Interactions on record — worth a quick check against your medications. Based on 1 of 3 ingredients. Check your meds →
Dietary supplement

Fish Oil Ingredients & Drug Interactions

by MusclePharm

Fish Oil label
See full label image
Softgel Capsule Category: Fat/fatty Acid
Most serious interaction: Moderate
Clinical methodology reviewed by · Updated Sep 9, 2026 · Label data from the NIH DSLD
What is this page for?

First and foremost: checking Fish Oil against your medications. The heart of this page is the interaction checker and the full interaction report — how this product’s ingredients may interact with prescription and over-the-counter medicines you may be taking.

Around that, we add a pharmacist’s high-level view of the product as a whole — what’s inside, the evidence for its stated use, how transparent the label is, and what safety data exists — so you can see the full picture in one place. It’s educational information from our licensed clinical databases and the clinical staff at HelloPharmacist — not medical advice — and we don’t sell or endorse products. Our editorial policy

The interaction bottom line Most serious interaction: Moderate

Fish Oil is a dietary supplement by MusclePharm with 3 active ingredients. Its ingredients are commonly taken for high triglycerides, heart health, joint pain and inflammation.Based on those ingredients, 327 medications have a known interaction with it, the most serious rated moderate. The ingredients most likely to interact are Fish Oil 70% Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Use the checker below to test your specific medication, or read the full HelloPharmacist Interaction Report.

Jump to a section

Check Your Meds Against Fish Oil by MusclePharm

Ask about any prescription or over-the-counter medication and we check it for interactions with Fish Oil by MusclePharm — and tell you which ingredient is responsible.

Pharmacist-reviewed data Checks every ingredient Answer in seconds
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HelloPharmacist Scorecard of Fish Oil by MusclePharm

Our pharmacy team’s full take, with four database checks built into the cards below — a summary of what is known, not a grade of the product itself.

From our pharmacy team — supplement deep dive

Generated from HelloPharmacist’s pharmacist-curated databases and editorial rules · Last generated Jul 30, 2026

What’s inside

Full disclosure
Ingredient Transparency · database check
Full

Every active ingredient lists its own amount on the label.

Why this rating?
  • The label discloses an exact amount for 3 of its 3 active ingredients.
  • No proprietary blends here — you can verify the dose of every single component.

MusclePharm Fish Oil contains three active ingredients: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) — both omega-3 fatty acids — plus Fish Oil 70% Omega-3 Fatty Acids, the concentrated omega-3 base. These are the compounds that deliver the supplement's heart and metabolic benefits.

The softgel capsules also contain inactive ingredients (gelatin, water, glycerol, methacrylic acid, triacetin, and natural citrus flavor) that make up the capsule shell and flavor.

Does it work?

Strong evidence
Evidence for Intended Use · database check
By FDA rules, dietary supplements can’t claim to treat, cure, or prevent disease — so labels speak in careful marketing language. We discern each product’s intended use from its name, label claims, and label statements, then grade the clinical evidence for that use. How these ratings are computed
Strong

Clinical evidence supports at least one of this product's ingredients for its stated purpose.

Why this rating?
  • The label markets this product for: support heart, brain, vision and joint health.
  • We looked for evidence on: Cardiovascular disease (CVD), Dyslipidemia, Hypertriglyceridemia, Age-related cognitive decline, Cognitive function, Alzheimer disease — and 4 related terms.
  • The strongest evidence on file: Fish Oil is rated "Effective" for Hypertriglyceridemia (Natural Medicines).
  • Also on file: Fish Oil is rated "Possibly Effective" for HIV/AIDS-related dyslipidemia.
  • Also on file: Fish Oil is rated "Possibly Ineffective" for Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), Cognitive function.

Fish oil is effective for high triglycerides (hypertriglyceridemia) — elevated blood fats that raise heart disease risk. It's possibly effective for muscle wasting (cachexia), heart failure, cyclosporine-related kidney damage, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

The evidence for those four uses is promising but not yet conclusive.

The evidence, ingredient by ingredient Fish Oil

How safe is it?

Well-documented data
Safety Information · database check
Well characterized

Adverse-effect, pregnancy, and general safety data are on file for most of these ingredients.

