMO-RK Burn Fat - Maintain Muscle At last, you may be able to burn fat and maintain your muscle. MRI's Thermo-RK activates norepinephrine, increasing the breakdown of fat and making it available for your body to burn as muscle fuel. This also spares your glycogen stores and lean tissue. Now you can finally see yourself stronger, larger...and in HI-DEF!^

CE2 HI-DEF: New "Triple Action" Complex

Enhanced with Beta-alanine^

Helps Break Down, Mobilize, and Burn Fat*^

Increases Strength in Fast Twitch (type II) and Slow Twitch (type I) Muscle Fibers^

PATENT PENDING

PICTURE YOURSELF STRONGER, LARGER, AND IN "HI-DEF!"

Prolongs Time of Maximum Strength^

RAPID ABSORPTION ESTER CREATINE

THERMOGENIC CREATINE COMPLEX

Users Report No Edema or Muscle Cramping^

You train hard. Your goal is clear. Size, Symmetry, and "Cuts." You can picture the end result: Broad muscular shoulders, a super tight waist, and highly defined muscles. And now you've got the nutraceutical technology to get you the sought-after X-frame you want, fast: CE2 HI-DEF(R)! The world's first strength-enhancing, power-prolonging, thermogenic creatine complex.^

Brand IP Statement(s)

DESCRIPTION: CE2 HI-DEF(R) represents the first genuine thermogenic creatine complex. This revolutionary formula is specifically designed to increase your strength, maintain maximum strength longer, and help burn fat. The advanced ester creatine in CE2 HI-DEF absorbs in seconds - giving you a rapid increase in strength. The beta-alanine helps destroy toxins, increasing your time of maximum strength. Thermo-RK helps to break apart fat stores (lipolysis), transports them to the fat-burning mitochondria (mobilization), and burns them up (beta-oxidation). That makes CE2 HI-DEF the perfect creatine for individuals who want to increase their training performance and achieve high muscular definition.^

STACKING: CE2 HI-DEF is ideal to stack with MRI's NO2 BLACK(R) or NO2(R) Platinum.

(C) 2009 Medical Research Institute

CarnoSyn(R) is a registered trademark of NAI, Inc. USA Patents: 5,965,596; 6,172,098B1; 6,426,361B2

Seals/Symbols

CarnoSyn(TM) Carnitine Synthesizer

ESTER - TECH Rapid Diffusion Technology

POWERED BY: Thermo-RK

General

Rev. 030609

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

CE2 Hi-Def by MRI label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

CE2 Hi-Def label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in CE2 Hi-Def by MRI

These are the 3 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size2 Caplet(s) Dosage formOther (e.g. Tea Bag) Servings per container90 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Raspberry Ketone

Interacts with
174 drugs
200 mg per serving

Raspberry ketone is a natural aroma compound found in red raspberries that is heavily marketed for weight loss, but there is no good human evidence th...

Raspberry Ketone monograph & interactions

CarnoSyn

No known
interactions
200 mg per serving Form: Beta-Alanine

Beta-alanine is an amino acid taken mostly by athletes to raise muscle carnosine, which may help buffer acid and reduce fatigue during short, high-int...

CarnoSyn monograph & interactions

Creatine

No known
interactions
1400 mg per serving Form: creatine ethyl ester hydrochloride

Creatine is one of the most studied sports supplements, with solid evidence that it can boost strength and performance during short, high-intensity ac...

Creatine monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: Microcrystalline Cellulose, Stearic Acid, Magnesium Stearate, Silicon Dioxide, Croscarmellose Sodium, Coating. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

CE2 Hi-Def by MRI Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against CE2 Hi-Def?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
174Drugs
174 Moderate

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Raspberry Ketone 174

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in CE2 Hi-Def interact with 174 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

1 of the 3 ingredients in CE2 Hi-Def interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Raspberry Ketone

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in CE2 Hi-Def with known interactions, here are the types of medications it can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Raspberry Ketone2 drug types · 174 drugs

Stimulant Drugs

Theoretically, raspberry ketone might increase the risk of adverse cardiovascular effects with stimulant drugs.
Structurally, raspberry ketone resembles synephrine, a known stimulant agent. Heart palpitations, elevated blood pressure, coronary vasospasm, pulseless electrical activity arrest, and resistant polymorphic ventricular tachycardia have been reported in patients taking raspberry ketone.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Theoretically, raspberry ketone might increase warfarin dose requirements.
In one case report, a patient taking warfarin 55 mg per week had a decrease in INR over a period of one month while taking raspberry ketone 250 mg daily. A warfarin dose increase to 70 mg per week was necessary to maintain a therapeutic INR while taking raspberry ketone. The mechanism for this potential interaction is not known.