Why this rating?
  • We hold adverse-effect (side-effect) data for 1 of the 1 matched ingredient.
  • Pregnancy & breastfeeding safety ratings cover 1 of 1.
  • General safety write-ups exist for 1 of 1.
  • Remember: this measures how much safety information exists. Thin data is not the same as being safe.

Fish oil is generally well tolerated by most adults at typical supplement doses. The most common side effects are mild — abdominal pain, bad breath, fishy aftertaste, heartburn, loose stools, nausea, and rash.

Rare serious effects include atrial fibrillation (irregular heartbeat) at doses of 3 grams or more daily, and very high doses (more than 46 grams daily) may raise stroke risk. A rare case of anaphylaxis (severe allergic reaction) has been reported in someone with shellfish allergy.

During pregnancy, fish oil is often used to support omega-3 intake, but use only under your doctor's guidance — the safety data shows both likely-safe and possibly-unsafe ratings depending on context. Omega-3s pass into breast milk; talk with your healthcare provider about what's appropriate for you.

At doses above 3 grams daily, fish oil may suppress immune function and slightly increase bleeding risk.

Side effects, ingredient by ingredient Fish Oil

Meds to double-check

Moderate interaction found
Known Interaction Concern · database check
Moderate identified

The most serious documented interaction for these ingredients is Moderate. Check your medications for a personalized result.

Why this rating?
  • 1 of the 1 matched ingredient can interact with medications — Fish Oil.
  • The most serious interaction on file is rated Moderate.
  • Some involve high-stakes drug classes: anticoagulant / antiplatelet drugs; immunosuppressants / transplant drugs.
  • For scale: 327 individual medications appear in the full list. A big number alone doesn't make a product dangerous — what matters is whether YOUR medication is on it, so run yours through the interaction checker on this page.

Before taking this fish oil, check with your doctor or pharmacist if you take immunosuppressants (tacrolimus, cyclosporine, sirolimus) — fish oil may raise their blood levels and side effects. Also double-check if you're on antihypertensive drugs (blood pressure medications), blood thinners or antiplatelet drugs (including warfarin), birth control pills, or orlistat (weight-loss medication).

No interactions are documented for the two individual omega-3 components we could not check.

Check your own medication Run your meds through the checker above

The bottom line

Scorecard at a glanceFully disclosed formula with clinical evidence supporting its stated purpose. Moderate medication interactions have been identified, and safety information is well characterized.

Fish oil is a solid choice if you have high triglycerides or want omega-3 support for heart or liver health — it's well tolerated and evidence-backed for those uses. However, if you take an immunosuppressant (tacrolimus, cyclosporine, sirolimus), a blood pressure medication, birth control, blood thinners, or orlistat, this product needs a careful check with your doctor or pharmacist first because the interactions are real and dosing may matter.

Talk it over before you start.

Educational only — not medical advice; always confirm with your pharmacist. Our editorial policy · How we use AI

Assessment coverage: 1 of 3 active ingredients matched to our full ingredient reviews (monographs). Based on the product label dated Feb 25, 2013.

This Scorecard evaluates available label information, ingredient evidence, and known medication-safety considerations. It does not independently verify product identity, purity, potency, contamination, or manufacturing quality. How these ratings are computed

At a glance

General information

Key facts about Fish Oil, straight from the product label.

Brand MusclePharm
Barcode (UPC) 713757920803
Net contents 90 Softgel(s)
Market status On market
Date entered into DSLD Feb 25, 2013
DSLD ID 17995
Product type Fat/fatty Acid
Supplement form Softgel Capsule
Dietary claims / uses Nutrient, All Other, Structure/Function
Intended target group(s) Adult (18 - 50 Years)
From the label
Everything in this section is reproduced from the manufacturer’s own product label — it’s the label speaking, not HelloPharmacist. We show it so you can see exactly what the maker states; we don’t verify or endorse those statements.

Supplement Facts

The label details for Fish Oil by MusclePharm, sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database.

Supplement Facts

Daily Value (DV) Target Group(s):
Adults and children 4 or more years of age
Minimum serving Sizes:
1 Soft Gel(s)
Maximum serving Sizes:
1 Soft Gel(s)
Servings per container
90
UPC/BARCODE
713757920803
IngredientAmount% DV
Calories9 {Calories}--
Total Fat1 g2%
Eicosapentaenoic Acid400 mg--
Docosahexaenoic Acid300 mg--
Fish Oil 70% Omega-3 Fatty Acids1000 mg--

Other ingredients: Gelatin, Water, Glycerol, Methacrylic acid, Triacetin, natural Citrus flavor

Tap any ingredient to jump to its full detail below.

Label statements
These statements are the manufacturer’s wording, reproduced from the product label — the label is saying it, not HelloPharmacist. We don’t verify or endorse them.
General Statements

SUPPLEMENTATION THE WAY NATURE INTENDED. MP CORE FISH OIL. Essential Fatty Acids, or EFAs, are essential to the human body but can only be found in a few species of fish. Athletes supplement, their diets with fish oil because research suggests fish oil's fatty acids can assist with heart function, carbohydrate breakdown and joint health. MP Core Fish Oil is tuned for those of us who hit the gym.

CORE SERIES

HIGH QUALITY EPA/DHA COMPLETE BLEND OF NUTRITIONAL OILS -SUPPORT HEART, BRAIN, VISION AND JOINT HEALTH -ENTERIC COATED AND CITRUS FLAVOR [NO FISH BURPS!] -SUPPORT NORMAL, HEALTHY IMMUNE FUNCTION

MADE IN A cGMP CERTIFIED FACILITY PACKAGED IN USA

Brand IP Statement(s)

OFFICIAL NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENT PROVIDER OF THE UFC(R) ULTIMATE FIGHTING(R) CHAMPIONSHIP(R)

MP MUSCLEPHARM(R)

MP FUELING ATHLETES SAFELY(TM)

FDA Statement of Identity

DIETARY SUPPLEMENT

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

Suggested/Recommended/Usage/Directions

DIRECTIONS: As a dietary supplement, take one soft gel three times daily, preferably with a meal or use as directed by a physician or licensed nutritionist.

Precautions

ALLERGEN WARNING: This product was produced in a facility that may also process ingredients containing milk, egg, soybeans, shellfish, fish, tree nuts, and peanuts.

WARNING: Do not exceed the recommended serving suggestion. Not for use by individuals under the age of 18.

Do not use if you are pregnant, contemplating pregnancy or nursing.

Consult your physician prior to using this product if you are taking any prescription or over-the-counter medication or if you have heart disease, thyroid disease, diabetes, high blood pressure or any other medical condition.

KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN.

Storage

STORAGE: Store in a cool dry place.

General

Dom v1.5 20120830

Is this label outdated? Report a formula or label change and our pharmacy team will review it.

See for yourself

Fish Oil by MusclePharm label

The label scan from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database. Tap to enlarge.

Fish Oil label

Label images are published by the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database for the version of this product on file. Always read your actual product label.

View the full label (PDF)
What’s inside

The Ingredients in Fish Oil by MusclePharm

These are the 3 active ingredients this product is made of. Select any to open its full monograph.

Serving size1 Soft Gel(s) Dosage formSoftgel Capsule Servings per container90 Amounts shown are per serving.

Most supplement products combine several ingredients, and a medication can interact with the product through any one of them. Each ingredient below shows whether it has known drug interactions.

Eicosapentaenoic Acid

400 mg per serving

Docosahexaenoic Acid

300 mg per serving

Fish Oil 70% Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Interacts with
327 drugs
1000 mg per serving

Fish oil provides omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) that are best known for lowering high triglyceride levels. The evidence for other heart and health...

Fish Oil 70% Omega-3 Fatty Acids monograph & interactions

Other (inactive) ingredients: Gelatin, Water, Glycerol, Methacrylic acid, Triacetin, Natural Citrus flavor. These complete the product’s ingredient list but are not active constituents.

Interaction report

Fish Oil by MusclePharm Drug Interactions

Want to check YOUR meds against Fish Oil?

Ask about interactions with your drugs in plain English — “Can I take it with lisinopril?” — and we find you the answer in seconds, ingredient by ingredient.