Likelihood Possible Evidence D
Raspberry Ketone full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for CE2 Hi-Def, from the product label.

MRI

See all MRI products
Name
MRI
City
San Francisco
State
CA
ZipCode
94107
Phone Number
1.888.448.4246
Web Address
www.mri-performance.com
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

CE2 Hi-Def by MRI: Common Questions

Does CE2 Hi-Def by MRI interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, CE2 Hi-Def has a known interaction with 174 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
CE2 Hi-Def contains 3 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Will this make me tingle or feel weird?
Beta-alanine commonly causes a harmless tingling or pins-and-needles sensation (paresthesia), usually starting on the scalp within 20 minutes and spreading across your body — it typically lasts about an hour. How strong it is depends on the dose you take. This goes away; it's not dangerous.
Is this safe if I'm pregnant or breastfeeding?
No. There isn't enough safety information for any of the three active ingredients during pregnancy or while nursing — the safety data advises against use. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist about whether this is right for you.
Does this actually work for weight loss?
The evidence for raspberry ketone and weight loss is insufficient to rate — we don't have reliable data saying it works. CarnoSyn and creatine are possibly effective for athletic and muscle performance, but not specifically for weight loss.
What if I have kidney problems?
Creatine requires caution if you have kidney disease. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist before taking this product — they can tell you whether it's safe for you.
What's the most common side effect?
Tingling and skin flushing from beta-alanine is the most common — it's harmless and dose-dependent. Creatine may cause dehydration, diarrhea, stomach upset, muscle cramps, or water retention in some people.
Why do I need to check my medications before taking this?
Raspberry ketone can interfere with blood thinners like warfarin, making them less effective, and it may cause serious heart side effects if you're on stimulant medications. Always run your exact meds through the checker on this page before starting.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

Not sure if CE2 Hi-Def is safe with your meds?

Our pharmacists answer your medication & supplement questions — free.

Ask a pharmacist

Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

CE2 Hi-Def label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind CE2 Hi-Def’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Raspberry Ketone

Interacts with 174 drugs

Raspberry ketone is a natural aroma compound found in red raspberries that is heavily marketed for weight loss, but there is no good human evidence that it helps people lose weight. Most cla...

Read the full Raspberry Ketone monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Beta-alanine

Beta-alanine is an amino acid taken mostly by athletes to raise muscle carnosine, which may help buffer acid and reduce fatigue during short, high-intensity exercise. The evidence is moderat...

Read the full Beta-alanine monograph → Herb & supplement monograph

Creatine

Creatine is one of the most studied sports supplements, with solid evidence that it can boost strength and performance during short, high-intensity activities like weightlifting and sprintin...

Read the full Creatine monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

CE2 Hi-Def's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 103 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Raspberry Ketone 4 references
  1. Adverse Event Report. Raspberry Ketone. Natural MedWatch, April 27, 2012.
  2. Adverse Event Report. Raspberry Ketone. Natural MedWatch, September 18, 2011.
  3. Ansari SA, Patel F, Ashouri D, Dhaliwal JSS, Desai A. Resistant Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia in a Patient Taking Raspberry Ketones Weight Loss Supplement. Cureus 2022;14(12):e33089. PubMed
  4. Khattar A, Beeton I. Coronary vasospasm and raspberry ketones weight-loss supplement: Is there a connection? Anatol J Cardiol. 2020;24(3):205-208.