 Go to the checker
327Drugs
207 Moderate 120 Minor

Ingredients driving the most interactions

Fish Oil 70% Omega-3 Fatty Acids 327

Individual Drug Interactions

The ingredients in Fish Oil interact with 327 drugs. Click any drug to see the details.

1 of the 3 ingredients in Fish Oil interact with drugs. Each result below shows which ingredient is responsible. Fish Oil 70% Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Each ingredient & the kinds of drugs it affects

For each ingredient in Fish Oil with known interactions, here are the types of medications it can affect. Open any type for the detail — or search your exact drug in the checker above.

Fish Oil 70% Omega-3 Fatty Acids9 drug types · 327 drugs

Antihypertensive Drugs

Theoretically, taking fish oil with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.
Clinical evidence indicates that fish oils can modestly lower blood pressure and might have additive effects in patients treated with antihypertensives.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Contraceptive Drugs

Theoretically, taking fish oil with contraceptive drugs might decrease the triglyceride-lowering effects of fish oil.
There is some evidence that contraceptive drugs might interfere with the triglyceride lowering effects of fish oils.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune)

Taking fish oil with cyclosporine might increase levels and adverse effects of cyclosporine.
In kidney transplant recipients on a general immunosuppressive regimen, taking omega-3 fatty acids daily seems to increase peak blood levels of cyclosporine when compared with placebo. This increase was as much as 20% after one month. However, the area under the curve was not significantly affected.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Orlistat (Xenical, Alli)

Theoretically, taking fish oil with orlistat might decrease the absorption of fish oil fatty acids.
Orlistat binds lipase in the gastrointestinal tract and reduces fat absorption. Theoretically, taking fish oil with orlistat might decrease absorption of fish oil fatty acids. To avoid this potential interaction, recommend separating administration of orlistat and fish oil by at least 2 hours.

Likelihood Probable Evidence D
Sirolimus (Rapamune)

Taking fish oil with sirolimus might increase levels and adverse effects of sirolimus.
Pharmacokinetic research shows that omega-3 fatty acids increase exposure to sirolimus in kidney transplant patients on a calcineurin inhibitor-free immunosuppressive regimen. A 25% dose reduction in sirolimus was required to keep patients within the expected trough-concentration window. Researchers hypothesize that this may be due to inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) by fish oil, although this has not been confirmed in clinical research.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Tacrolimus (Prograf)

Taking fish oil with tacrolimus might increase levels and adverse effects of tacrolimus.
In a small group of patients, taking fish oil 2.6 grams (Omacor) daily for 4 weeks increased the 8-hour area under the curve of tacrolimus by 25% when compared with baseline. Peak levels were increased by approximately 22%. Researchers hypothesize that this may be due either to an increase in bioavailability or to inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) by fish oil, although this has not been confirmed in clinical research.

Likelihood Probable Evidence B
Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Drugs

Fish oil may have antiplatelet effects and may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs. However, evidence is conflicting.
While fish oil may not be a potent inhibitor of platelet function, high doses of fish oil might have antiplatelet effects. Theoretically, concomitant use of fish oil with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs may increase the risk of bleeding. However, the most rigorous research shows that short-term doses of fish oil 10 grams daily or long-term doses of 1.5 grams daily for up to 52 weeks does not increase the risk of bleeding or affect coagulation parameters in chronically ill and vulnerable patients. Other controlled research shows that fish oil does not affect platelet function or increase the risk of bleeding. Some research even suggests that perioperative fish oil use decreases bleeding risk. Some research suggests fish oil does not have additive antiplatelet effects when combined with aspirin, but other clinical evidence suggests that adding fish oil to low-dose aspirin treatment increases antiplatelet effects in patients who are aspirin-resistant. Also, some clinical research seems to show that fish oil has additive antiplatelet effects when used with aspirin and clopidogrel compared to aspirin and clopidogrel alone.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B
Platinum Agents

Theoretically, taking fish oil with platinum agents can cause resistance to platinum agents, potentially decreasing their effectiveness.
Platinum-induced fatty acids (PIFAs) are fatty acids secreted from human and mouse stem cells when exposed to platinum-based chemotherapy. Animal research suggests that PIFAs cause resistance to chemotherapy by stimulating lysophospholipid production in the spleen, which interferes with the DNA damage caused by certain chemotherapy drugs. One PIFA, known as 16:4(n-3), has been found in both raw fish and some commercially available fish oil products. Mackerel and herring have high PIFA concentrations, while salmon and tuna have low PIFA concentrations. Levels of PIFA in commercial fish oil products ranged from 0.2- 5.7 microMol. Animal research shows that PIFA-containing fish oil products cause resistance to cisplatin, fluorouracil, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin. It is unclear if all commercially available fish oil products contain PIFAs. Additionally, it is argued that levels of PIFA found in some fish oil products are too low to be of clinical concern. Furthermore, a lack of chemotherapy resistance in countries with high fish intake, such as Greenland, Japan, and Norway, suggest that this interaction may not be clinically significant.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence D
Warfarin (Coumadin)

Fish oil may have antiplatelet effects and might increase the risk of bleeding if used with warfarin.
Fish oil has antiplatelet effects at high doses. Case reports show elevated INR in patients taking warfarin and fish oil 1-2 grams daily. However, some clinical research shows that taking fish oil 3-6 grams daily does not significantly increase INR in patients taking warfarin.

Likelihood Unlikely Evidence B
Fish Oil 70% Omega-3 Fatty Acids full monograph & interactions
The maker

Brand information

Manufacturer and brand details for Fish Oil, from the product label.

MusclePharm

See all MusclePharm products
Web Address
MUSCLEPHARM.COM
Pharmacist Counseling Corner

Fish Oil by MusclePharm: Common Questions

Does Fish Oil by MusclePharm interact with any medications?
Yes. Based on its ingredients, Fish Oil has a known interaction with 327 medications. Use the checker to see how it interacts with a specific drug.
How can one product interact with so many drugs?
Fish Oil contains 3 active ingredients, and an interaction can come from any of them. We check every ingredient, combine the results into one list per medication, and show which ingredient and mechanism is responsible.
Where does this information come from?
The product label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD); the interaction data is built on the Natural Medicines database and reviewed by HelloPharmacist pharmacists.
Does fish oil really lower triglycerides?
Yes — fish oil is effective for high triglycerides. That's the use with the strongest evidence behind it. For other conditions like heart failure or fatty liver disease, the evidence is promising but still being confirmed.
What are the most common side effects?
Mild ones: fishy aftertaste, bad breath, abdominal pain, loose stools, heartburn, nausea, and sometimes rash. Most people don't have trouble, but those are the ones to watch for if you do.
Can I take this fish oil while pregnant?
Fish oil is often used in pregnancy for omega-3 support, but there's also a caution flag in the data, so the picture is mixed. Use only under your doctor's guidance — it's an individual call based on your health.
Is fish oil safe if I'm breastfeeding?
Omega-3s do pass into breast milk. Talk with your healthcare provider about whether this product is right for you while nursing — they can weigh the benefits and any risks for your situation.
What's the difference between the three ingredients listed?
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are individual omega-3 fatty acids. Fish Oil 70% Omega-3 Fatty Acids is the concentrated fish oil blend that contains both — it's the main active ingredient.
Can I take this at high doses?
More than 3 grams daily may increase bleeding risk and suppress immune function. Very high doses (over 46 grams daily) may raise stroke risk. Stick with the label dose unless your doctor advises otherwise.

Written and reviewed by the HelloPharmacist editorial staff. Our editorial policy

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Label information is sourced from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database and reflects the product version on file; always read your actual product label. This page is for education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Confirm with your pharmacist or doctor before combining supplements and medications.

Fish Oil label
Go deeper

The Full Monographs Behind Fish Oil’s Ingredients

Every ingredient we hold a full HelloPharmacist monograph for — uses, evidence, safety, and the complete interaction list.

Herb & supplement monograph

Fish Oil

Interacts with 327 drugs

Fish oil provides omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) that are best known for lowering high triglyceride levels. The evidence for other heart and health benefits is mixed, and it is generally...