See these in context on the Raspberry Ketone monograph →

Beta-alanine 13 references
  1. Harris RC, Tallon MJ, Dunnett M, et al. The absorption of orally supplied beta-alanine and its effect on muscle carnosine synthesis in human vastus lateralis. Amino Acids 2006;30:279-89.
  2. Hill CA, Harris RC, Kim HJ, et al. Influence of beta-alanine supplementation on skeletal muscle carnosine concentrations and high intensity cycling capacity. Amino Acids 2007;32:225-33.
  3. Bellinger PM, Minahan CL. The effect of ß-alanine supplementation on cycling time trials of different length. Eur J Sport Sci 2016;16(7):829-36.
  4. Chung W, Shaw G, Anderson ME, et al. Effect of 10 week beta-alanine supplementation on competition and training performance in elite swimmers. Nutrients 2012;4(10):1441-53. PubMed
  5. Glenn JM, Gray M, Stewart R, et al. Incremental effects of 28 days of beta-alanine supplementation on high-intensity cycling performance and blood lactate in masters female cyclists. Amino Acids 2015;47(12):2593-600. PubMed
  6. Gross M, Bieri K, Hoppeler H, Norman B, Vogt M. Beta-alanine supplementation improves jumping power and affects severe-intensity performance in professional alpine skiers. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2014;24(6):665-73. PubMed
  7. Howe ST, Bellinger PM, Driller MW, Shing CM, Fell JW. The effect of beta-alanine supplementation on isokinetic force and cycling performance in highly trained cyclists. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2013;23(6):562-70. PubMed
  8. Sweeney KM, Wright GA, Glenn Brice A, Doberstein ST. The effect of beta-alanine supplementation on power performance during repeated sprint activity. J Strength Cond Res 2010;24(1):79-87.
  9. Décombaz J, Beaumont M, Vuichoud J, Bouisset F, Stellingwerff T. Effect of slow-release ß-alanine tablets on absorption kinetics and paresthesia. Amino Acids 2012;43(1):67-76. Erratum in: Amino Acids 2013;45(4):1015.
  10. Stellingwerff T, Anwander H, Egger A, et al. Effect of two ß-alanine dosing protocols on muscle carnosine synthesis and washout. Amino Acids 2012;42(6):2461-72. PubMed
  11. da Silva RP, de Oliveira LF, Saunders B, et al. Effects of ß-alanine and sodium bicarbonate supplementation on the estimated energy system contribution during high-intensity intermittent exercise. Amino Acids. 2019;51(1):83-96. PubMed
  12. Varanoske AN, Hoffman JR, Church DD, et al. Comparison of sustained-release and rapid-release ß-alanine formulations on changes in skeletal muscle carnosine and histidine content and isometric performance following a muscle-damaging protocol. Amino Acids. PubMed
  13. Perim P, Gobbi N, Duarte B, et al. Beta-alanine did not improve high-intensity performance throughout simulated road cycling. Eur J Sport Sci 2021. PubMed