Read the full Fish Oil monograph →
Sources

Sources & How We Checked

Fish Oil's label data comes from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database; the ingredient interaction data is from the Natural Medicines database, reviewed by our pharmacists.

Content is written and reviewed by licensed HelloPharmacist pharmacists. See our data sources and editorial standards for how this information is built and checked.

The 157 references behind this product’s interaction data

Every citation that drives the interaction findings for this product’s ingredients, from the evidence-graded Natural Medicines (TRC Healthcare) database. Open an ingredient to browse its citations — links open the study on PubMed or the publisher’s site.

Fish Oil 157 references
  1. Prisco D, Paniccia R, Bandinelli B, et al. Effect of medium-term supplementation with a moderate dose of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on blood pressure in mild hypertensive patients. Thromb Res 1998;1:105-12.
  2. Allard JP, Kurian R, Aghdassi E, Muggli R, et al. Lipid peroxidation during n-3 fatty acid and vitamin E supplementation in humans. Lipids 1997;32:535-41.. PubMed
  3. Toft I, Bonaa KH, Ingebretsen OC, et al. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on glucose homeostasis and blood pressure in essential hypertension. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1995;123:911-8.
  4. Onwude JL, Lilford RJ, Hjartardottir H, et al. A randomised double blind placebo controlled trial of fish oil in high risk pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995;102:95-100. PubMed
  5. Bulstra-Ramakers MT, Huisjes HJ, Visser GH. The effects of 3g eicosapentaenoic acid daily on recurrence of intrauterine growth retardation and pregnancy induced hypertension. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995;102:123-6. PubMed
  6. Sacks FM, Hebert P, Appel LJ, et al. Short report: the effect of fish oil on blood pressure and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels in phase I of the trials of hypertension prevention. J Hypertens 1994;12:209-13.
  7. Vandongen R, Mori TA, Burke V, et al. Effects on blood pressure of omega 3 fats in subjects at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Hypertension 1993;22:371-9. PubMed
  8. Hawthorne AB, Daneshmend TK, Hawkey CJ, et al. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with fish oil supplementation: a prospective 12 month randomised controlled trial. Gut 1992;33:922-8. PubMed
  9. D'Almeida A, Carter JP, Anatol A, Prost C. Effects of a combination of evening primrose oil (gamma linolenic acid) and fish oil (eicosapentaenoic + docahexaenoic acid) versus magnesium, and versus placebo in preventing pre-eclampsia. Women Health 1992;19 PubMed
  10. FDA. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. Letter regarding dietary supplement health claim for omega-3 fatty acids and coronary heart disease. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/95s0316/95s-0316-Rpt0272-38-Appendix-D-Reference
  11. Montori VM, Farmer A, Wollan PC, Dinneen SF. Fish oil supplementation in type 2 diabetes: a quantitative systemic review (abstract). Diabetes Care 2000;23:1407-15.
  12. Anon. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Soprawivenza nell'Infarto miocardico. Lancet 1999;354:447-55. DOI
  13. Adler A, Holub BJ. Effect of garlic and fish-oil supplementation on serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in hypercholesterolemic men. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65:445-50. PubMed
  14. Higdon JV, Liu J, Du S, et al. Supplementation of postmenopausal women with fish oil rich in eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid is not associated with greater in vivo lipid peroxidation compared with oils rich in oleate and linoleate as asses
  15. Kastrup EK. Drug Facts and Comparisons. 1998 ed. St. Louis, MO: Facts and Comparisons, 1998.
  16. Belluzzi A, Brignola C, Campieri M, et al. Effect of an enteric-coated fish-oil preparation on relapses in Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1557-60. PubMed
  17. Belluzzi A, Brignola C, Campieri M, et al. Effects of new fish oil derivative on fatty acid phospholipid-membrane pattern in a group of Crohn's disease patients. Dig Dis Sci 1994;39:2589-94. PubMed