See these in context on the Beta-alanine monograph →

Creatine 86 references
  1. Koshy KM, Griswold E, Schneeberger EE. Interstitial nephritis in a patient taking creatine. N Engl J Med 1999;340:814-5. PubMed
  2. Vahedi K, Domingo V, Amarenco P, Bousser MG. Ischemic stroke in a sportsman who consumed MaHuang extract and creatine monohydrate for bodybuilding. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 2000;68:112-3.
  3. Greenhaff P. Renal dysfunction accompanying oral creatine supplements. Lancet 1998;352:233-4. PubMed
  4. Vandenberghe K, Goris M, Van Hecke P, et al. Long-term creatine intake is beneficial to muscle performance during resistance training (abstract). J Appl Physiol 1997;83:2055-63. PubMed
  5. Hultman E, Soderlund K, Timmons JA, et al. Muscle creatine loading in men. J Appl Physiol 1996;81:232-7. PubMed
  6. Pritchard NR, Kalra PA. Renal dysfunction accompanying oral creatine supplements. Lancet 1998;351:1252-3. PubMed
  7. Poortmans JR, Auquier H, Renaut V, et al. Effect of short-term creatine supplementation on renal responses in men (abstract). Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1997;76:566-7. PubMed
  8. Poortmans JR, Francaux M. Long-term oral creatine supplementation does not impair renal function in healthy athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999;31:1108-10. PubMed
  9. Mihic S, MacDonald JR, McKenzie S, Tarnopolsky MA. Acute creatine loading increases fat-free mass, but does not affect blood pressure, plasma creatinine, or CK activity in men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000;32:291-6. PubMed
  10. Rawson ES, Wehnert ML, Clarkson PM. Effects of 30 days of creatine ingestion in older men. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1999;80:139-44. PubMed
  11. Earnest CP, Almada AL, Mitchell TL. High-performance capillary electrophoresis-pure creatine monohydrate reduces blood lipids in men and women. Clin Sci (Colch) 1996;91:113-8. PubMed
  12. Juhn MS. Oral creatine supplementation. Separating fact from hype. Phys Sportsmed 1999;27:47-50,53-54,56,61,89. PubMed
  13. Juhn MS, O'Kane JW, Vinci DM. Oral creatine supplementation in male collegiate athletes: a survey of dosing habits and side effects. J Am Diet Assoc 1999;99:593-5.
  14. Green AL, Hultman E, Macdonald IA, et al. Carbohydrate ingestion augments skeletal muscle creatine accumulation during creatine supplementation in humans. Am J Physiol 1996;271:E821-6. PubMed
  15. Balsom PD, Soderlund K, Sjodin B, Ekblom B. Skeletal muscle metabolism during short duration high-intensity exercise: influence of creatine supplementation. Acta Physiol Scand 1995;154:303-10. PubMed
  16. Snow RJ, McKenna MJ, Selig SE, et al. Effect of creatine supplementation on sprint exercise performance and muscle metabolism. (abstract) J Appl Physiol 1998;84:1667-73. PubMed
  17. McNaughton LR, Dalton B, Tarr J. The effects of creatine supplementation on high-intensity exercise performance in elite performers. (abstract) Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1998;78:236-40. PubMed
  18. Groeneveld GJ, Veldink JH, van der Tweel I, et al. A randomized sequential trial of creatine in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2003;53:437-45. . PubMed
  19. Robinson SJ. Acute quadriceps compartment syndrome and rhabdomyolysis in a weight lifter using high-dose creatine supplementation. J Am Board Fam Pract 2000;13:134-7. PubMed
  20. Kammer RT. Lone atrial fibrillation associated with creatine monohydrate supplementation. Pharmacotherapy 2005;25:762-4. PubMed
  21. Gualano B, Ugrinowitsch C, Novaes RB, et al. Effects of creatine supplementation on renal function: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008;103:33-40. PubMed
  22. Pfeffer, G., Majamaa, K., Turnbull, D. M., Thorburn, D., and Chinnery, P. F. Treatment for mitochondrial disorders. Cochrane Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;4:CD004426. PubMed
  23. Boos, C. J., White, S. H., Bland, S. A., and McAllister, P. D. Dietary supplements and military operations: caution is advised. J R.Army Med Corps 2010;156(1):41-43. PubMed
  24. Kreider, R. B. Dietary supplements and the promotion of muscle growth with resistance exercise. Sports Med 1999;27(2):97-110. PubMed
  25. Juhn, M. S., O'Kane, J. W., and Vinci, D. M. Oral creatine supplementation in male collegiate athletes: a survey of dosing habits and side effects. J Am.Diet.Assoc 1999;99(5):593-595.
  26. Volek, J. S., Duncan, N. D., Mazzetti, S. A., Putukian, M., Gomez, A. L., and Kraemer, W. J. No effect of heavy resistance training and creatine supplementation on blood lipids. Int J Sport Nutr.Exerc.Metab 2000;10(2):144-156. PubMed
  27. Robinson, T. M., Sewell, D. A., Casey, A., Steenge, G., and Greenhaff, P. L. Dietary creatine supplementation does not affect some haematological indices, or indices of muscle damage and hepatic and renal function. Br.J Sports Med 2000;34(4):284-288. PubMed
  28. Tarnopolsky, M. A. Potential benefits of creatine monohydrate supplementation in the elderly. Curr.Opin.Clin Nutr.Metab Care 2000;3(6):497-502. PubMed
  29. Tarnopolsky, M. A. and MacLennan, D. P. Creatine monohydrate supplementation enhances high-intensity exercise performance in males and females. Int J Sport Nutr.Exerc.Metab 2000;10(4):452-463. PubMed
  30. Arciero, P. J., Hannibal, N. S., III, Nindl, B. C., Gentile, C. L., Hamed, J., and Vukovich, M. D. Comparison of creatine ingestion and resistance training on energy expenditure and limb blood flow. Metabolism 2001;50(12):1429-1434. PubMed
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