  18. Mahan LK, Escott-Stump S. Krause's Food, Nutrition, and Diet Therapy. 9th edition. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, 1996.
  19. Yetiv JZ. Clinical applications of fish oils. JAMA 1988;260:665-70. DOI
  20. de Deckere EAM, Korver O, Verschuren PM, Katan MB. Health aspects of fish and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from plant and marine origin. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998;52:749-53. PubMed
  21. Sorensen NS, Marckmann P, Hoy CE, et al. Effect of fish-oil-enriched margarine on plasma lipids, low-density-lipoprotein particle composition, size, and susceptibility to oxidation. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:235-41. PubMed
  22. Kelley DS, Rudolph IL. Effect of individual fatty acids of omega-6 and omega-3 type on human immune status and role of eicosanoids. Nutrition 2000;16:143-5.
  23. Meydani SN, Dinarello CA. Influence of dietary fatty acids on cytokine production and its clinical implications. Nutr Clin Pract 1993;8:65-72. PubMed
  24. Caicoya M. Fish consumption and stroke: a community case-control study in Asturias, Spain. Neuroepidemiology 2002;21:107-14. PubMed
  25. Leaf A. On the reanalysis of the GISSI-Prevenzione. Circulation 2002;105:1874-5. PubMed
  26. Dewailly E, Blanchet C, Lemieux S, et al. n-3 Fatty acids and cardiovascular disease risk factors among the Inuit of Nunavik. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:464-73. PubMed
  27. Connor WE. n-3 Fatty acids from fish and fish oil: panacea or nostrum? Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74;415-6. PubMed
  28. Maresta A, Balduccelli M, Varani E, et al. Prevention of postcoronary angioplasty restenosis by omega-3 fatty acids: main results of the Esapent for Prevention of Restenosis Italian Study (ESPRIT). Am Heart J 143:E5. PubMed
  29. Deutch B, Jorgensen EB, Hansen JC. n-3 PUFA from fish or seal oil reduce atherogenic risk indicators in Danish women. Nutr Res 2000;20:1065-77. DOI
  30. Higgins S, McCarthy SN, Corridan BM, et al. Measurement of free cholesterol, cholesteryl esters and cholesteryl linoleate hydroperoxide in copper-oxidised low density lipoprotein in healthy volunteers supplemented with a low dose of n-3 polyunsaturated f
  31. Calder PC. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation and immunity: pouring oil on troubled waters or another fishy tale? Nutr Res 2001;21:309-41. DOI
  32. Lacaille B, Julien P, Deshaies Y, et al. Responses of plasma lipoproteins and sex hormones to the consumption of lean fish incorporated in a prudent-type diet in normolipidemic men. J Am Coll Nutr 2000;19:745-53. PubMed
  33. Pedersen HS, Mulvad G, Seidelin KN, et al. N-3 fatty acids as a risk factor for haemorrhagic stroke. Lancet 1999;353:812-3. PubMed
  34. Higdon JV, Du SH, Lee YS, et al. Supplementation of postmenopausal women with fish oil does not increase overall oxidation of LDL ex vivo compared to dietary oils rich in oleate and linoleate. J Lipid Res 2001;42:407-18. DOI
  35. Olsen SF, Sorensen JD, Secher NJ, et al. Randomised controlled trial of effect of fish-oil supplementation on pregnancy duration. Lancet 1992;339:1003-7. PubMed
  36. Ito Y, Suzuki K, Imai H, et al. Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on atrophic gastritis in a Japanese population. Cancer Lett 2001;163:171-8. PubMed
  37. Bender NK, Kraynak MA, Chiquette E, et al. Effects of marine fish oils on the anticoagulation status of patients receiving chronic warfarin therapy. J Thromb Thrombolysis 1998;5:257-61.. PubMed
  38. Suzukawa M, Abbey M, Howe PR, Nestel PJ. Effects of fish oil fatty acids on low density lipoprotein size, oxidizability, and uptake by macrophages. J Lipid Res 1995;36:473-84.. DOI
  39. Su KP, Huang SY, Chiu CC, Shen WW. Omega-3 fatty acids in major depressive disorder. A preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2003;13:267-71..
  40. Wang C, Chung M, Lichtenstein A, et al. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular disease. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ) 2004 Mar;(94):1-8.
  41. US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Seafood. Mercury levels in seafood species. Available at: http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~frf/sea-mehg.html.
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